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Before the Iron Age, that is before the advent of iron smelting, the main source of the metal was meteoric iron. Here we propose a discussion about the use of this iron to make artifacts by people of ancient Egypt and China. For Egypt, we will report as the meteoric iron appeared, according to the British writer Alan Alford, in the Pyramid Texts. It is also told that of iron was made one of the ritual tools used during the “opening of the mouth ceremony”, an ancient Egyptian ritual described in funerary texts. One of the shapes of this tool resembled the asterism of the circumpolar stars of the Big Dipper. The iron of Tutankhamun’s dagger and of the Kamil Crater will be discussed too. Then, we will consider China, where meteoric iron was forged onto the blades of bronze weapons. We will discuss also the Hongshan Culture, famous for its jade artifacts. Modern artifacts, defined as Hongshan iron meteorites, show asterisms (the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia) carved on them, but the literature that we will mention here, about this Chinese neolithic culture, is not stressing any use of meteorites. In any case, it is true that the Nine Stars of the Big Dipper have been represented by Neolithic China. For what concerns the meteorites, as in the ancient Egypt, people of China considered the heavens as the source of meteoric iron. Contents: Sidereus Nuncius - Sign N41 and the Pyramid Texts -The big void in Akhet Khufu - In the secret repository - Whatever it is - Caliph Al Ma’mun and his father - Shafts and Heaven’s Doors - Iron throne and sceptre – Charlemagne – The body - The Pindar’s iron throne – During the Early Iron Age - From the Guide of British Museum (1904) – Horus - Glittering in the nightly sky - The Bull’s Leg - The metal of Seth - ‘Opening of the Mouth and Eyes’ ritual - The second Khufu solar boat – Black-market and Kamil Crater - Other non destructive analyses – A gift from Mitanni? - Kharga Oasis origin - The necklace from Gerzeh - Origin of the words – Stone and Fire – Benben and Bennu, the Phoenix - Meteoric Iron? - Iron or copper? - Emperor Jahangir's meteorite blade - From Egypt to China – Layers on the bronze blades - Shang and Zhou - Meteoric Iron and Amulets - Hongshan Meteorite Iron? - The Nine Stars of the Big Dipper – Supernova - Pig-dragon - The “secret” Hongshan culture - The C-dragon – Rituals – Dream Pool Essays - Additional Information: Latin literature about meteorites - Sacred meteorites - “Black iron of heaven from sky” in the treasure of a Hittite king - Artifact of Meteoric Iron - About Copper in Egypt – Sword and ring from celestial iron (J. R. R. Tolkien) - Meteoric iron talismans in Shangshung - An expert’s guide to meteorites&nbsp

The calculation of the energy required to raise a constituent block of Khufu’s pyramid and the knowledge of the mechanical energy that a worker in charge of the lifting of the blocks can produce per working day allows an estimate of the minimum number of workers necessary for the estab-lishment of a base of the pyramid. It emerges that this number is limited to a maximum of less than 2,000 workers over a working season, i.e. less than 200 workers present each day simultaneously on the site. In addition, the calculation of the flow of blocks leads to the ineluctable conclusion that the construction could only be performed in a massively parallel working mode, undermining the very often put forward hypothesis of the use of ramps to convey the blocks to their final destination.

The calculation of the energy required to raise a constituent block of the Khufu pyramid and the knowledge of the mechanical energy that a worker in charge of the lifting of the blocks can produce per working day allows an estimate of the minimum number of workers. necessary for the establishment of a base of the pyramid. It emerges that this number is limited to a maximum of less than 2,000 workers over a working season, ie less than 200 present each day simultaneously on the site. In addition, the calculation of the flow of blocks leads to the ineluctable conclusion that the construction could only be done in a massively parallel working mode, undermining the hypothesis very often put forward of the use of ramps to convey the blocks to their final destination., Le calcul de l’énergie nécessaire pour élever un bloc constitutif de la pyramide de Chéops et la connaissance de l’énergie mécanique que peut produire un travailleur en charge de l’élévation des blocs par journée de travail permet une estimation du nombre minimum de travailleurs nécessaires pour la mise en place d’une assise de la pyramide. Il en ressort que ce nombre est limité à un maximum de moins de 2 000 travailleurs sur une saison de travail, soit moins de 200 présents chaque jour simultanément sur le chantier. De plus le calcul du flux de blocs mène à la conclusion inéluctable que la construction n’a pu se faire que dans un mode de travail massivement parallèle mettant à mal l’hypothèse très souvent mise en avant de l’utilisation de rampes pour acheminer les blocs à leur destination finale.

Before the Iron Age, that is before the advent of iron smelting, the main source of the metal was meteoric iron. Here we propose a discussion about the use of this iron to make artifacts by people of ancient Egypt and China. For Egypt, we will report as the iron is appearing, according to Alan Alford, in the Pyramid Texts. The iron of Tutankhamun’s dagger and of Kamil Crater will be discussed too. Then, we will consider China and in particular the Hongshan Culture, famous for its jade artifacts. Modern artifacts, defined as Hongshan iron meteorites, show asterisms (the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia) carved on them, but the literature that we will mention here, about this Chinese neolithic culture, is not stressing any use of meteorites. In any case, it is true that the Nine Stars of the Big Dipper have been represented by Neolithic China. For what concerns meteorites, it is possible that, as in ancient Egypt, people of Neolithic China had considered the stars as the source of meteoric iron. Contents: Sidereus Nuncius - Sign N41 and the Pyramid Texts -The big void in Akhet Khufu - Shafts and Heaven’s Doors - Iron throne and sceptre - Glittering in the nightly sky - The second Khufu solar boat – Black-market and Kamil Crater - Other non destructive analyses – The necklace from Gerzeh - Origin of the words - From Egypt to China - Meteoric Iron and Amulets - Shang and Zhou - Hongshan Meteorite Iron? - The Nine Stars of the Big Dipper – Pig-dragon - The “secret” Hongshan culture - The C-dragon &nbsp

International audience; God, through Moses, ordained the first month of the Jewish calendar year to start in spring. Many writers consider the date of this first month start as a great mystery. However by looking at Egyptian Astronomical Methods from the Exodus era, it becomes clear that use of a gnomon or other observational method plus elementary calendar would define the Spring season.

Antike Bauwerke wurden wiederholt auf astronomische Zusammenhänge hin untersucht, so z. B. ihre Ausrichtung in Bezug auf die Bewegung von Sonne oder Sternen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden für die Pyramiden von Gizeh drei ungewöhnliche Gleichungen entdeckt, die die Pyramidengrößen mit einer Genauigkeit von ca. 0,1 % festlegen. Gleichzeitig legen diese drei Gleichungen nahe, die drei Pyramiden in der Reihenfolge Mykerinos-, Chefren- und Cheopspyramide den inneren drei Planeten unseres Sonnensystems Merkur, Venus und Erde zuzuordnen. Die drei Gleichungen sind nahe liegend und elementar. Die Frage nach richtig oder falsch stellt sich offenbar nicht, denn sie sind innerhalb der angegebenen Abweichungen korrekt. Es stellt sich vielmehr die Frage nach dem Zufall für die Zusammenhänge. Eine mathematische Abschätzung ergibt eine äußerst kleine Wahrscheinlichkeit für den gleichzeitigen Zufall. Weiterhin ergibt sich, dass die Anordnung der Gizeh-Pyramiden einer Planetenkonstellation entsprechen könnte und damit einen bzw. mehrere Zeitpunkte definieren würde. Die Frage, ob die Baumeister dieses Wissen besessen haben konnten, wird nicht behandelt., Ancient buildings have been investigated frequently with respect to astronomical relations, e.g. their alignment concerning the movement of the sun or the stars. Against this background, three exceptional equations have been found for the pyramids of Giza, specifying the pyramid sizes with an accuracy of the order of 0.1 %. Simultaneously, the equations suggest to relate the three pyramids in the sequence Menkaure’s, Khafre’s, and Khufu’s Pyramid to the three inner planets of our solar system: Mercury, Venus, and Earth. The three equations are self-evident and fundamental. The question of right or false apparently does not appear, since the equations are correct within the given small errors. Instead the question on the coincidence of the relations arises. A mathematical estimate yields an extremely small probability for the simultaneous accident. Furthermore, it follows that the arrangement of the Giza pyramids might correspond to a planetary constellation and define one or more dates. The question, whether the master builders could have had this knowledge, is not discussed.

BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY Khufu (reigned 2590-2568 B.C.), or Cheops, was an Egyptian king who built the Great Pyramid at Giza and ruled as the second king of the Fourth Dynasty. The [...]