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The interaction between radio-jets and quasar host galaxies plays a paramount role in quasar/galaxy co-evolution. However, very little has been known so far about this interaction at very high-z. Here, we present new Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations in Band 7 and Band 3 of six radio-loud quasars' host galaxies at $z > 5$. We recover [CII] 158 $\mu$m line and underlying dust continuum emission at $>2\sigma$ for five sources, while we obtain upper limits for the CO(6-5) emission line and continuum for the remaining source. At the spatial resolution of our observations ($\sim$1.0"-1.4"), we do not recover perturbed/extended morphologies or kinematics, signatures of potential mergers. These galaxies already host large quantities of gas, with [CII]-based star formation rates of $30-400 M_{\odot} $yr$^{-1}$. Building their radio/sub-mm spectral energy distributions (SEDs), we find that in at least four cases the 1mm continuum intensity arises from a combination of synchrotron and dust emission, with an initial estimation of synchrotron contribution at 300 GHz of $\gtrsim$10%. We compare the properties of the sources inspected here with a large collection of radio-quiet sources from the literature, as well as a sample of radio-loud quasars from previous studies, at comparable redshift. We recover a potential mild decrease in $L_{\rm [CII]}$ for the radio-loud sources, which might be due to a suppression of the cool gas emission due to the radio-jets. We do not find any [CII]-emitting companion galaxy candidate around the five radio-loud quasars observed in Band 7: given the depth of our dataset, this result is still consistent with that observed around radio-quiet quasars. Further higher-spatial resolution observations, over a larger frequency range, of high-z radio-loud quasars hosts will allow for a better understanding of the physics of such sources., Comment: 20 pages; 11 figures; accepted for publication in A&A

A multiwavelength study of galaxies is important to understand their formation and evolution. Only in the recent past, thanks to the Atacama Large (Sub) Millimeter Array (ALMA), were we able to study the far-infrared (IR) properties of galaxies at high redshifts. In this article, we summarize recent research highlights and their significance to our understanding of early galaxy evolution from the ALPINE survey, a large program with ALMA to observe the dust continuum and 158um C+ emission of normal star-forming galaxies at z = 4-6. Combined with ancillary data at UV through near-IR wavelengths, ALPINE provides the currently largest multiwavelength sample of post-reionization galaxies and has advanced our understanding of (i) the demographics of C+ emission; (ii) the relation of star formation and C+ emission; (iii) the gas content; (iv) outflows and enrichment of the intergalactic medium; and (v) the kinematics, emergence of disks, and merger rates in galaxies at z > 4. ALPINE builds the basis for more detailed measurements with the next generation of telescopes, and places itself as an important post-reionization baseline sample to allow a continuous study of galaxies over 13 billion years of cosmic time., Comment: 29 pages, 6 figures; Invited article for the special issue "Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN", edited by Anna Sajina and Asantha R. Cooray, in Universe

The dust content of normal galaxies and the dust mass density (DMD) at high-z (z>4) are unconstrained given the source confusion and the sensitivity limitations of previous observations. The ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early Times (ALPINE), which targeted 118 UV-selected star-forming galaxies at 4.4

Aim. Our aim is to analyse the variance of the Inter-Galactic Medium transmission (IGM) by studying this parameter in the rest-frame UV spectra of a large sample of high redshift galaxies. Method. We make use of the VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey and the VANDELS public survey to have an insight into the far UV spectrum of $2.7

VANDELS is an ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey designed to build a sample of high signal to noise, medium resolution spectra of galaxies at redshift between 1 and 6.5. Here we present the final Public Data Release of the VANDELS Survey, comprising 2087 redshift measurements. We give a detailed description of sample selection, observations and data reduction procedures. The final catalogue reaches a target selection completeness of 40% at iAB = 25. The high Signal to Noise ratio of the spectra (above 7 in 80% of the spectra) and the dispersion of 2.5{\AA} allowed us to measure redshifts with high precision, the redshift measurement success rate reaching almost 100%. Together with the redshift catalogue and the reduced spectra, we also provide optical mid-IR photometry and physical parameters derived through SED fitting. The observed galaxy sample comprises both passive and star forming galaxies covering a stellar mass range 8.3< Log(M*/Msolar)<11.7. All catalogues and spectra are accessible through the survey database (http://vandels.inaf.it) where all information can be queried interactively, and via the ESO Archive (https://www.eso.org/qi/)., Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Star formation rate (SFR) measurements at z>4 have relied mostly on rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations. The corrections for dust attenuation based on IRX-$\beta$ relation are highly uncertain and are still debated in the literature. Hence, rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) observations are necessary to constrain the dust-obscured component of the SFR. In this paper, we exploit the rest-frame FIR continuum observations collected by the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE) to directly constrain the obscured SFR in galaxies at 4.4

We study the projected spatial offset between the ultraviolet continuum and Ly$\alpha$ emission for 65 lensed and unlensed galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization ($5\leq z\leq7$), the first such study at these redshifts, in order to understand the potential for these offsets to confuse estimates of the Ly$\alpha$ properties of galaxies observed in slit spectroscopy. While we find that ~40% of galaxies in our sample show significant projected spatial offsets ($|\Delta_{Ly\alpha-UV}|$), we find a modest average offset of 0.61$\pm$0.08 kpc. A small fraction of our sample, ~10%, exhibits offsets of 2-4 kpc, sizes that are larger than the effective radii of typical galaxies at these redshifts. An internal comparison and a comparison to studies at lower redshift yielded no significant evidence of evolution of $|\Delta_{Ly\alpha-UV}|$ with redshift. In our own sample, UV-bright galaxies showed offsets a factor of three greater than their fainter counterparts, 0.89$\pm$0.18 vs. 0.27$\pm$0.05 kpc, respectively. We argue that offsets are likely not the result of merging processes, but are rather due to internal anisotropic processes resulting from stellar feedback facilitates Ly$\alpha$ fluorescence and/or backscattering from nearby or outflowing gas. The reduction in the Ly$\alpha$ flux due to offset effects for various observational setups was quantified through mock observations of simple simulations. It was found that the loss of Ly$\alpha$ photons for galaxies with average offsets is not, if corrected for, a limiting factor for all but the narrowest slit widths (<0.4''). However, for the largest offsets, if such offsets are mostly perpendicular to the slit major axis, slit losses were found to be extremely severe in cases where slit widths of $\leq$1'' were employed, such as those planned for James Webb Space Telescope/NIRSpec observations. (abridged), Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables. Updated with the accepted MNRAS version that includes minor changes to the text and two tables

We present the detailed characterisation of a sample of 56 sources serendipitously detected in ALMA band 7, as part of the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate CII at Early Times (ALPINE) in COSMOS and ECDFS. These sources have been used to derive the total infrared luminosity function (LF) and to estimate the cosmic star formation rate density (SFRD) up to z=6. We have looked for counterparts in all the available multi-wavelength and photometric redshift catalogues, and in deeper near- and mid-IR source lists and maps, to identify optically dark sources with no matches in the public catalogues. Our ALMA blind survey allows us to push further the study of the nature and evolution of dusty galaxies at high-z, identifying luminous and massive sources to redshifts and faint luminosities never probed before by any far-infrared surveys. The ALPINE data are the first ones to sample the faint-end of the infrared LF, showing little evolution from z=2.5 to z=6, and a flat slope up to the highest redshifts. The SFRD obtained by integrating the luminosity function remains almost constant between z=2 and 6, and significantly higher than the optical/UV derivations, showing an important contribution of dusty galaxies and obscured star formation up to high-z. About 14 per cent of the ALPINE serendipitous continuum sources are optically+near-IR dark (six show a counterpart only in the mid-IR and no HST or near-IR identification, while two are detected as [CII] emitters at z=5). The six HST and near-IR dark galaxies with mid-IR counterpart contribute for about 17 per cent of the total SFRD at z=5 and dominate the high-mass end of the stellar mass function at z>3., Comment: 26 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

The molecular gas content of normal galaxies at z>4 is poorly constrained, because the commonly used molecular gas tracers become hard to detect. We use the [CII]158um luminosity, recently proposed as a molecular gas tracer, to estimate the molecular gas content in a large sample of main-sequence star-forming galaxies at z=4.4-5.9, with a median stellar mass of 10^9.7 Msun, drawn from the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE) survey. The agreement between molecular gas masses derived from [CII] luminosity, dynamical mass, and rest-frame 850um luminosity, extrapolated from the rest-frame 158um continuum, supports [CII] as a reliable tracer of molecular gas in our sample. We find a continuous decline of the molecular gas depletion timescale from z=0 to z=5.9, which reaches a mean value of (4.6+/-0.8)x10^8 yr at z~5.5, only a factor of 2-3 shorter than in present-day galaxies. This suggests a mild enhancement of star formation efficiency toward high redshifts, unless the molecular gas fraction significantly increases. Our estimates show that the rise in molecular gas fraction as reported previously, flattens off above z~3.7 to achieve a mean value of 63%+/-3 over z=4.4-5.9. This redshift evolution of the gas fraction is in line with the one of the specific star formation rate. We use multi-epoch abundance matching to follow the gas fraction evolution over cosmic time of progenitors of z=0 Milky Way-like galaxies in 10^13 Msun halos and of more massive z=0 galaxies in 10^14 Msun halos. Interestingly, the former progenitors show a monotonic decrease of the gas fraction with cosmic time, while the latter show a constant gas fraction from z=5.9 to z~2 and a decrease at z<2. We discuss three possible effects, namely outflows, halt of gas supplying, and over-efficient star formation, which may jointly contribute to the gas fraction plateau of the latter massive galaxies., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

We present dust attenuation properties of spectroscopically confirmed star forming galaxies on the main sequence at a redshift of ~4.4-5.8. Our analyses are based on the far infrared continuum observations of 118 galaxies at rest-frame 158{\mu}m obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE). We study the connection between the ultraviolet (UV) spectral slope ($\beta$), stellar mass (M_*), and infrared excess (IRX=L_IR/L_UV). Twenty-three galaxies are individually detected in the continuum at >3.5 sigma significance. We perform a stacking analysis using both detections and nondetections to study the average dust attenuation properties at z~4.4-5.8. The individual detections and stacks show that the IRX-$\beta$ relation at z~5 is consistent with a steeper dust attenuation curve than typically found at lower redshifts (z<4). The attenuation curve is similar to or even steeper than that of the extinction curve of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). This systematic change of the IRX-$\beta$ relation as a function of redshift suggests an evolution of dust attenuation properties at z>4. Similarly, we find that our galaxies have lower IRX values, up to 1dex on average, at a fixed mass compared to previously studied IRX-M_* relations at z<4, albeit with significant scatter. This implies a lower obscured fraction of star formation than at lower redshifts. Our results suggest that dust properties of UV-selected star forming galaxies at z>4 are characterised by (i) a steeper attenuation curve than at z<4, and (ii) a rapidly decreasing dust obscured fraction of star formation as a function of redshift. Nevertheless, even among this UV-selected sample, massive galaxies (log M_*/$M_\odot$>10) at z~5-6 already exhibit an obscured fraction of star formation of ~45%, indicating a rapid build-up of dust during the epoch of reionization., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures. accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Minor revisions

The ALPINE-ALMA large program targets the [CII] 158 $\mu$m line and the far-infrared continuum in 118 spectroscopically confirmed star-forming galaxies between z=4.4 and z=5.9. It represents the first large [CII] statistical sample built in this redshift range. We present details of the data processing and the construction of the catalogs. We detected 23 of our targets in the continuum. To derive accurate infrared luminosities and obscured star formation rates, we measured the conversion factor from the ALMA 158 $\mu$m rest-frame dust continuum luminosity to the total infrared luminosity (L$_{\rm IR}$) after constraining the dust spectral energy distribution by stacking a photometric sample similar to ALPINE in ancillary single-dish far-infrared data. We found that our continuum detections have a median L$_{\rm IR}$ of 4.4$\times 10^{11}$ L$_\odot$. We also detected 57 additional continuum sources in our ALMA pointings. They are at lower redshift than the ALPINE targets, with a mean photometric redshift of 2.5$\pm$0.2. We measured the 850 $\mu$m number counts between 0.35 and 3.5 mJy, improving the current interferometric constraints in this flux density range. We found a slope break in the number counts around 3 mJy with a shallower slope below this value. More than 40 % of the cosmic infrared background is emitted by sources brighter than 0.35 mJy. Finally, we detected the [CII] line in 75 of our targets. Their median [CII] luminosity is 4.8$\times$10$^8$ L$_\odot$ and their median full width at half maximum is 252 km/s. After measuring the mean obscured SFR in various [CII] luminosity bins by stacking ALPINE continuum data, we find a good agreement between our data and the local and predicted SFR-L$_{\rm [CII]}$ relations of De Looze et al. (2014) and Lagache et al. (2018)., Comment: 44 pages, 29 figures, 14 tables, accepted by A&A, ALPINE products released at https://cesam.lam.fr/a2c2s/, luminosities in table B2 corrected

We present the ancillary data and basic physical measurements for the galaxies in the ALMA Large Program to Investigate C+ at Early Times (ALPINE) survey - the first large multi-wavelength survey which aims at characterizing the gas and dust properties of 118 main-sequence galaxies at redshifts 4.4 < z < 5.9 via the measurement of [CII]-emission at 158 micro-meter (64% at >3.5$\sigma$) and the surrounding far-infrared (FIR) continuum in conjunction with a wealth of optical and near-infrared data. We outline in detail the spectroscopic data and selection of the galaxies as well as the ground- and space-based imaging products. In addition, we provide several basic measurements including stellar masses, star formation rates (SFR), rest-frame ultra-violet (UV) luminosities, UV continuum slopes ($\beta$), and absorption line redshifts, as well as H-alpha emission derived from Spitzer colors. We find that the ALPINE sample is representative of the 4 < z < 6 galaxy population selected by photometric methods and only slightly biased towards bluer colors ($\Delta\beta$ ~ 0.2). Using [CII] as tracer of the systemic redshift (confirmed for one galaxy at z=4.5 out of 118 for which we obtained optical [OII]$\lambda$3727A emission), we confirm red shifted Ly-alpha emission and blue shifted absorption lines similar to findings at lower redshifts. By stacking the rest-frame UV spectra in the [CII] rest-frame we find that the absorption lines in galaxies with high specific SFR are more blue shifted, which could be indicative of stronger winds and outflows., Comment: 48 pages, 33 figures, 7 tables (including Appendix), accepted for publication in ApJS

Aims. Our aim is to estimate the intergalactic medium transmission towards UV-selected star-forming galaxies at redshift 4 and above and study the effect of the dust attenuation on these measurements. Methods. The ultra-violet spectrum of high redshift galaxies is a combination of their intrinsic emission and the effect of the Inter-Galactic medium (IGM) absorption along their line of sight. Using data coming from the unprecedented deep spectroscopy from the VANDELS ESO public survey carried out with the VIMOS instrument we compute both the dust extinction and the mean transmission of the IGM as well as its scatter from a set of 281 galaxies at z>3.87. Because of a degeneracy between the dust content of the galaxy and the IGM, we first estimate the stellar dust extinction parameter E(B-V) and study the result as a function of the dust prescription. Using these measurements as constraint for the spectral fit we estimate the IGM transmission Tr(Lyalpha). Both photometric and spectroscopic SED fitting are done using the SPectroscopy And photometRy fiTting tool for Astronomical aNalysis (SPARTAN) that is able to fit the spectral continuum of the galaxies as well as photometric data. Results. Using the classical Calzetti's attenuation law we find that E(B-V) goes from 0.11 at z=3.99 to 0.08 at z=5.15. These results are in very good agreement with previous measurements from the literature. We estimate the IGM transmission and find that the transmission is decreasing with increasing redshift from Tr(Lyalpha)=0.53 at z=3.99 to 0.28 at z=5.15. We also find a large standard deviation around the average transmission that is more than 0.1 at every redshift. Our results are in very good agreement with both previous measurements from AGN studies and with theoretical models., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

We study the efficiency of galactic feedback in the early Universe by stacking the [C II] 158 um emission in a large sample of normal star-forming galaxies at 4 < z < 6 from the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [C II] at Early times (ALPINE) survey. Searching for typical signatures of outflows in the high-velocity tails of the stacked [C II] profile, we observe (i) deviations from a single-component Gaussian model in the combined residuals and (ii) broad emission in the stacked [C II] spectrum, with velocities of |v|<~ 500 km/s. The significance of these features increases when stacking the subset of galaxies with star formation rates (SFRs) higher than the median (SFRmed = 25 Msun/yr), thus confirming their star-formation-driven nature. The estimated mass outflow rates are comparable to the SFRs, yielding mass-loading factors of the order of unity (similarly to local star-forming galaxies), suggesting that star-formation-driven feedback may play a lesser role in quenching galaxies at z > 4. From the stacking analysis of the datacubes, we find that the combined [C II] core emission (|v|< 200 km/s) of the higher-SFR galaxies is extended on physical sizes of ~ 30 kpc (diameter scale), well beyond the analogous [C II] core emission of lower-SFR galaxies and the stacked far-infrared continuum. The detection of such extended metal-enriched gas, likely tracing circumgalactic gas enriched by past outflows, corroborates previous similar studies, confirming that baryon cycle and gas exchanges with the circumgalactic medium are at work in normal star-forming galaxies already at early epochs., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

We report the detection of [CII]158um emission from a system of three closely-separated sources in the COSMOS field at z~4.56, as part of the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate CII at Early times (ALPINE). The two dominant sources are closely associated, both spatially (1.6"~11kpc) and in velocity (~100km/s), while the third source is slightly more distant (2.8"~18kpc, ~300km/s). The second strongest source features a slight velocity gradient, while no significant velocity gradient is seen in the other two sources. Using the observed [CII] luminosities, we derive a total log(SFR_[CII]/[Msol/year])=2.8+/-0.2, which may be split into contributions of 59%, 31%, and 10% from the central, east, and west sources, respectively. Comparison of these [CII] detections to recent zoom-in cosmological simulations suggests an ongoing major merger. We are thus witnessing a system in a major phase of mass build-up by merging, including an on-going major merger and an upcoming minor merger, which is expected to end up in a single massive galaxy by z~2.5., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to MNRASL

We establish a robust statistical description of the star-forming galaxy population at the end of cosmic HI reionization ($5.0\le{}z\le6.6$) from a large sample of 52 galaxies with spectroscopically confirmed redshifts from the VIMOS UltraDeep Survey. We identify galaxies with Ly$\alpha$ either in absorption or in emission, at variance with most spectroscopic samples in the literature where Ly$\alpha$ emitters dominate. We find that star-forming galaxies at these redshifts are distributed along a main sequence in the stellar mass vs. SFR plane. We report a flat evolution of the sSFR(z) in 32. The bright end of the Ly$\alpha$ luminosity function has a high number density, indicating a significant star formation activity concentrated in the brightest Ly$\alpha$ emitters (LAE) at these redshifts. LAE with EW>25\AA ~contribute to about 75\% of the total UV-derived SFRD. While our analysis favors a low dust content in 5.0

This paper describes the observations and the first data release (DR1) of the ESO public spectroscopic survey "VANDELS, a deep VIMOS survey of the CANDELS CDFS and UDS fields". VANDELS' main targets are star-forming galaxies at 2.4

VANDELS is a uniquely-deep spectroscopic survey of high-redshift galaxies with the VIMOS spectrograph on ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT). The survey has obtained ultra-deep optical (0.48 < lambda < 1.0 micron) spectroscopy of ~2100 galaxies within the redshift interval 1.0 < z < 7.0, over a total area of ~0.2 sq. degrees centred on the CANDELS UDS and CDFS fields. Based on accurate photometric redshift pre-selection, 85% of the galaxies targeted by VANDELS were selected to be at z>=3. Exploiting the red sensitivity of the refurbished VIMOS spectrograph, the fundamental aim of the survey is to provide the high signal-to-noise ratio spectra necessary to measure key physical properties such as stellar population ages, masses, metallicities and outflow velocities from detailed absorption-line studies. Using integration times calculated to produce an approximately constant signal-to-noise ratio (20 < t_int < 80 hours), the VANDELS survey targeted: a) bright star-forming galaxies at 2.4 < z < 5.5, b) massive quiescent galaxies at 1.0 < z < 2.5, c) fainter star-forming galaxies at 3.0 < z < 7.0 and d) X-ray/Spitzer-selected active galactic nuclei and Herschel-detected galaxies. By targeting two extragalactic survey fields with superb multi-wavelength imaging data, VANDELS will produce a unique legacy data set for exploring the physics underpinning high-redshift galaxy evolution. In this paper we provide an overview of the VANDELS survey designed to support the science exploitation of the first ESO public data release, focusing on the scientific motivation, survey design and target selection., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS