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Objectives. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a more severe inflammatory form of CRS that often coexists with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, little is known about the relationship between OSA and the immune profile in patients with CRSwNP. We aimed to investigate the immune profile of patients with CRSwNP according to OSA severity.Methods. This study included 63 patients with CRSwNP and nine control subjects. Protein levels of inflammatory mediators were determined using multiplex immunoassays. All patients underwent standard polysomnography.Results. In patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP), interleukin (IL)-6 and chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand (CXCL)-1 (type 1 immune-related markers) were upregulated in cases of moderate-to-severe OSA. Additionally, IL-4, IL-13, C-C motif chemokine (CCL)-11, CCL-24 (type 2 immune-related markers), and IL-17A (a type 3 immune-related marker) were present at elevated levels in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. Although there were no significant differences in type 1, 2, or 3 immune-related markers among patients with non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (NECRSwNP) according to the severity of OSA, transforming growth factor-beta expression was higher in those with moderate-to-severe OSA. Furthermore, in ECRSwNP with moderate-to-severe OSA, associations were detected between serum markers and some upregulated inflammatory markers.Conclusion. OSA may increase the heterogeneity of the immune profile (types 1, 2, and 3) in patients with ECRSwNP, but not in those with NECRSwNP.

The surgical goal for reduction of maxillofacial fracture has been focused on the reconstruction of facial buttresses. If there is fracture-displacement at non-buttress area, it close observation used to be the choice of treatment. It is not easy to have access to the posterior part of maxilla with conventional approach. But with the endoscopic sinus surgery technique, posterior wall of maxillary sinus is easily approachable and can be manipulated. This report presents a case of a 38-year-old male with isolated posterior wall of maxillary sinus fracture. Inward comminuted fracture-displacement of the posterior wall of maxillary sinus with retroantral fat and soft tissue was herniated into the maxillary sinus and extruded out through the natural ostium of maxillary sinus. Using endoscopic approach and Foley catheter inflation, the maxillary sinus posterior wall was successfully repaired without complications. This report thus suggests endoscopic approach with the Foley catheter for the posterior maxillary sinus wall fracture.

Background/Aim: A three-dimensional (3D) printed tracheostomy tube has potential application for patients who require a specialized tube. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of various 3D printing materials and determine their use in producing 3D-printed tracheostomy tube. Materials and Methods: Mechanical, chemical, and microbiological in vivo changes in the scaffolds were analyzed using a hamster cheek pouch (HCP) model. Results: The poly methyl methacylate (PMMA)-resin showed superior pre- and post-insertion mechanical properties and a relatively consistent lower biofilm formation compared with other scaffolds. PMMA-resin was successfully 3D-printed with dimensional accuracy without a support system. The use of a 3D-printed PMMA tracheostomy tube in a rabbit trachea showed no definite signs of infection, allergy or foreign body reaction. Conclusion: PMMA-resin can be proposed as an alternative for a 3D-printed tracheostomy tube material. In addition, we suggest HCPs as an in vivo model for evaluating indwelling medical devices.

Studies reported an association between impaired hearing and vestibular function with the risk of dementia. This study investigated the association between Ménière’s disease (MD) and the risk of dementia using a nationwide cohort sample of data obtained from the South Korea National Health Insurance Service. The MD group (n = 496) included patients aged over 55 years and diagnosed between 2003 and 2006. The comparison group was selected using propensity score matching (n = 1984). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate incidence and hazard ratios for dementia events. The incidence of dementia was 14.3 per 1000 person–years in the MD group. After adjustment for certain variables, the incidence of dementia was higher in the MD group than in the comparison group (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.57, 95% confidence interval = 1.17–2.12). Subgroup analysis showed a significantly increased adjusted HR for developing Alzheimer’s disease (1.69, 95% confidence interval = 1.20–2.37) and vascular dementia (1.99, 95% confidence interval = 1.10–3.57) in the MD group. Patients with dementia experienced a higher frequency of MD episodes than those without dementia. Our findings suggest that late-onset MD is associated with an increased incidence of all-cause dementia, and it might be used as a basis for an earlier diagnosis of dementia.

Studies reported an association between impaired hearing and vestibular function with the risk of dementia. This study investigated the association between Ménière’s disease (MD) and the risk of dementia using a nationwide cohort sample of data obtained from the South Korea National Health Insurance Service. The MD group (n = 496) included patients aged over 55 years and diagnosed between 2003 and 2006. The comparison group was selected using propensity score matching (n = 1984). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate incidence and hazard ratios for dementia events. The incidence of dementia was 14.3 per 1000 person–years in the MD group. After adjustment for certain variables, the incidence of dementia was higher in the MD group than in the comparison group (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.57, 95% confidence interval = 1.17–2.12). Subgroup analysis showed a significantly increased adjusted HR for developing Alzheimer’s disease (1.69, 95% confidence interval = 1.20–2.37) and vascular dementia (1.99, 95% confidence interval = 1.10–3.57) in the MD group. Patients with dementia experienced a higher frequency of MD episodes than those without dementia. Our findings suggest that late-onset MD is associated with an increased incidence of all-cause dementia, and it might be used as a basis for an earlier diagnosis of dementia.

Background We introduced a surgical procedure which includes a simple sinusectomy without opening the sinus whilst attempting to minimize the skin incision. Methods A total of 34 patients with preauricular sinus were treated. In six patients, this technique was performed bilaterally, so a total of 40 ears were enrolled and analyzed for recurrence rate and surgical outcome in retrospective observational study. A database was created which included patient age, the preoperative and postoperative incision size, suture materials used, and complications. Incisional size according to the previous infection condition and incision and drainage (I & D) history were analyzed. Results The mean initial skin incision length was 0.75 ± 0.40 cm and mean incision length after skin suture was 0.81 ± 0.42 cm. The young group under 10 years of age had a mean initial skin incision length of 0.56 ± 0.06 cm, and mean incision length after skin suture was 0.58 ± 0.08 cm. Suture materials were Nylon 6-0 for 14 ears, Nylon 7-0 for 20 ears, and Nylon 8-0 for 6 ears. The incidence of minor complications (immediate wound dehiscence, wound opening at a previous I & D region, keloid formation) was 7.5%. Conclusion Our method overcomes potential problems with esthetics in addition to reducing the recurrence rates of preauricular sinusectomy. With our technique, minimization of skin incision length is possible without the risk of recurrence. The use of fine suture materials and not using drainage avoids additional skin trauma.

Adenotonsillectomy is a common paediatric surgery for treating obstructed breathing or recurrent inflammation; however, the long-term health consequences on the developing immune system are unknown. This study investigated the potential association between adenotonsillectomy and the development of asthma and upper respiratory infections (URI). This propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study utilized data from the National Sample Cohort 2002-2013. In the asthma cohort, we used a Cox-proportional hazards model to analyze the hazard ratio (HR) of adenotonsillectomy for asthma events. In the URI cohort, equivalence testing of postoperative visits for URI was performed. The margin of equivalence of the difference was set at -0.5-0.5. Asthma incidence was 66.97/1000 person-years in children who underwent adenotonsillectomy and 30.43/1000 person-years in those who did not. Adjusted asthma HRs were 2.25 (95% confidence interval, 1.96-2.57) in the adenotonsillectomy vs. non-adenotonsillectomy groups. In a subgroup analysis, children aged 5-9 years living in metropolitan areas showed a higher incidence of subsequent asthma than those of other ages and areas. However, any significant difference between the groups in terms of URI events in the 1-11-year postoperative period was not identified. Adenotonsillectomy in children is associated with an increased incidence of asthma, with no significant impact on postoperative visits for URI.