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A polysaccharide was obtained through the coculture of Ganoderma lucidum and Flammulina velutipes mycelia in submerged fermentation. Compared to G. lucidum monoculture, the coculture decreased cell biomass production and increased the exopolysaccharides (EPS) yield. In addition, the coculture EPS presented comparable antioxidant activity, however, enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. Under normal cultivation conditions, the coculture EPS displayed greater than 95 % cell viability to the hTERT-immortalized foreskin fibroblast cells. After UV irradiation, the coculture EPS presented less cytotoxicity than G. lucidum EPS when EPS concentration was 1.5 and 3.0 mg/mL. After serum starvation, the difference in the viability of the fibroblast cells treated by monoculture and coculture EPS was insignificant. Fractionation of the coculture EPS yielded one major fraction with a molecular weight of 1374.6 kDa. FT-IR analysis suggested that there existed both β-glucose and α-galactose in the coculture EPS, yet higher amount of β-glucose.

The accurate quantification of triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum mushroom in the mycelium stage is challenging due to their low concentrations, interference from other possible isomers, and the complex matrix. Here, a high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry "multiple reaction monitoring" with target enhancement (HR-QTOF-MRM) method was developed to quantify seven target triterpenoids in G. lucidum. The performance of this method was compared against an optimized QQQ-MRM method. The HR-QTOF-MRM was shown to be capable of distinguishing target triterpenoids from interferent peaks in the presence of matrices. The HR-QTOF-MRM LOD and LLOQ values were found to be one to two times lower than those derived from the QQQ-MRM method. Intraday and interday variabilities of the HR-QTOF-MRM demonstrated better reproducibility than the QQQ-MRM. In addition, excellent recoveries of the analytes ranging from 80 to 117% were achieved. Spiking experiments were carried out to verify and compare the quantitative accuracy of the two methods. The HR-QTOF-MRM method provided better percent accuracy, ranging from 84% to 99% (

The accurate quantification of triterpenoids in

Bioactive polysaccharides from three wild edible mushrooms (Rugibolutus extremiorientalis, Russula emetica, and Phleobopus portentosus) extracted by conventional refluxing extraction (RFE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were investigated. The result indicated that the PS of R. extremiorientalis extracted by RFE exhibited the greatest antioxidant activities on ABTS cation free radical scavenging (153.0 mg TEAC/g of the extract), DPPH radical scavenging (9.91 mg TEAC/g of the extract), and also reducing power capacity (10.2 mg TEAC/g of the extract). Whereas, those of R. emetica extracted by UAE have the highest antidiabetic and antihypertensive activities (56.3% and 70.5% inhibition, respectively). All crude PS extracts were composed mainly of carbohydrate and protein plus a small proportion of phenolic compounds of which glucose was the prevalent monosaccharide of all polysaccharides. PS of both R. extremiorientalis and R. emetica contained of β-glycosidic conformation, while those of Ph. portentosus contained both α- and β-glycosidic conformations.

For the first time, total phytochemical profiles of methanol crude extracts of Cuscuta reflexa grown on three different hosts, Coccinia grandis, Ficus racemosa- and Samanea saman, that were cultivated in northern Thailand were examined, along with their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. The highest level of total flavonoids (114.4 mg QE/ g extract) and total phenolic content (90.8 mg GAE/ g extract) were observed in the extract of Cu. reflexa that was grown on Co. grandis. The GC-MS results showed that various types of phenolic compounds, hydrocarbons, saturated fatty acids and methyl ester of fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids and methyl ester of fatty acids, vitamin E, terpenes and sterol contained in the extracts of Cu. reflexa were-capable of being grown on three hosts. Moreover, the HPLC results showed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, rutin and quercetin in all Cu. reflexa samples The extract of Cu. reflexa that was grown on Co. grandis represented the highest antidiabetic activity with a percent inhibition of 51.2. Moreover, the extract also possessed the greatest antioxidant activity (DPPH; IC₅₀ 168.6 μg/mL, FRAP; 40.5 mg GAE/ g extract).

Protein glycation and oxidative stress caused by chronic hyperglycemia play vital role in diabetic complications. This study focused on the evaluation of the antiglycation effect of four Lamiaceae plants (Ocimum sanctum, O. basilicum, O. americanum and Metha cordifolia opiz.). Among the ethanolic extracts, O. sanctum extract exhibited high content of phenolic compounds and strong antioxidant activity. Chemical composition analyzed by HPLC revealing two major phenolic conpounds in O. sanctum extracts as rosmarinic acid (4.43 mg/g) and luteolin (0.96 mg/g). In the antiglycation assays, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and histone which were used as model proteins for investigation in the presence of methylglyoxal (MGO) with or without the extracts comparing with the authentic phenolic compounds. The results showed that O. sanctum extract possessed a potent antiglycation activity in both BSA and histone models with 23.4% and 43.0 % inhibition at the concentration of 500 and 250μg/mL, respectively. The results indicated that O. sanctum which contained high phenolic compounds has potential to prevent protein glycation caused by oxidative stress.

For the first time, total phytochemical profiles of methanol crude extracts of Cuscuta reflexa grown on three different hosts, Coccinia grandis, Ficus racemosa and Samanea saman, that were cultivated in northern Thailand were examined, along with their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. The highest level of total flavonoids (114.4 mg QE/ g extract) and total phenolic content (90.8 mg GAE/ g extract) were observed in the extract of Cu. reflexa that was grown on Co. grandis. The GC-MS results showed that various types of phenolic compounds, hydrocarbons, saturated fatty acids and methyl ester of fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids and methyl ester of fatty acids, vitamin E, terpenes and sterol contained in the extracts of Cu. reflexa were capable of being grown on three hosts. Moreover, the HPLC results showed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, rutin and quercetin in all Cu. reflexa samples. The extract of Cu. reflexa that was grown on Co. grandis represented the highest antidiabetic activity with a percent inhibition of 51.2. Moreover, the extract also possessed the greatest antioxidant activity (DPPH; IC50 168.6 μg/mL, FRAP; 40.5 mg GAE/ g extract).