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Background and Objectives: Enterococcus faecalis is known as common pathogen for endodontic infections and cause secondary and refractory pulp periapical periodontitis. The bacteria can opportunistically colonize periodontal pockets and presents a possibility of infection developing in other organs. This research will investigate the dissemination of E. faecalis from the gingival tissue to the heart and kidney. Materials and Methods: Three groups were formed, consisting of twelve male Sprague Dawley rats: a control group designated as 0-day, and experimental groups labeled as 7-days and 14-days. Periodontitis induced by concurrent infection with sterile wire 0.2 mm insertion and E. faecalis inoculation is performed into the gingival sulcus located between the maxillary right 1st and 2nd molar teeth area. After euthanasia, tissue samples around the maxillary gingiva, maxillary jaw samples, kidney and heart tissues were obtained for quantitative Real-Time PCR assay and histopathological analysis. Results: Results showed at 7-days, there was an upregulation of E. faecalis gene expression in the gingiva, heart, and kidney samples as well as infiltration of the inflammatory cells at 7-days post induction, which consequently decreased at 14-days. Conclusion: Thus, the study suggests dissemination of E. faecalis from gingival tissue to the heart, kidney which could be probable link between periodontal disease, heart, and kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction of periodontal disease using the rat model is the preferred model for human periodontal disease studies that are related to gene expression, mechanisms of inflammatory regulation, microbial and host responses, resolution, and the healing process. There are 3 methods that are frequently used to induce periodontal disease, which are: ligature application, oral bacterial inoculation, and the lipopolysaccharide injection technique. In the ligature model, sterile non-absorbable sutures or orthodontic wires are widely used to induce local irritation and bacterial plaque accumulation. Secondly, mono and mixed cultures of periodontal bacteria are inoculated orally by gavage or topical application. Lastly, lipopolysaccharide extracted from pathogenic bacteria can be directly injected into the gingival sulcus to induce inflammation and stimulate osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone loss. Among these methods, ligature application induces inflammation and alveolar bone resorption more promptly compared to other methods. This review will provide an overview of the main induction methods in experimental periodontal disease, with their advantages and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that is linked to several systematic diseases. The precise roles and mechanistic aspects of the link between periodontitis and systemic diseases are still up for discussion because of the diversity of the responses and the variability of the evidence. This study aims to assess the inflammatory condition by analyzing the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) expression and histologically examining periodontium, gingival, heart, and kidney tissues after experimental periodontitis induction. Twelve rats were divided into 3 different groups: the control group (0-day), and the experimental groups (7-days and 14-days). A sterile 0.2 mm wire was placed into the interdental area of the right maxillary 1st and 2nd molar teeth, and 0.5μl of Enterococcus faecalis suspension containing 1.5x108 CFU/ml of bacteria were administered into the gingival sulcus of rats in the 7- and 14-days groups. The rats were euthanized after the induction period, respectively. Samples from maxillary jaw, gingiva, heart, and kidney tissue were collected for RT-qPCR assay and histological analysis. The results show that IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression is upregulated in gingival, heart, and kidney tissue samples at 7 and 14 days when compared to the control group. Furthermore, inflammatory cell infiltration in the periodontium, heart and kidney tissue samples has also been observed. The study suggests an inflammatory response within the periodontal tissue, heart, and kidney following experimental periodontitis induction. As a result, periodontitis may cause inflammation in distant organs like the heart and kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are one of the most important endopeptidases in periodontal disease that generally degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components of periodontal supporting tissues, leading to tooth loss. Among the MMP family, MMP-1, -8 and -13, which are also known as the collagenase group, play a vital role in the degradation of ECM collagen and noncollagen substances. Elevated levels of MMP -1, -8 and -13 are markedly significant within tissue, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and saliva of patients with periodontitis, which help to explain the progression pattern of the disease. This review provides an overview of MMP -1, -8, and -13 on their structures, functions and their critical role in periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The combination of S. salivarius K12 and M. acuminata are being used as synbiotic, but its safety evaulation is required., Objective: This study aimed to determine the LD50 of synbiotic containing probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 and prebiotic Musa acuminata peel extract., Materials and Methods: The determination of LD50 is done according to the Acute Oral Toxicity test No. 425 (AOT425). For limit test, five female Sprague Dawley rats were given a limit dose of 2000 mg/kg of the synbiotic mixture once orally, and observed for 12 days. For subacute toxicity test, twenty female Sprague Dawley rats were randomised into 4 groups (n = 5). Control group received saline, others received synbiotic mixture at doses 175 mg/kg, 550 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg, respectively, and observed for 14 days. Animals were euthanised on day-15, blood was collected, and subjected to haematological and biochemical analyses. Kidney and liver were preserved for histopathological examination., Result: No significant changes on the average body weight of the animals throughout the study. Haematological parameters and biochemical analysis do not depict any changes related to acute toxicity. Histopathology analysis depicted mild changes on kidney and liver., Conclusion: Based on the data, the LD50 of the synbiotic formulation is higher than 2000 mg/kb, with no sign of acute toxicity observed on all parameters., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)