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The amyloid plaque niche is a pivotal hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we employ two high-resolution spatial transcriptomics (ST) platforms, CosMx and Spatial Enhanced Resolution Omics-sequencing (Stereo-seq), to characterize the transcriptomic alterations, cellular compositions, and signaling perturbations in the amyloid plaque niche in an AD mouse model. We discover heterogeneity in the cellular composition of plaque niches, marked by an increase in microglial accumulation. We profile the transcriptomic alterations of glial cells in the vicinity of plaques and conclude that the microglial response to plaques is consistent across different brain regions, while the astrocytic response is more heterogeneous. Meanwhile, as the microglial density of plaque niches increases, astrocytes acquire a more neurotoxic phenotype and play a key role in inducing GABAergic signaling and decreasing glutamatergic signaling in hippocampal neurons. We thus show that the accumulation of microglia around hippocampal plaques disrupts astrocytic signaling, in turn inducing an imbalance in neuronal synaptic signaling., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests B.D.S. has been a consultant for Eli Lilly, Biogen, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Eisai, AbbVie, and other companies and is now consultant to Muna Therapeutics. B.D.S. is a scientific founder of Augustine Therapeutics and a scientific founder and stockholder of Muna Therapeutics. M.F. is a consultant to Muna Therapeutics. Y.A. and J.H.K. are employees of BGI Research, and M.V. and W.T.-C. are employed by Muna Therapeutics. W.T.-C. is also a stockholder of Muna Therapeutics., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The brain is spatially organized and contains unique cell types, each performing diverse functions and exhibiting differential susceptibility to neurodegeneration. This is exemplified in Parkinson's disease with the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Using a Parkinson's transgenic model, we conducted a single-cell spatial transcriptomic and dopaminergic neuron translatomic analysis of young and old mouse brains. Through the high resolving capacity of single-cell spatial transcriptomics, we provide a deep characterization of the expression features of dopaminergic neurons and 27 other cell types within their spatial context, identifying markers of healthy and aging cells, spanning Parkinson's relevant pathways. We integrate gene enrichment and genome-wide association study data to prioritize putative causative genes for disease investigation, identifying CASR as a regulator of dopaminergic calcium handling. These datasets represent the largest public resource for the investigation of spatial gene expression in brain cells in health, aging, and disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Although melanoma is notorious for its high degree of heterogeneity and plasticity 1,2 , the origin and magnitude of cell-state diversity remains poorly understood. Equally, it is unclear whether growth and metastatic dissemination are supported by overlapping or distinct melanoma subpopulations. Here, by combining mouse genetics, single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, lineage tracing and quantitative modelling, we provide evidence of a hierarchical model of tumour growth that mirrors the cellular and molecular logic underlying the cell-fate specification and differentiation of the embryonic neural crest. We show that tumorigenic competence is associated with a spatially localized perivascular niche, a phenotype acquired through an intercellular communication pathway established by endothelial cells. Consistent with a model in which only a fraction of cells are fated to fuel growth, temporal single-cell tracing of a population of melanoma cells with a mesenchymal-like state revealed that these cells do not contribute to primary tumour growth but, instead, constitute a pool of metastatic initiating cells that switch cell identity while disseminating to secondary organs. Our data provide a spatially and temporally resolved map of the diversity and trajectories of melanoma cell states and suggest that the ability to support growth and metastasis are limited to distinct pools of cells. The observation that these phenotypic competencies can be dynamically acquired after exposure to specific niche signals warrant the development of therapeutic strategies that interfere with the cancer cell reprogramming activity of such microenvironmental cues., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

The bacterial cytoplasm is a very crowded environment, and changes in crowding are thought to have an impact on cellular processes including protein folding, molecular diffusion and complex formation. Previous studies on the effects of crowding have generally compared cellular activity after imposition of stress. In response to different light intensities, in unstressed conditions, Rhodobacter sphaeroides changes the number of 50-nm intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) vesicles, with the number varying from a few to over a thousand per cell. In this work, the effects of crowding induced by ICM vesicles in photoheterotrophic R. sphaeroides were investigated using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor and photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). In low light grown cells where the cytoplasm has large numbers of ICM vesicles, the FRET probe adopts a more condensed conformation, resulting in higher FRET ratio readouts compared to high light cells with fewer ICM vesicles. The apparent diffusion coefficients of different sized proteins, PAmCherry, PAmCherry-CheY 6 , and L1-PAmCherry, measured via PALM showed that diffusion of protein molecules >27 kDa decreased as the number of ICM vesicles increased. In low light R. sphaeroides where the crowding level is high, protein molecules were found to diffuse more slowly than in aerobic and high light cells. This suggests that some physiological activities might show different kinetics in bacterial species whose intracellular membrane organization can change with growth conditions. IMPORTANCE The bacterial cytoplasm is known to be crowded, with that crowding suggested to change with growth, with chromosome replication, and under stress conditions. Many physiological activities depend on proteins and substrates diffusing through the cytoplasm; in some cases, large complexes need to diffuse from pole to pole. It is unclear how increases in crowding might affect cellular functions. We investigated whether we could naturally change the crowded state of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytoplasm by growing under different growth conditions. We show that increasing the number of intracytoplasmic vesicles by growing photosynthetically does change the crowded state of the cytoplasm and also alters the diffusion rates of different sized proteins measured. As many other cellular processes require protein movement, these findings could have broader implications for bacterial growth and responses under changing conditions that could alter cytoplasmic crowding.

Cytotoxicity-guided fractionation and separation of MeOH extract from Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr. led to the isolation of four triterpenoid saponins. Compounds isolated from the n-BuOH soluble fraction were identified as saxifragifolin C (1), A (2), B (3), and D (4) by spectroscopic analysis. Antiproliferative effect of isolated compounds were evaluated by the sulforhodamin B assay against multidrug resistance (MDR; MES-SA/DX5 and HCT15/CLO2) and non-MDR (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, MES-SA, and HCT15) human tumor cell lines. All compounds exhibited strong cytotoxicity against non-MDR human tumor cell lines with IC(50) values of 0.19-2.37 muM. MDR cells and non-MDR cells had similar sensitivity to these compounds, however, MDR cells were highly resistant to doxorubicin. Compounds 1-4 induced an increase in the percentage of Annexin V-binding cells, indicating that 1-4 induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells. Also, the condensation of nuclei, a characteristic morphological change of apoptosis, was observed in RAW 264.7 cells by the treatment with n-BuOH fraction, compounds 3 and 4, respectively.

In 1981, there were 43,142 road traffic accidents in Singapore resulting in 12,755 casualties with 273 deaths. The fatality rate is calculated at 6.79 per 10,000 vehicles, a figure that is high when compared with developed countries but low in comparison within the surrounding region. Various measures have been taken by the Government to lower this figure; by education, legislation, persuasion and law enforcement. The latest legislation is the seat belt law. The result of a survey on the effect of this has shown an appreciable reduction in injuries sustained.