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Aim: The current study explores first language (L1) transfer in child second language (L2) acquisition, testing whether L1-Chinese children learning L2 Korean show an advantage over L1-Russian children in the acquisition of Korean reflexives. Methodology: L1-Chinese and L1-Russian children with L2 Korean completed truth-value judgment tasks designed to explore their interpretation of the Korean reflexives caki and caki-casin in bi-clausal sentences. Chinese, like Korean, has a monomorphemic reflexive that takes a long-distance (LD) antecedent, and a polymorphemic reflexive that prefers a local antecedent; Russian, in contrast, has only a monomorphemic reflexive, which requires a local interpretation in finite clauses. Data and analysis: The proportion of preferences for each condition in the tasks was statistically compared using a logistic mixed-effects regression. Findings: The study resulted in two main findings. First, L1-Chinese children, regardless of L2 proficiency, preferred the LD antecedent (i.e., the matrix clause subject) for caki and the local antecedent (i.e., the embedded clause subject) for caki-casin, which is target-like for Korean and consistent with the interpretation of the Chinese reflexives ziji and taziji. Second, high-proficiency (but not low-proficiency) L1-Russian children showed target-like behavior in rejecting an LD interpretation for caki-casin, but a non-target-like acceptance of the local interpretation for caki, which may be due to L1 transfer based on Russian’s locally bound reflexive. Originality: L1 transfer in the interpretation of L2 reflexive pronouns has been reported with adults, but not with children. The current study fills this research gap. Implications: This study provides evidence that supports L1 transfer in the context of child L2 reflexive interpretation, countering arguments claiming for a limited role of L1 transfer in child L2 acquisition.

In this study, we demonstrate a carbon-based fabric Joule heater with and without a graphene oxide (GO) thin coating. The electrothermal performance of the carbon fabric used in the Joule heater was obtained using an infrared camera and by conducting electrical measurements. The outer GO could control the electrothermal efficiency and heating rate. In this research work, using the Joule heating of thin graphene films, we report adaptive thermal heating with electrical control covering temperatures ranging 30 to 50 °C (near infrared). This electrothermal GO materials can be potential nano-materials for various functional applications. Moreover, we demonstrate a general approach to achieve spin-coating of GO and confirm its biocompatibility Such biocompatibility indicates the non-toxic nature of GO, thereby extending its possible use in biomedical applications.

In this study, a system for oral delivery of recombinant human parathyroid hormone [rhPTH(1-34); teriparatide (TRP)] was developed to enhance oral absorption and to demonstrate an equivalent therapeutic effect to that of subcutaneous (SC) TRP injection. The solid oral formulation of TRP was prepared by electrostatic complexation with l-lysine-linked deoxycholic acid (LDA) and deoxycholic acid (DA) at a molar ratio of 1:5:7 in the aqueous dispersion of non-ionic n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (DM) at a 1:15 weight ratio, followed by freeze-drying the dispersal, yielding TRP(1:5:7)-15. As expected, TRP(1:5:7)-15 showed a 414% increase in permeability across the Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 cell monolayer, resulting in a 13.0-fold greater oral bioavailability compared with free TRP. In addition, the intestinal transport mechanisms in the presence of specific inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and bile acid transporters revealed 44.4%, 28.7%, and 51.2% decreases in transport, respectively, confirming that these routes play crucial roles in the permeation of TRP in TRP(1:5:7)-15. Notably, this formulation showed similar activation of the release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) compared with TRP, suggesting equivalent efficacy in the parathyroid hormone receptor-adenylate cyclase system of osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, oral TRP(1:5:7)-15 (equivalent to 0.4 mg/kg TRP) demonstrated increases in bone mineral density (36.9%) and trabecular thickness (31.3%) compared with untreated glucocorticoid-induced osteoporotic mice. Moreover, the elevated levels of biomarkers of bone formation, including osteocalcin, were also comparable with those after SC injection of TRP (0.02 mg/kg). These findings suggest that TRP(1:5:7)-15 can be used as an effective oral therapy for the management of osteoporosis.

Languages differ in the preferences for the interpretation of the scope relation between negation and a quantifier. This study investigates the understudied issue of how interpretive preferences associated with a quantifier scope in learners’ L1 and L2 affect their scope interpretations in L3 acquisition. Based on the current models of L3 acquisition, we tested which language, L1 or L2, exerts a stronger effect on the L3 acquisition of quantifier scope. To this end, the study involved two groups of multilingual children (11–13 years old) with different L1s (Chinese or Russian) but with the same L2 (Korean) and L3 (English). The participants completed truth-value judgment tasks designed to investigate their interpretation patterns for English sentences with negation and a quantifier (e.g., Tom did not cut all the trees). The results showed that both groups preferred the L3 interpretation similar to that preferred in their L2, but not in their L1, suggesting a potential L2 influence on L3 acquisition. The study evaluates L3 acquisition theories in light of these results.

In the English tough construction (TC), knowledge of tough movement is necessary for target performance (the object-interpretation only; e.g. Johni is easy to see ei). The acquisition of the English TC raises a learnability problem for first-language (L1) Korean learners of English as a second language (L2): (1) Korean has no tough movement; (2) no input dictates that the ‘subject interpretation’ is disallowed in the English TC; and (3) no classroom instruction covers the English TC. According to the Fundamental Difference Hypothesis, L2 children – but not L2 adults – can overcome this learnability problem. L1-Korean adult ( n = 49) and child ( n = 30) L2 learners’ (L2ers’) knowledge of the English TC was assessed via a truth-value judgment task manipulating (1) verb transitivity to make the infinitival object gap more vs. less salient and (2) context to avoid vs. strengthen bias toward the (erroneous) subject interpretation. Notably, some high-proficiency adult L2ers showed significantly above-chance performance, despite the error-inducing manipulations, suggesting that adult L2ers can overcome the learnability problem.

Currently, sixty-five original sprinkle drug products are available in various dosage forms including tablets, powders, granules, immediate-release capsules, extended-release capsules, delayed-release capsules, and multiparticulate drug delivery systems. By sprinkling on soft food vehicles, these products provide dosing flexibility and convenience of administration, which potentially improve the compliance of patients with dysphagia. Due to these advantages, the growth of sprinkle products picked up since the 1990s, and several regulatory issues regarding this dosage form have been raised and documented. In this article, the types of sprinkle formulations were discussed by dividing them into seven categories, and the commercial products were summarized in terms of the drug substance, pharmaceutical excipients, storage conditions and administration methods. In addition, several US Food and Drug Administration guidelines related to the regulatory issues of sprinkle formulations were reviewed, which led to the conclusion that the future development of this promising dosage form demands integrated guidance for industry rather than scattered information in various documents., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

We previously demonstrated that ibrutinib modulates LPS‐induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo, but its effects on the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive function have not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of ibrutinib in two mouse models of AD. In 5xFAD mice, ibrutinib injection significantly reduced Aβ plaque levels by promoting the non‐amyloidogenic pathway of APP cleavage, decreased Aβ‐induced neuroinflammatory responses, and significantly downregulated phosphorylation of tau by reducing levels of phosphorylated cyclin‐dependent kinase‐5 (p‐CDK5). Importantly, tau‐mediated neuroinflammation and tau phosphorylation were also alleviated by ibrutinib injection in PS19 mice. In 5xFAD mice, ibrutinib improved long‐term memory and dendritic spine number, whereas in PS19 mice, ibrutinib did not alter short‐ and long‐term memory but promoted dendritic spinogenesis. Interestingly, the induction of dendritic spinogenesis by ibrutinib was dependent on the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K). Overall, our results suggest that ibrutinib modulates AD‐associated pathology and cognitive function and may be a potential therapy for AD., This study evaluated the effects of ibrutinib on Aβ/tau pathology and cognitive function in two mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ibrutinib reduced tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, or Aβ accumulation in 5xFAD mice and PS19 mice. Interestingly, ibrutinib injection improved long‐term memory and dendritic spine number in 5xFAD mice. Moreover, the induction of spinogenesis by ibrutinib was dependent on PI3K phosphorylation. These data suggest that ibrutinib holds potential as a therapeutic drug for AD.

Natural compounds such as herbal medicines and/or phyto-compounds from foods, have frequently been used to exert synergistic therapeutic effects with anti-brain disorder drugs, supplement the effects of nutrients, and boost the immune system. However, co-administration of natural compounds with the drugs can cause synergistic toxicity or impeditive drug interactions due to changes in pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., absorption, metabolism, and excretion) and various drug transporters, particularly brain transporters. In this review, natural compound–drug interactions (NDIs), which can occur during the treatment of brain disorders, are emphasized from the perspective of pharmacokinetics and cellular transport. In addition, the challenges emanating from NDIs and recent approaches are discussed.

Most therapeutics for the treatment of traumatic central nervous system injuries, such as traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, encounter various obstacles in reaching the target tissue and exerting pharmacological effects, including physiological barriers like the blood–brain barrier and blood–spinal cord barrier, instability rapid elimination from the injured tissue or cerebrospinal fluid and off-target toxicity. For central nervous system delivery, nano- and microdrug delivery systems are regarded as the most suitable and promising carriers. In this review, the pathophysiology and biomarkers of traumatic central nervous system injuries (traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury) are introduced. Furthermore, various drug delivery systems, novel combinatorial therapies and advanced therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury are emphasized.

A microneedle array patch (MAP) has been studied as a means for delivering drugs or vaccines and has shown superior delivery efficiency compared to the conventional transdermal drug delivery system (TDD). This paper reviews recent advancements in the development of MAPs, with a focus on their size, shapes, and materials in preclinical and clinical studies for pharmaceutics.We classified MAPs for drug delivery into four types: coated, dissolving, separable, and swellable. We covered their recent developments in materials and geometry in preclinical and clinical studies.The design of MAPs needs to be determined based on what properties would be effective for the target diseases and purposes. In addition, in preclinical studies, it is necessary to consider not only the novelty of the formulations but also the feasibility of clinical application. Currently, clinical studies of microneedles loaded with various drugs and vaccines are in progress. When the regulation of pharmaceutical microneedles is established and more clinical studies are published, more drugs will be developed as microneedle products and clinical research will proceed. With these considerations, the microneedle array patch will be a better option for drug delivery.

Orobol is one of the major soy isoflavones, and has been reported to have various pharmacological activities, including an anti-skin-aging effect. However, since it has low solubility in water and physicochemical instability, the formulation of orobol for delivery into the dermal layer of the skin could be challenging. The objective of this study was to prepare lipid nanoparticles formulations of orobol to enhance its stability as well as its deposition into the skin. Formulations of orobol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were characterized in terms of their mean particle size, entrapment efficiency, and morphology. The nano-sized spherical NLCs formulations maintained the stability of orobol for up to 28 days. Moreover, the NLCs formulation significantly increased the in vitro deposition of orobol into both Strat-M membranes and human cadaver skin compared with the other formulations. Additionally, the NLCs formulation did not cause significant skin irritation in clinical study. These results demonstrate that a shea butter-based NLC formulation could be a promising and safe carrier system for improving the stability of orobol and enhancing its topical skin delivery.

PEGylated Eudragit L100 (ELP)-containing proliponiosomes (PLNs) were developed for improved oral delivery of celecoxib (CXB). The successful introduction of PEG 2000 or 5000 to Eudragit L100 (EL) was confirmed via proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of which calculated molar substitution ratio of PEG to EL was 36.0 or 36.7, respectively. CXB, ELP, phospholipid, and non-ionic surfactants were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and lyophilized to produce CXB-loaded PLNs (CXB@PLNs). The physical state of CXB@PLNs was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry, which revealed that crystalline CXB was transformed into amorphous form after the fabrication procedure. The reconstitution of CXB@PLNs in aqueous media generated CXB-loaded liponiosomes with nano-sized mean diameters and spherical morphology. CXB@PLNs displayed enhanced dissolution rate and permeability compared to CXB suspension. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies performed on rats demonstrated the improved oral bioavailability of CXB@PLNs compared to that of CXB suspension. No serious systemic toxicity was observed in the blood biochemistry tests performed on rats. These results suggest that the developed PLNs could be promising oral delivery systems for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, such as CXB.

The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate Eudragit-based microprecipitated bulk powder (MBP) formulations to enhance the oral bioavailability of sorafenib. Cationic Eudragit E PO and anionic Eudragit S100 were selected for MBP preparation. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)-incorporated MBP was also prepared to study the synergistic effect of UDCA in enhancing the bioavailability of sorafenib. Sorafenib-loaded MBPs were successfully prepared by a pH-controlled precipitation method using an aqueous antisolvent. Submicron-sized particles of MBPs were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the amorphous form of sorafenib in MBPs was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. MBPs of cationic and anionic Eudragits showed different in vitro dissolution and pharmacokinetic profiles in rats. Sorafenib in Eudragit E PO-based MBP (E PO-MBP) was rapidly dissolved at low pH conditions (pH 1.2 and 4.0), but was precipitated again at pH 4.0 within 4 h. Dissolution of sorafenib from Eudragit S100-based MBP (S100-MBP) was high at pH 7.4 and did not precipitate for up to 4 h. After oral administration to rats, all MBPs, compared with powder, improved the oral absorption of sorafenib, with S100-MBP showing 1.5-fold higher relative oral bioavailability than E PO-MBP. Moreover, incorporation of UDCA in S100-MBP (S100-UDCA-MBP) further increased the Cmax and oral bioavailability of sorafenib, although the dissolution was not significantly different from that of S100-MBP. Taken together, Eudragit-based MBP formulations could be a promising strategy for enhancing the oral bioavailability of sorafenib.

The purpose of this study was to prepare microcapsules encapsulating vitamin U (VU, S-methylmethionine) by complex coacervation. Multiple emulsion method was applied for encapsulating highly water-soluble VU. The composition of microcapsules was optimized using central composite design (CCD). The weight ratio of gelatin to gum arabic (X1) and the volume of oil phase (X2) were set as two independent variables to obtain the maximum weight of microcapsules (Y1) and the content of VU (Y2) in microcapsules higher than 2.5%. When the microcapsules were prepared based on the optimized composition, its actual Y1 and Y2 values were 95% of the predicted values. Morphology of microcapsules observed by the optical and the fluorescence microscopes was round shape. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of internal particles also confirmed that the multiple emulsions were encapsulated in the microcapules. Mean particle size of microcapsules measured by the laser diffraction particle size analyzer was 79.17 µm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that VU exists in an amorphous state in the coacervate microcapsules. Thus, it can be concluded that hydrophilic VU was successfully encapsulated in the coacervate microcapsules using the multiple emulsion method, and the design of experiment (DoE) technique was useful to optimize the formulation.

LJ-2698, a highly potent human A3 adenosine receptor antagonist with nucleoside structure, was designed to have a minimal species dependence. For further pre-clinical studies, analytical method for the detection of LJ-2698 in rat plasma was developed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass. Plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation method with acetonitrile, using losartan as the internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was carried out using a Kinetex C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm; 100 A; 2.6 μ) with acetonitrile/water with 0.2% (v/v) formic acid (65:35, v/v) in the isocratic mode at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Mass spectrometric detection in multiple reaction monitoring mode was performed with positive electrospray ionization. The mass transitions of LJ-2698 and IS were m/z 412.3 → 294.1 and m/z 423.1 → 207.2, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the range 5.00–5000 ng/mL (r 2 ≥ 0.998). The lower limit of quantification was established as 5.00 ng/mL. Within- and between-run precisions were

S-methyl-L-methionine (SMM), also known as vitamin U, is commercially available as skin care cosmetic products for its wound healing and photoprotective effects. However, the low skin permeation expected of SMM due to its hydrophilic nature with a log P value of -3.3, has not been thoroughly addressed. The purpose of this study thus was to evaluate the effect of skin permeation enhancers on the skin permeation/deposition of SMM. Among the enhancers tested for the in vitro skin permeation and deposition of SMM, oleic acid showed the most significant enhancing effect. Moreover, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol further enhanced in vitro permeation and deposition of SMM through hairless mouse skin. Furthermore, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol significantly increased the in vivo deposition of SMM in the epidermis/dermis for 12 hr, which was high enough to exert a therapeutic effect. Therefore, based on the in vitro and in vivo studies, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol was shown to be effective in improving the topical skin delivery of SMM, which may be applied in the cosmetic production process for SMM.

Rebamipide (RBP) is a potent anti-ulcer and anti-oxidative agent, which is a BCS class IV drug with a low oral bioavailability of less than 10%. Thus, the systemic absorption of RBP into the blood circulation is an essential prerequisite for exerting its pharmacological activities after oral dosing. Herein, we report on microemulsion (ME) systems for the enhancement of oral RBP bioavailability. In this study, MEs consisting of Capmul MCM (oil), Solutol HS15 (surfactant), and ethanol (co-surfactant) were prepared by the construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The RBP-loaded MEs had spherical nano-sized droplets with narrow size distribution and neutral zeta potential. Moreover, the prepared MEs significantly enhanced the dissolution and oral bioavailability of RBP with no discernible intestinal toxicity. These results suggest that the present ME system could be further developed as an alternative oral formulation for RBP.

This study explores whether there are differences in the types and characteristics of teacher talk between primary English teachers with different degrees of teaching professionalism. Two primary English teachers who were different from each other in their teaching professionalism were selected. They both taught sixth grade students and used the same English textbook. The data for the study were collected while they both were teaching the same unit of the textbook. Their classes were video-recorded and their interaction was transcribed and analyzed based on the framework of ‘constructive’ and ‘obstructive’ teacher talk (Walsh, 2002). The results show that the two teachers differed in the amount of the use of ‘constructive’ and ‘obstructive’ teacher talk. The more professional teacher used more constructive talk while the less professional teacher used more obstructive talk, and the more professional teacher encouraged the students to engage in the interaction by using constructive talk, such as error correction, content feedback, scaffolding, and so forth. On the basis of these results, some pedagogical implications were made.

In a series of five experiments with 31 Korean heritage children, we show that knowledge of case and the ability to use it must be evaluated with careful attention to multiple factors that can influence access to morphological information in the course of comprehension and production. The first two experiments, which compared the canonical SOV pattern with the non-canonical OSV pattern, employed picture-selection comprehension tasks to assess knowledge of case. Poor performance on OSV sentences was mitigated by experimental manipulations that either enhanced the perceptual salience of case or provided felicitous conditions for the use of non-canonical word order. The next three experiments, all involving production tasks, revealed that many children who failed to demonstrate knowledge of case in the comprehension tasks actually produced nominative and accusative case correctly, thereby revealing their knowledge of this morphosyntactic system.

Topical and transdermal drug delivery has great potential in non-invasive and non-oral administration of poorly bioavailable therapeutic agents. However, due to the barrier function of the stratum corneum, the drugs that can be clinically feasible candidates for topical and transdermal delivery have been limited to small-sized lipophilic molecules. Previously, we fabricated a novel iontophoretic system using reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology (RED system). However, no study has demonstrated its utility in topical and/or transdermal delivery of poorly permeable therapeutic agents. In this study, we report the topical delivery of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–hyaluronic acid (FITC–HA) and vitamin C and the transdermal delivery of lopinavir using our newly developed RED system in the in vitro hairless mouse skin and in vivo Sprague–Dawley rat models. The RED system significantly enhanced the efficiency of topical HA and vitamin C and transdermal lopinavir delivery. Moreover, the efficiency and safety of transdermal delivery using the RED system were comparable with those of a commercial ketoprofen patch formulation. Thus, the RED system can be a potential topical and transdermal delivery system for various poorly bioavailable pharmaceuticals including HA, vitamin C, and lopinavir.

Programmable nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) provide controlled coordination of therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs) and other biological functionalities. Beyond multivalence, recent reports demonstrate that NANP technology can also elicit a specific immune response, adding another layer of customizability to this innovative approach. While the delivery of nucleic acids remains a challenge, new carriers are introduced and tested continuously. Polymeric platforms have proven to be efficient in shielding nucleic acid cargos from nuclease degradation while promoting their delivery and intracellular release. Here, we venture beyond the delivery of conventional TNAs and combine the stable cationic poly-(lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine with functionalized NANPs. Furthermore, we compare several representative NANPs to assess how their overall structures influence their delivery with the same carrier. An extensive study of various formulations both in vitro and in vivo reveals differences in their immunostimulatory activity, gene silencing efficiency, and biodistribution, with fibrous NANPs advancing for TNA delivery.

This study explores whether native Korean speakers have a preference between the two numeral classifier structures, N+NUM+CL and NUM+CLgen+N. According to Hawkins’s (2004) domain minimization account, the N+NUM+CL structure would be preferred over the NUM+CLge +N structure because the former considerably has a bigger IC-to-word ratio than the latter. To test this prediction, we conducted an experiment in which native Korean-speaking adults completed two acceptability judgment tasks, one written (n = 67) and one spoken (n = 46). The results of the two acceptability judgment tasks indicate that native Korean speakers prefer N+NUM+CL over NU +CLgen+N, compatible with the prediction of the domain minimization account.

A three-locus model for rind phenotypes in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) was previously proposed based on genetic analysis. These three loci, S (foreground stripe pattern), D (depth of rind color), and Dgo (background rind color), segregate in a Mendelian manner. Whole genome sequencing of watermelon offers a new strategy for marker development in these rind phenotype-related loci. A genotype analysis using subsets of 188, 273, 287 and 113 probes was performed for the ‘0901’, ‘10909’, ‘109905’ and ‘90509’ rind trait-segregating F2 populations, respectively. A total of 26, 34, 30 and 15 linkage groups with 175, 254, 269 and 79 probes were constructed for the ‘0901’, ‘10909’, ‘109905’ and ‘90509’ populations, respectively. The genetic order of the probes was mostly collinear with the physical order on the reference genome, except for some probes on chromosomes 1, 3 and 11. The three rind-related loci, S, D, and Dgo were anchored near chr6_25767 on chromosome 6, chr8_26061 on chromosome 8 and chr4_150/chr4_249 on chromosome 4, respectively. The three loci are located on different chromosomes, and the three-locus model was therefore verified through molecular genetic analysis. We suggest a rapid and practical marker development strategy that can be used not only for rind traits but also for other agriculturally important traits in watermelon and applied for conventional breeding.

This article shows that the Korean Extrinsic Plural Marker (EPM) may be acquired by children on the basis of very little evidence. The EPM marks distributivity, unlike the Instrinsic Plural Marker, which marks plurality. Thirty monolingual learners of Korean aged 5;03 to 6;09 (mean age 6;01) were tested using a series of Truth Value Judgment Tasks (Crain & Thornton 1998). The children were split into three groups: Experimental-1, Experimental-2, and Control. All children received a pretest, establishing that they are unaware of the properties of EPM. Children in the two experimental groups then received two interventions, each employing a single instance of a felicitous interaction between a child and a mother involving the EPM. One intervention presented positive evidence of the meaning of the EPM, and the other presented negative evidence. Each intervention was followed by an assessment of the effect of the intervention (using TVJT tests similar to the pretest). The experimental groups differed ...

Montmorillonite is a multifunctional clay mineral and a major component of bentonite. Montmorillonite has been used in various industrial and pharmaceutical fields due to its unique characteristics, which include swelling and adsorption. The high adsorption capacity of montmorillonite contributes to increase drug entrapment and sustained-release of drugs. Montmorillonite generally sustains drug release in many formulations by strongly adsorbing to the drug. In addition, montmorillonite enhances the dissolution rate and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Moreover, montmorillonite was applied to form composites with other polymer-based delivery systems. Thus, montmorillonite could be applied to formulate diverse drug delivery systems to control and/or improve the pharmaceutical properties of drugs, including solubility, dissolution rate, and absorption. In this review, perspectives of applying montmorillonite as a pharmaceutical excipient in drug delivery systems are discussed.