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Background: Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is an important regulator of T cell activation and was reported to act as a chemoattractant agent. There are evidences that IL16 can control the neuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This study was performed to investigate the role or association of IL16 polymorphisms, rs11556218 and rs4778889 with the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in Iranian population. Methods: Totally, 148 AD patients and 137 nondemented and age-matched subjects were recruited in this study. Genotyping of rs11556218 T/G and rs4778889 T/C polymorphisms was performed by PCR-RFLP method using the NdeI and AhdI restriction enzymes, respectively. Results: Statistical analysis of rs11556218 genotypes showed a protective effect against AD in the heterozygote genotype (p=0.001, OR=0.16) as well as rs4778889 (p=0.001, OR=0.23). Frequency of rs11556218 allele T was higher in controls than patients (p= 0.001, OR=0.32). However, there was no significant difference in the frequencies of rs4778889 alleles between the AD patients and controls. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the rs11556218 and rs4778889 polymorphisms have a protective role in the development of sporadic AD in Iranian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A-antisense (HNF1A-AS) is an RNA gene classified as a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). This gene is located on 12q24.31 and produces at least seven transcripts. This lncRNA contributes in the pathogenesis of cancer via HNF1A-dependent and –independent routes. Moreover, the role of this lncRNA in this process is context-dependent. The bulk of evidence from cell line, in vivo and clinical studies propose HNF1A-AS as an oncogenic lncRNA. However, in hepatic cancer, gastric cancer and laryngeal cancer, opposite results have been reported. In the current review, we explain the impact of HNF1A-AS in the pathoetiology of cancers. In order to appraise the importance of available evidence on this topic, we have classified evidence to preclinical models (cell liens and animal models) and investigations in tissues obtained from human subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the association of MTHFR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (C677T and A1298C) and maternal supplementary folate intake with orofacial clefts in the Iranian population. Methods: In this case-control study, peripheral venous blood was taken from 65 patients with orofacial clefts and 215 unaffected controls for DNA extraction and kept in EDTA for further analysis. The genotyping was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) followed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and gel electrophoresis. Data were analyzed using Chi square test and logistic regression tests. Results: Genotype frequencies of 677TT were reported to be 13.5 and 36.1% in controls and CL/P patients, respectively, which showed a significant difference compared to CC as reference (OR=4.118; 95% CI=1.997-8.492; p=0.001). Conversely, 1298CC with frequencies of 10.8 and 12.7% in controls and patients, respectively, showed no significant difference compared to AA (OR=2.359; 95 % CI=0.792-7.023; p=0.123). Comparing patients whose mothers did not report the folate supplement intake during pregnancy, to controls, it was observed that lack of folate intake was a predisposing factor for having a child with oral clefts (OR=5/718, p=0.000). Conclusion: Children carrying the 677TT variant of the MTHFR gene may have an increased risk of CL/P. In addition, the finding that the risk associated with this allele was obviously higher when the mothers didn't use folic acid, supports the hypothesis that folic acid may play a role in the etiology of CL/P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PCGEM1 Prostate-Specific Transcript is an lncRNA participating in the carcinogenesis process in different tissues. The gene coding this lncRNA is located on chr2:192,749,008-192,783,952 (GRCh38/hg38), plus strand and has 34,945 bases. In addition to prostate cancer, it has been shown to influence progression of cervical, endometrial, gastric, ovarian, hepatocellular and renal cancers. Functionally, PCGEM1 regulates activity of a number of molecular axes, namely miR-642a-5p/LGMN, miR-182/FBXW11, miR-129-5p/STAT3, miR-129-5p/P4HA2, miR-433-3p/FGF2, miR-539-5p/CDK6, miR-129-5p/ETV1, miR-433-3p/WTAP, miR-590-3p/SOX11 and miR-506-3p/TRIAP1. Moreover, it has a regulatory effect on RhoA, NF-κB and β-catenin/TCF signaling pathways. We have designed this literature search to collect all relevant data about the function of PCGEM1 in the carcinogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

NR2F1-AS1 is a natural antisense transcript with prominent roles in the carcinogenesis. It acts as an oncogene in almost all types of cancers except for cervical and colorectal cancers. It can act as a molecular sponge for miR-17, miR-371a-3p, miR-363, miR-29a-3p, miR-493-5p, miR-190a, miR-140, miR-642a, miR-363, miR-493-5p, miR-483-3p, miR-485-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-877-5p, miR-338-3 P and miR-423-5p to influence expression of several cancer-related genes. Thus, the sponging role of NR2F1-AS1 is the most appreciated route of its contribution in the carcinogenesis. In addition, NR2F1-AS1 affects activity of IGF-1/IGF-1R/ERK, PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β and Hedgehog pathways. The current narrative review aims at summarization of the results of studies that highlighted the role of NR2F1-AS1 in the carcinogenesis., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Prostate Cancer Associated Non-Coding RNA 1 (PRNCR1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) which is transcribed from chromosome 8, plus strand. This lncRNA has been reported to be an oncogenic transcript participating in the pathogenesis of several kinds of cancers. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms within this lncRNA affect cancer risk. Moreover, few studies have revealed its possible roles in some non-neoplastic conditions, such as cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, osteolysis after hip replacement, preeclampsia and pulmonary disorders. In the present narrative review, we explain diverse roles of PRNCR1 in human disorders., Competing Interests: Competing Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6) encodes a protein that serves as a ligand for AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulates cell proliferation. Notably, an antisense RNA, namely GAS6-AS1 is transcribed from chromosome 13q34, near GAS6 gene. In vitro functional experiments have demonstrated that GAS6-AS1 can promote proliferation, migration and invasive properties of transformed cells through enhancing entry into S-phase. Notably, mechanistic investigations have shown that GAS6-AS1 can regulate expression of GAS6 at the transcriptional or translational stages through constructing a RNA-RNA duplex, thus enhancing expression of AXL and inducing AXL signaling. Both GAS6 and its antisense transcript contribute in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. In the current review, we provide a summary of studies that appraised the role of these genes in the carcinogenesis., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) establish a group of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that have no overlap with protein-coding genes. These transcripts have been found to affect chromatin configurations, arrange high-order nuclear structures, function as scaffolds for proteins and RNAs and serve as molecular decoys. LINC00460 is a member of this group of lincRNAs that participate in the pathoetiology of cancers. This lincRNA has been found to serve as a sponge for a number of tumor suppressor miRNAs, including miR-539, miR-1224-5p, miR-612, miR-342-3p, miR-485-5p and miR-149-5p, and increase expression of oncogenic targets of these miRNAs. Moreover, through targeting miRNAs that regulate sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, it can affect response of cancer cells to these agents. In the current manuscript, we tended to describe the role of LINC00460 in this process through summarizing the results of in vitro, in vivo and human studies., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the association of MTHFR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (C677T and A1298C) and maternal supplementary folate intake with orofacial clefts in the Iranian population., Methods: In this case-control study, peripheral venous blood was taken from 65 patients with orofacial clefts and 215 unaffected controls for DNA extraction and kept in EDTA for further analysis. The genotyping was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) followed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and gel electrophoresis. Data were analyzed using Chi square test and logistic regression tests., Results: Genotype frequencies of 677TT were reported to be 13.5 and 36.1% in controls and CL/P patients, respectively, which showed a significant difference compared to CC as reference (OR=4.118; 95% CI=1.997-8.492; p=0.001). Conversely, 1298CC with frequencies of 10.8 and 12.7% in controls and patients, respectively, showed no significant difference compared to AA (OR=2.359; 95% CI=0.792-7.023; p=0.123). Comparing patients whose mothers did not report the folate supplement intake during pregnancy, to controls, it was observed that lack of folate intake was a predisposing factor for having a child with oral clefts (OR=5/718, p=0.000)., Conclusion: Children carrying the 677TT variant of the MTHFR gene may have an increased risk of CL/P. In addition, the finding that the risk associated with this allele was obviously higher when the mothers didn't use folic acid, supports the hypothesis that folic acid may play a role in the etiology of CL/P.