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19. Diabetes Insipidus: Types, Diagnosis and Management

Author

Jasmeen, Vitubisgho Nyirenda Phoebe, Khurana Navneet, Mishra Rakhi, Chaudhary Jasmine, and Duggal Navneet

Subjects
Microbiology, QR1-502, Physiology, QP1-981, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is an acquired or hereditary water imbalance disorder characterized by polydipsia and polyuria. It is a condition that involves the excretion of dilute urine in large volumes. The illness can strike at any age, with males and females have identical rates of occurrence of the disease. The two main mechanisms responsible for diabetes insipidus are either insufficient release or production of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the hypothalamus (central diabetes insipidus) or ADH resistance in which the kidneys are unable to respond to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). Another form of DI is transient diabetes insipidus commonly known as gestational diabetes insipidus that occurs in the second/third trimester of pregnancy due to increased levels of placental vasopressinase that occurs progressively during pregnancy and increases metabolic clearance of vasopressin. The fourth type of DI is primary polydipsia, characterized by elevated levels of water intake that physiologically lower vasopressin and may be psychogenic, iatrogenic or dipsogenic. Signs and symptoms of DI often include water electrolyte-imbalance, excessive or severe thirst, frequent and excessive urination, fatigue, dehydration, and weight loss. Diabetes insipidus (DI) should be distinguished from primary polydipsia, and whether it is caused by a central, nephrogenic, or gestational cause. This distinction is critical since incorrect treatment can result in serious repercussions. Diagnosis of DI includes measurement of plasma sodium and osmolality, baseline copeptin, hypertonic saline stimulation and arginine stimulation test. The treatment for DI includes the use of drugs such as desmopressin, thiazide diuretics, indomethacin and amiloride.

Published
2024
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21. Capillary Electrophoresis

Author

Rathod, Suraj Singh S., primary, Kaur, Gagandeep, additional, Sharma, Neha, additional, Khurana, Navneet, additional, and Mishra, Awanish, additional

Published
2022
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24. Nutraceuticals Unveiled a Multifaceted Neuroprotective Mechanisms for Parkinson's Disease: Elixir for the Brain.

Author

Soni, Divya, Jamwal, Sumit, Chawla, Rakesh, Singh, Sachin Kumar, Singh, Deependra, Singh, Thakur Gurjeet, Khurana, Navneet, Kanwal, Abhinav, Dureja, Harish, Patil, Umesh Kumar, Singh, Randhir, and Kumar, Puneet

Subjects
PARKINSON'S disease, OXIDATIVE stress, CELLULAR signal transduction, BRAIN diseases, FUNCTIONAL foods
Abstract

Introduction: Nutraceuticals are food-derived products offering supplementary health benefits. These nutraceuticals have been found effective in the treatment of the Parkinson's disease (PD) as they possess multifaceted effects against neurodegeneration. Nutraceuticals have proven their safety and efficacy in several pre-clinical and clinical trials against PD, however, still there is an urgent need to report the health benefits of nutraceuticals on a broader platform and evaluate their complete molecular mechanism against PD. Area covered: The review emphasizes the role of nutraceuticals in combating pathogenic mechanisms associated with PD. These include, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein ubiquitination, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neurotransmitter imbalance, neuroinflammation, inhibition of PPAR-ϒ/PGC-1α/NRF-2, and PON2 signaling pathways. The review also includes pre-clinical and clinical aspects of nutraceuticals in balancing the impaired gut-brain axis in PD. Expert opinion: In recent years there have been many reports on neuroprotective potential of PD. The growing interest showed that various supplements, including polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, and the Mediterranean diet, can aid promising therapeutic properties for relieving PD symptoms. However, at present, there is no specific nutraceutical that has been designed to treat the symptoms of PD. Future studies on nutraceuticals may focus on developing individualized as well as customized therapies using specialized nutraceuticals based on epigenetics and the expression of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. Natural polymer-based hydrogels: versatile biomaterials for biomedical applications.

Author

Angaria, Neeti, Saini, Sumant, Hussain, Md. Sadique, Sharma, Sakshi, Singh, Gurvinder, Khurana, Navneet, and Kumar, Rajesh

Subjects
POLYMER networks, TISSUE engineering, HYDROGELS, HYALURONIC acid, BIOMATERIALS
Abstract

Hydrogels are insoluble three-dimensional polymer networks that are water insoluble but can absorb large amounts of water or biological fluid. They can be prepared using a variety of polymers, including both synthetic and natural ones. Either physical crosslinking, chemical crosslinking, or both are used for the preparation of polymeric hydrogels. Hydrogels made from natural polymers like chitosan, gelatin, alginate, cellulose, and hyaluronic acid are promising biomaterials for applications in tissue engineering, cosmetics, agriculture, wound healing, etc. because of their high biocompatibility and biodegradability. The present work reviews the classification of natural polymer-based hydrogels, properties, cross-linking methods, characterization, and their biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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38. Targeting eosinophils in respiratory diseases: Biological axis, emerging therapeutics and treatment modalities

Author

Lee, Li-Yen, Hew, Geena Suet Yin, Mehta, Meenu, Shukla, Shakti D., Satija, Saurabh, Khurana, Navneet, Anand, Krishnan, Dureja, Harish, Singh, Sachin Kumar, Mishra, Vijay, Singh, Pankaj Kumar, Gulati, Monica, Prasher, Parteek, Aljabali, Alaa A.A., Tambuwala, Murtaza M., Thangavelu, Lakshmi, Panneerselvam, Jithendra, Gupta, Gaurav, Zacconi, Flavia C., Shastri, Madhur, Jha, Niraj Kumar, Xenaki, Dikaia, MacLoughlin, Ronan, Oliver, Brian G., Chellappan, Dinesh Kumar, and Dua, Kamal

Published
2021
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43. Amyloid Beta

Author

Anand, Abhinav, primary, Sharma, Neha, additional, Gulati, Monica, additional, and Khurana, Navneet, additional

Published
2021
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48. Ameliorative effect of rutin and silymarin in alcohol-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats: Evidence of its antioxidative potential.

Author

Subedi, Bhubhan, Kumar, Shubham, Kaur, Sukhanpreet, Kaur, Gagandeep, Ruhi, Kumar, Bimlesh, Khurana, Navneet, Melkani, Indu, Pandey, Narendra Kumar, Joshi, Kardam, Patel, Dhara, and Porwal, Omji

Subjects
SILYMARIN, COGNITION disorders, RUTIN, HIPPOCAMPUS (Brain), RATS, ETHANOL
Abstract

Alcohol related neuronal damage, now a day has become a global challenge as it causes liver damage, neuropathic pain, dementia, and most important is cognitive deficits. Current available pharmacological approach like antidepressant and anticonvulsant is providing insufficient or partial pain relief with habit-forming behaviour. Rutin and silymarin has antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-proliferative, and anti-viral activities like potentials. Fifty four rats were distributed into nine groups and receive respective treatment. Treatment was given to rat 1 hr. before administration of alcohol (40%v/v, 10ml/kg, b.i.d, IP) for 10 weeks from day 1. All the behavior studies were evaluated at 6, 8, 10th weeks of experimentation. On the other hand, Biochemical evaluation was performed at the 10th week of study using the cortex and hippocampus of the brain of rats. Administration of ethanol (10ml/kg b.i.d) resulted in significant augmentation of cognitive deficits in rats. In our finding behavioral studies, cognitive impairment was prominently observed in a group of rats who received ethanol but the reduction in escape latency to reach the submerged platform and time spent in the targeted quadrant was reduced. Group of rats received per se of silymarin and rutin as well as rats of control group exhibited normal function in both the tests. Silymarin and rutin were given at two different doses. The investigation provides evidence for enhancement in LPO, reduction of catalase activity, and reduced glutathione in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal region of alcohol-treated rats. Comparative studies explain that both drugs produce dose-dependent improvement in activity but silymarin has better therapeutic potential than rutin. The recorded result showed protection by rutin and silymarin at individual doses but their co-administration at their lower doses produces better therapeutic efficacy over any others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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