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Hashem H Ghoraba,1 Wataru Matsumiya,1,2 Hassan Khojasteh,1 Amir Akhavanrezayat,1 Irmak Karaca,1 Christopher Or,1 Negin Yavari,1 Sherin Lajevardi,1 Jaclyn Hwang,1 Cigdem Yasar,1 Diana Do,1 Quan Dong Nguyen1 1Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; 2Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, JapanCorrespondence: Quan Dong Nguyen, Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Suite 200, Palo Alto, CA, USA, Tel +16507257245, Fax +1 6507368232, Email ndquan@stanford.eduPurpose: To evaluate the safety of intravenous high-dose pulse methylprednisolone succinate (IVHDM) in the management of severe or refractory non-infectious pediatric uveitis.Methods: We reviewed all uveitis patients who were ≤ 16 years of age and who received IVHDM with a dose of ≥ 500 mg per day (1– 3 days a month) for at least 3 months during their management at a tertiary care eye hospital.Results: Twenty pediatric patients with severe or refractory uveitis who received IVHDM were identified. Six patients received IVHDM either once, as a preoperative medication, or at a lower dose than 500 mg, and were excluded. The remaining 14 patients received IVHDM for at least 4 months. Age (mean±SD) was 11.9± 2.4 years and 50% were female. Duration of treatment was 14.2± 7.5 months. Thirteen patients received IVHDM in combination with other immunomodulatory therapy (IMT). Except for two outliers, IVHDM was given at a dose of 8– 25 mg/kg per infusion. Three major adverse events (AEs) occurred in two patients: a single episode of bradycardia, compression fracture following minor trauma and adrenal insufficiency. The number of AEs (major and minor) strongly correlated with duration of treatment (p=0.004) and moderately correlated with the cumulative dose/weight (p=0.051). Weight gain was associated with the use of concomitant oral steroids and not with duration of treatment or cumulative dose.Conclusion: IVHDM may be a valid therapeutic option for aggressive/refractory pediatric uveitis. The reported AEs in this series can also be attributed to the concurrent IMT or the underlying disease itself.Keywords: pediatric uveitis, intravenous methylprednisolone, adverse events

Omar Khoja,1 Bárbara Silva-Passadouro,1 Elena Cristescu,2 Katie McEwan,3 Derek Doherty,4 Fiona O’Connell,5 Frederique Ponchel,1 Matthew Mulvey,6 Sarah Astill,7 Ai Lyn Tan,1,8 Manoj Sivan1,3,8 1Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; 2Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK; 3COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK; 4School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; 5Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; 6Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; 7School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; 8NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UKCorrespondence: Manoj Sivan, Clinical Professor and Honorary Consultant, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Floor D Martin Wing, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK, Tel +44 (0)113 3922564, Email M.Sivan@leeds.ac.ukPurpose: New-onset chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is one of the common persistent symptoms in Long COVID (LC). This study investigated its clinical characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and impact on function, psychological health, and quality of life.Patients and Methods: Thirty adults (19 female, 11 male) with LC and new-onset chronic MSK pain underwent clinical examination, Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST), and blood tests for inflammatory markers and completed the following outcome measures: Timed Up and Go test (TUG), handgrip strength test, COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRS), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-sf), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and EuroQol Five Dimensions health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L).Results: New-onset chronic MSK pain was widespread and continuous in nature, and worse in the joints. When compared to normative values reported in the literature: a) QST revealed mechanical hyperalgesia, heightened temporal summation of pain, and hypoesthesia to vibration stimuli, which is strongly suggestive of central sensitization; b) Plasma cytokine assays indicated distinct pro-inflammatory profiles; c) TUG time indicated reduced balance and mobility; d) handgrip strength revealed general weakness; e) physical activity was lower; and f) there were moderate levels of depression and anxiety with lower self-efficacy scores and lower levels of pain catastrophizing. LC symptoms were of moderate severity (44.8/100), moderate functional disability (22.8/50) and severely compromised overall health (2.6/10) when compared to pre-COVID scores.Conclusion: New-onset chronic MSK pain in LC tends to be widespread, constant, and associated with weakness, reduced function, depression, anxiety, and reduced quality of life. There is associated central sensitization and proinflammatory state in the condition. Further research is essential to explore the longitudinal progression and natural evolution of the new-onset chronic MSK pain in LC.Keywords: post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-COVID-19 condition, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, chronic widespread pain

Omar Khoja,1,* Bárbara Silva Passadouro,1,* Matthew Mulvey,2 Ioannis Delis,3 Sarah Astill,3 Ai Lyn Tan,1,4 Manoj Sivan1,4,5 1Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; 2Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; 3School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; 4NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK; 5COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Manoj Sivan, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Floor D Martin Wing, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK, Tel +44 113 3922564, Email M.Sivan@leeds.ac.ukObjective: Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is being increasingly reported by patients as one of the most common persistent symptoms in post-COVID-19 syndrome or Long COVID. However, there is a lack of understanding of its prevalence, characteristics, and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The objective of this review is to identify and describe the features and characteristics of MSK pain in Long COVID patients.Methods: The narrative review involved a literature search of the following online databases: MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), CINAHL, PsyclNFO, and Web of Science (December 2019 to February 2022). We included observational studies that investigated the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors and mechanisms of MSK pain in Long COVID. After screening and reviewing the initial literature search results, a total of 35 studies were included in this review.Results: The overall reported prevalence of MSK pain in Long COVID ranged widely from 0.3% to 65.2%. The pain has been reported to be localized to a particular region or generalized and widespread. No consistent pattern of progression of MSK pain symptoms over time was identified. Female gender and higher BMI could be potential risk factors for Long COVID MSK pain, but no clear association has been found with age and ethnicity. Different pathophysiological mechanisms have been hypothesized to contribute to MSK pain in Long COVID including increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, immune cell hyperactivation, direct viral entry of neurological and MSK system cells, and psychological factors.Conclusion: MSK pain is one of the most common symptoms in Long COVID. Most of the current literature on Long COVID focuses on reporting the prevalence of persistent MSK pain. Studies describing the pain characteristics are scarce. The precise mechanism of MSK pain in Long COVID is yet to be investigated. Future research must explore the characteristics, risk factors, natural progression, and underlying mechanisms of MSK pain in Long COVID.Keywords: post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-acute COVID-19, chronic pain

The aim of this paper is to identify key human resource management activities in domestic agricultural enterprises and their scope, as well as accompanying problems. The research used a quantitative method, ie. a written structured survey was conducted via the Internet. The survey included 64 companies, and 29 or 43% responded. The results of the research show that domestic agricultural companies mainly carry out human resource management activities. In 17% of companies, a professional manager is hired, while in most directors they are superior to employees. Furthermore, the research found that most attention is paid to rewarding, motivating, training employees and managing safety at work, while job evaluation, socialization, cooperation with educational institutions and measuring employee satisfaction are of secondary importance. Personnel problems such as low motivation, work discipline, disturbed interpersonal relations, employee turnover, engagement of seasonal workers and lack of interest in training were expressed. An effective personnel policy can prevent staffing problems and improve productivity. We advise companies to consider investing in a quality manager, who would deal exclusively with human resources.

Nitin Sethi,1 Sukhbir Singh,2 Jasleen Kaur,3 Sonia Raghukumar,4 Chetna Ramchandani,5 Shuba Dharmana,6 Karishma Balani,7 Hema Jain,8 Meenaz Khoja,9 Seema Singhal10 1Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Fortis Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab 141001, India; 2Resplendent the Cosmetic Studio, New Delhi 110048, India; 3Department of Dermatology, SGRDIMS & R, Amritsar, India; 4Hair Fair Skin Clinic, Kochi, India; 5VLCC Clinics, Mumbai, India; 6LeJeune Group of Medspas, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, India; 7SYNOVACARE Clinics, Mumbai, India; 8Health and Harmony Clinic, Pune, India; 9Dermadent Skin and Dental Clinic, Pune, India; 10SPS Hospital, Ludhiana, IndiaCorrespondence: Nitin SethiPlastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Fortis Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab 141001, IndiaEmail drnitinsethi@gmail.comIntroduction: The COVID-19 is a pandemic which has affected most people directly or indirectly. It being a communicable disease, the best way to control the disease is to prevent its spread. Lockdown in India has resulted in aesthetic practices all over the country being shut down indefinitely. As things return to normal, most aesthetic practitioners are looking forward to opening practices. Hence, there was a definite need for a consensus on how to safely open up practices in India and at the same time reassure patients coming into these clinics that their safety is paramount.Methods: This consensus guidelines use the PICO model in its structure. Five critical areas for opening up clinical establishments were identified and approached independently. A questionnaire was prepared using the modified Likert scale, and all the stakeholders were asked to answer the same. Any differences were then resolved with discussion among the stakeholders. The entire study was divided into five subgroups which were then analyzed in detail.Results: Key recommendations and consensus guidelines were made after detailed analysis. Handy flow diagram reviews of these key areas have been provided. A thorough review of literature was also done on each of the critical areas and recommendations incorporated wherever feasible.Conclusion: These recommendations have considered the difficulties and cultural issues faced by aesthetic practices in India. They are user friendly, easy to understand and implement. These guidelines would help in reassuring practices to open up safely and continue serving patients with utmost care.Level of Evidence: Level V, Consensus guidelines.Keywords: consensus, India, COVID-19, aesthetic clinics

BackgroundHaving patients self-manage their health conditions is a widely promoted concept, but many patients struggle to practice it effectively. Moreover, few studies have analyzed the nature of work required from patients and how such work fits into the context of their daily life. ObjectiveThis study aimed to review the characteristics of patient work in adult patients. Patient work refers to tasks that health conditions impose on patients (eg, taking medications) within a system of contextual factors. MethodsA systematic scoping review was conducted using narrative synthesis. Data were extracted from PubMed, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and PsycINFO, including studies from August 2013 to August 2018. The included studies focused on adult patients and assessed one or more of the following: (1) physical health–related tasks, (2) cognitive health–related tasks, or (3) contextual factors affecting these tasks. Tasks were categorized according to the themes that emerged: (1) if the task is always visible to others or can be cognitive, (2) if the task must be conducted collaboratively or can be conducted alone, and (3) if the task was done with the purpose of creating resources. Contextual factors were grouped according to the level at which they exert influence (micro, meso, or macro) and where they fit in the patient work system (the macroergonomic layer of physical, social, and organizational factors; the mesoergonomic layer of household and community; and the microergonomic triad of person-task-tools). ResultsIn total, 67 publications were included, with 58 original research articles and 9 review articles. A variety of patient work tasks were observed, ranging from physical and tangible tasks (such as taking medications and visiting health care professionals) to psychological and social tasks (such as creating coping strategies). Patient work was affected by a range of contextual factors on the micro, meso, or macro levels. Our results indicate that most patient work was done alone, in private, and often imposing cognitive burden with low amounts of support. ConclusionsThis review sought to provide insight into the work burden of health management from a patient perspective and how patient context influences such work. For many patients, health-related work is ever present, invisible, and overwhelming. When researchers and clinicians design and implement patient-facing interventions, it is important to understand how the extra work impacts one’s internal state and coping strategy, how such work fits into daily routines, and if these changes could be maintained in the long term.

BackgroundThere has been a recent spate of mobile health (mHealth) app use for immunizations and other public health concerns in low- and middle-income countries. However, recent evidence has largely focused on app development or before-and-after effects on awareness or service coverage. There is little evidence on the factors that facilitate adoption of mHealth programs, which is critical to effectively embed digital technology into mainstream health systems. ObjectiveThis study aimed to provide the qualitative experiences of frontline health staff and district managers while engaging with real-time digital technology to improve the coverage of routine childhood immunization in an underserved rural district in Pakistan. MethodsAn Android-based app was iteratively developed and used for a 2-year period in 11 union councils of the Tando Muhammad Khan district, an underserved rural district with poor immunization coverage in Pakistan. We used iterative methods to examine the (1) acceptability and operability of the app, (2) validity of the collected data, and (3) use of the collected data. In addition, we collected the barriers and enablers for uptake of the mHealth app. Each of these topics was further explored related to changes in work as well as the enabling factors for and barriers to app use. In-depth interviews were conducted with the 26 vaccinators posted in the 11 union councils and 7 purposively selected key informants (government district managers) involved with the Expanded Program for Immunization. Findings were triangulated in line with the three broad research areas. ResultsDigital immunization tracking was considered acceptable by vaccinators and district managers. Real-time immunization data were used to monitor vaccination volume, track children with incomplete vaccinations, develop outreach visit plans, correct existing microplans, and disburse a fuel allowance for outreach sessions. The validity of the app data was perceived to be superior to that of data from manual records. Ease of operability, satisfaction with data, personal recognition, links to field support, and a sense of empowerment served as powerful enablers. Taking twice the time to complete both manual and digital entries and outdated phones over time were considered constraints. An unintended knock-on effect was improved coordination and strengthening of Expanded Program for Immunization review platforms across district stakeholders through digitalized data. ConclusionsEmbedding digital technology into mainstream health systems relies on use by both end users and district stakeholders. Ease of operability, satisfaction with data reliability, personal recognition, links to field support, and empowerment are powerful enablers, whereas improved coordination as a result of easy, transparent data access can be an important by-product of digitalization. Findings are relevant not only for wide-scale implementation of immunization tracking apps in Pakistan but also for informing the use of digital technology for results-based delivery by frontline health workers.

BackgroundPakistan is the sixth most populous nation in the world and has an estimated 4 million stroke survivors. Most survivors are taken care of by community-based caregivers, and there are no inpatient rehabilitation facilities. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of locally designed 5-min movies rolled out in order of relevance that are thematically delivered in a 3-month program to deliver poststroke education to stroke survivor and caregiver dyads returning to the community. MethodsThis study was a randomized controlled, outcome assessor–blinded, parallel group, single-center superiority trial in which participants (stroke survivor-caregiver dyads) with first-ever stroke (both ischemic and hemorrhagic) incidence were randomized within 48 hours of their stroke into either the video-based education intervention group or the control group. The video-based education intervention group had health education delivered through short videos that were shown to the participants and their caregivers at the time of admission, before discharge, and the first and third months of follow-up after discharge. The control group had standardized care including predischarge education and counseling according to defined protocols. All participants enrolled in the video education intervention and control groups were followed for 12 months after discharge for outcome assessment in the outpatient stroke clinics. The primary outcome measures were the proportion of participants achieving control of blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood cholesterol in the video intervention versus the control group. Several predefined secondary outcomes were included in this study, of which we report the mortality and functional disability in this paper. Analysis was by performed using the intention-to-treat principle. ResultsA total of 310 stroke survivors and their caregiver dyads (participant dyads) were recruited over a duration of 6 months. In total, 155 participant dyads were randomized into the intervention and control groups, each. The primary outcome of control of three major risk factors revealed that at 12 months, there was a greater percentage of participants with a systolic BP

Gustavo J Almeida, Samannaaz S Khoja, Sara R Piva Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Background: Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is a common procedure to treat individuals with hip and knee osteoarthritis. While TJAs are successful in decreasing pain and improving quality of life, it is unclear whether individuals who undergo TJA become more physically active after surgery. It is possible that TJA, by itself, is not sufficient to affect the behavior of patients toward physical activity (PA) participation. To increase PA participation, individuals with TJA may need to be exposed to exercise/behavioral interventions specifically aimed to promote PA (ie, in addition to the surgery).Objectives: This narrative review aimed to assess the evidence on 1) whether TJAs change PA participation from pre- to postsurgery and 2) whether exercise/behavioral interventions delivered before or after TJA help to promote PA in these patients. Results: For aim 1, the studies that assessed PA from pre- to post-TJA reported that PA does not change in the first 3 months postsurgery. The results of follow-ups longer than 3 months but shorter than 12 months are contradictory, and the results of follow-ups longer than 12 months provide weak evidence of increased PA. Assessment of changes in PA due to TJA is challenged by the wide variability in demographics, methods used to assess PA, and different pathways of care used across studies. The results for aim 2 were limited by a scarcity of studies that used exercise/behavioral interventions to promote PA. Conclusion: TJA relieves joint pain and offers a unique opportunity for patients to become more physically active. However, the current evidence is limited and unable to offer definitive results of whether TJA is effective to change PA from pre- to postsurgery. Future large studies in representative samples of patients with TJA are needed to adequately answer this question. Keywords: osteoarthritis, total knee arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty, health promotion, quality of life, physical function, behavioral intervention

Background: Health literacy is an essential predictor of health status, disease control and adherence to medications. Objectives: The study goals were to assess the health literacy level of the general population in Saudi Arabia using translated Gulf Arabic version of the short-version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA) and Single Item Literacy Screener (SILS) tests and to measure the relationship between health literacy and education level. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional with a convenience sample of 123 participants from the general population in Riyadh. Data were collected using the modified (Gulf) Arabic versions of both S-TOFHLA and SILS. Fisher’s Exact test was used to measure the difference of the health literacy scores according to the education degrees and Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the internal consistency of the S-TOFHLA items. Results: More than half (55.4%) of the participants were male, 50.4% had a middle school or less education level, and we found that 84.4% had adequate health literacy as measured by the S-TOFHLA, compared to 49.6% as measured by SILS. The Fisher’s Exact test showed a significant difference (P

Neurexins (Nrxns) have been extensively studied for their role in synapse organization and have been linked to many neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and epilepsy. However, no studies have provided direct evidence that Nrxns may be the key regulator in the shared pathogenesis of these conditions largely due to complexities among Nrxns and their non-canonical functions in different synapses. Recent studies identified NRXN2 mutations in ASD and epilepsy, but little is known about Nrxn2's role in a circuit-specific manner. Here, we report that conditional deletion of Nrxn2 from the hippocampus and cortex (Nrxn2 cKO) results in behavioral abnormalities, including reduced social preference and increased nestlet shredding behavior. Electrophysiological recordings identified an overall increase in hippocampal CA3→CA1 network activity in Nrxn2 cKO mice. Using intracranial electroencephalogram recordings, we observed unprovoked spontaneous reoccurring electrographic and behavioral seizures in Nrxn2 cKO mice. This study provides the first evidence that conditional deletion of Nrxn2 induces increased network activity that manifests into spontaneous recurrent seizures and behavioral impairments.

Early life adversity (ELA) is a major health burden in the United States, with 62% of adults reporting at least one adverse childhood experience. These experiences during critical stages of brain development can perturb the development of neural circuits that mediate sensory cue processing and behavioral regulation. Recent studies have reported that ELA impaired the maturation of dendritic spines on neurons in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) but not in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS). The DMS and DLS are part of two distinct corticostriatal circuits that have been extensively implicated in behavioral flexibility by regulating and integrating action selection with the reward value of those actions. To date, no studies have investigated the multifaceted effects of ELA on aspects of behavioral flexibility that require alternating between different action selection strategies or higher-order cognitive processes, and the underlying synaptic transmission in corticostriatal circuitries. To address this, we employed whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to assess the effects of ELA on synaptic transmission in the DMS and DLS. We also investigated the effects of ELA on the ability to update action control in response to outcome devaluation in an instrumental learning paradigm and reversal of action-outcome contingency in a water T-maze paradigm. At the circuit level, ELA decreased corticostriatal glutamate transmission in male but not in female mice. Interestingly, in DMS, glutamate transmission is decreased in male ELA mice, but increased in female ELA mice. ELA impaired the ability to update action control in response to reward devaluation in a context that promotes goal-directedness in male mice and induced deficits in reversal learning. Overall, our findings demonstrate the sex- and region-dependent effects of ELA on behavioral flexibility and underlying corticostriatal glutamate transmission. By establishing a link between ELA and circuit mechanisms underlying behavioral flexibility, our findings will begin to identify novel molecular mechanisms that can represent strategies for treating behavioral inflexibility in individuals who experienced early life traumatic incidents.

Over the past 3 decades, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased globally from 20 to 28 million cases making ASD the fastest-growing developmental disability in the world. Neurexins are a family of presynaptic cell adhesion molecules that have been increasingly implicated in ASD, as evidenced by genetic mutations in the clinical population. Neurexins function as context-dependent specifiers of synapse properties and critical modulators in maintaining the balance between excitatory and inhibitory transmission (E/I balance). Disrupted E/I balance has long been established as a hallmark of ASD making neurexins excellent starting points for understanding the etiology of ASD. Herein we review neurexin mutations that have been discovered in ASD patients. Further, we discuss distinct synaptic mechanisms underlying the aberrant neurotransmission and behavioral deficits observed in different neurexin mouse models, with focus on recent discoveries from the previously overlooked neurexin-2 gene (Nrxn2 in mice and NRXN2 in humans). Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a summary of new synaptic insights into the molecular underpinnings of ASD.

From infected pink and spiny bollworm larvae, collected from Qualyobia Gover-norate, Egypt, 13 bacterial isolates belonging to 7 species were detected. The effi-ciency of these bacterial isolates was evaluated on newly hatched pink and spiny bollworm larvae. Three bacterial species, namely, Pseudomonas viridiflava, Serratia grimesii and Cellulomonas flavigena had no efficiency. Meanwhile, four other en-tomopathogenic isolates bacterial species, Pseudomonas pyrrocinia (A1), Serratia marcesens (M3), Serratia rubidaea (E3) and Bacillus thuringiensis (S2) had notice-able efficiency. The efficiency of these isolates was compared to two commercial products, Dipel 2X and Protecto. Biochemical studies showed differences in total proteins bands patterns in uninfected and infected larvae.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the associations between 10 well-established ovarian cancer risk factors and risk of ovarian cancer among women with vs. without endometriosis.DesignPooled analysis of 9 case-control studies in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium.SettingPopulation-based.Patient(s)We included 8,500 women with ovarian cancer, 13,592 control women.Intervention(s)Ten well-established ovarian cancer risk factors.Main outcome measure(s)Risk of ovarian cancer for women with and without endometriosis.Result(s)Most risk factor-ovarian cancer associations were similar when comparing women with and without endometriosis, and no interactions were statistically significant. However, body mass index (BMI) 25-