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Pemanfaatan ZSM5 sintetik dalam skala besar sering bermasalah karena harganya mahal. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini akan dipelajari pengaruh subtitusi ZSM5 menjadi ZSM5-FA pada material CMZrZ terhadap kristalinitas, specific surface area, morfologi, dan keasaman. Fly ash dimurnikan dengan HCl kemudian diubah menjadi ZSM5-FA dengan metode hidrotermal. Karakterisasi XRD, XRF dan SAA dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek pemurnian dan sintesis ZSM5-FA. Pemuatan Cu, Mg, dan Zr pada ZSM5 maupun ZSM5-FA dilakukan dengan deposisi-presipitasi untuk menghasilkan material CMZrZ dan CMZrZ-FA. Kedua material tersebut dikarakterisasi dengan XRD, XRF, SAA, SEM-EDS, dan NH3-TPD untuk mempelajari efek penambahan logam dan subtitusi ZSM5. ZSM5-FA berhasil disintesis berdasarkan kemiripan spektra XRD ZSM5-FA dengan ZSM5, kecocokan spektra XRD ZSM5-FA dengan ICDD 00-037-0361 (standar ZSM5) dan perubahan bentuk kurva isoterm adsorpsi-desorpsi. Logam Cu, Mg, Zr berhasil ditambahkan pada ZSM5 maupun ZSM5-FA dengan fasa utama berupa logam oksida (CuO, MgO, dan ZrO2). Penambahan logam tidak mempengaruhi kristalinitas, morfologi, porositas tetapi menyebabkan penurunan luas permukaan spesifik, keasaman total dan situs asam kuat, serta peningkatan situs asam lemah. Subtitusi ZSM5 tidak mempengaruhi kristalinitas, morfologi, porositas, keasaman tetapi menyebabkan kenaikan luas permukaan spesifik.

Vegetable oil is a promising alternative fuel source, but the high content of oxygenate compounds reduces its performance. Therefore, in this study, a Co- and Mo-based catalyst was synthesized with Ultra Stable Y-zeolite (USY), Mordenite (MOR), or activated Indonesian natural zeolite (ANZ) as supports, to reduce the oxygen content of the vegetable oil model compounds. The type of metal phase is similar in each support, except for the MoO3 phase, which is disappeared in AZN. The addition of metal causes a change in electron density and reduces the specific surface area. Meanwhile, CoMo/USY showed the best performance with a gasoline fraction selectivity of 85.7%.

The electrical properties of graphene doped with graphite and N-pyridine and their interaction with K+ ions have been studied using the density-functional based tight-binding (DFTB) method. Pure graphene and graphene with a single vacancy are used as comparisons. A 4 × 4 × 1 unit cell was used as the base, while an enlarged supercell consisting of primitive unit cells repeated to 40 × 40 × 1 was used for sampling. The structure and the Fermi Level of the optimized graphene agreed with the experimental data. The presence of N as a dopant in a graphitic configuration shifted the Fermi level to higher levels, while N in a pyridinic configuration shifted it to lower. Both showed an increase in the intensity of electronic activity. The presence of the dopant N resulted in the widening of the bandgap in graphene. The electrical characteristics of the examined graphenes influence the strength of the interaction with K+ ions.

Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Some studies on LLZO synthesis have been conducted without considering the crystal structure of ZrO2 as the main precursor. In this research, different-precursors have been used for LLZO synthesis which was a monoclinic ZrO2 powder (m-ZrO2) and tetragonal ZrO2 powder (t-ZrO2). The reaction was conducted at 950 °C 6 h and followed by sintering at 1000 °C 6 h under Argon gas flow. The result shows that LLZO made from m-ZrO2 (LLZO(A)) and t-ZrO2 (LLZO(B)) contains t-LLZO and c-LLZO which is surprisingly having a similar c/t ratio of 0.124–0.125. The LLZO(A) and LLZO(B) provide a silver blocking ionic conductivity of 1.245 x 10−6 Scm−1 and 1.647 x 10−6 Scm−1, respectively. In addition, LLZO(B) provides lower specific resistance than LLZO(A) in between LiCoO2 and meso-carbon microbeads (mcmb) electrodes. CV analysis of the symmetrical Li-LLZO(B)–Li cell shows an electrochemical potential of 3.3 V (vs Li/Li+) oxidation and 3.4 V reduction (vs Li/Li+). A time-based Galvanostatic charge–discharge to Li-LLZO(B)–Li shows a capacity drop after the 1st 40 cycles from 0.0383C/cm2 into 0.0303C/cm2 during the 2nd 40 cycles, and it remains stable up to 120 cycles. It confirms the long-term electrochemical stability of LLZO(B) which was produced from t-ZrO2. The solid-state reaction method provides less expensive production and environmentally friendly by the absence of organic solvent.

The properties of three types of CoMo/USY catalysts with different synthesized methods have been studied. The sequential and co-impregnation methods followed by activation using calcination and reduction process have been conducted. The properties of the catalysts were examined using Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) with refinement, and surface area analyzer (SAA). The FTIR spectrum study revealed the enhanced intensity of its Bronsted acid site, and the XRD diffractogram pattern verified the composition of pure metals, oxides, and alloys in the catalyst. The SAA demonstrated the mesoporous features of the catalyst. Scanning electron microscopy showed an irregular particle morphology. Additional analysis using the transmission electron microscopy indicated that the metal has successfully impregnated without damaging the USY structure.

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of anisole and Benzaldehyde over bifunctional zeolite USY (ultra-stable Y) supported CoMo catalysts has been studied. The catalyst consisted of metals that Co and Mo were loaded at three different sequences; Co loaded first (Co-Mo/USY), Mo loaded first (Mo-Co/USY), and simultaneously loaded (CoMo/USY). The experiments were conducted in a flow reactor within a temperature of 350 °C for an hour. The oxygen-free products from the HDO process were benzene and toluene compounds. CoMo/USY catalyst exhibited the best catalytic activity of anisole towards the total production of aromatic hydrocarbons yield by 9.17%. It was also found that Mo-Co/USY catalyst exhibited the best catalytic activity of Benzaldehyde with aromatic hydrocarbons yield by 10.46%.

Defects in graphene alter its structure, electrical characteristics, and interaction with K+ ions. The related characteristics of divacancy defect graphene and N, S codoped divacancy graphene were effectively explored using the DFTB technique. Divacancy is essential for the band gap opening. The dopants considerably enhance the density of state (DOS) intensity and alter the graphene-character bands. The depletion of density caused by the dopant is seen on the charge density isosurface. Because the charge of the K+ ion is balanced by the dopant, the ion prefers to be adsorbed on divacancy graphene with dopants.

This research studied the effect of transition metals (TMs) in one period (TMs = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Ag) on the characteristics of mordenite zeolite. The loading method used was wet impregnation with 0.025 M metal salt concentrate. The results showed that TMs could be impregnated on mordenite, which was indicated by a shift in the wavelength of certain functional groups. However, the metal loading did not cause a change in the diffraction pattern of mordenite. The periodicity of transition metals impacts the strength of acidity and texture of the catalyst, where the optimum strength of acidity, surface area, pore-volume, and average pore radius is Co/Mor. Morphological analysis showed that TMs/mordenite catalyst was more heterogeneous than mordenite., Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 10, No 3 (2022): in progress

The synthesis of CoMo/Mordenite (CoMo/MOR) catalysts was conducted using a co-impregnation method at a various Co/Mo ratios. The produced catalysts were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, total acidity analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The activity of the catalyst in a hydrotreatment reaction was evaluated by applying the catalyst as a reduced-catalyst to the hydrocracking (HC) reaction of anisole molecules. Analysis of the diffraction data using the Le Bail refinement technique showed that the metal phase was successfully impregnated into the MOR. In addition, increasing the metal content resulted in an increase in the acidity of the catalysts and changed the morphology of the catalysts from homogeneous to heterogeneous with larger particle size. According to the data of GCMS, it is known that the catalysts successfully removed methyl group of anisole molecules. Hydrotreatment reaction with the prepared-catalyst produced 4.77% of phenols. It is 122 % higher than the reaction with MOR catalyst.

Research on preparing yttria stabilized-zirconia film was conducted with polyacrylic acid (PAA) dispersant (YSZ film-A) and mix of PAA with surfactant blend as a dispersant (YSZ film-B). The YSZ powder was prepared by introducing nano-yttrium dioxide powder to nano-zirconia powder through solid-state reaction. The surfactant blend consists of sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS (HLB 40), and Tween-80 (HLB 15) at a definite ratio to produce a required-HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balance) value. The prepared-YSZ films were analyzed to study its crystallinity, crystal structure and its cell parameters, surface morphology, particle size, the thickness of the film, thermal properties, the functional group content, and the electrical conductivity. The result found that both YSZ film is in cubic structure with a space group of Fm3m. The crystal structure is exactly similar to the YSZ powder. A characteristic peak of Zr (Y)-O vibration at 561.31–561.24 cm−1 appears from both YSZ film as well as from the prepared YSZ powder. SEM image shows YSZ film-A more compact than YSZ film-B, with the particle size of 11.92 ± 1.41 μm. Meanwhile, the particle size of the YSZ film-B is 14.41 ± 2.08 μm. Both YSZ film shows a proper ionic conductivity for solid electrolyte purpose at 600 °C, i.e., 2.08 × 10−4 Scm−1 and 2.25 × 10−4 Scm−1 for YSZ film-A and YSZ film-B, respectively. The measured activation energies (Ea) for ionic migration are 0.687 eV and 0.562 eV for YSZ film A and YSZ film-B, respectively. Keywords: YSZ film, Aqueous slurry, PAA dispersant, Surfactant blend, Solid electrolyte

Transition metals (TM) are widely used as catalysts in various organic and organometallic reactions. Sabatier’s research showed that the catalytically active properties of TM are influenced by the bonding strength of the metal-reactants. Meanwhile, the determinant properties of the bonding strength of metal-reactants are the crystal lattice, metal phase, electron density, and the morphology of the surface catalyst. Therefore, the aim of this research studied was to study the influence of the transition metal type on the metal phase, electron density, and the morphology of the TM/HZSM5 catalyst. TM/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by the impregnation method at a fixed metal (TM) nitrate concentration (0.025 M) followed by the catalyst activation including calcination and reduction. The properties of TM/HZSM5 catalyst were determined by studying its character based on the amount of metal carried using XRF, metal phase and electron density using XRD, functional group using FTIR, and catalyst morphology using SEM-EDX. The results showed that TM could be embedded in the HZSM-5. The similarity of the diffraction pattern between the HZSM-5 and the TM/HZSM-5 catalyst proves that the addition of TM did not damage the structure of the HZSM-5. Electron mapping based on the Fourier plot showed that the impregnation of TM on the HZSM-5 caused to increase the electron dispersion. Functional group analysis did not show a wavenumber shift in the tetrahedral (T-O-T) absorption band of HZSM-5 and also did not cause new functional groups. Meanwhile, the morphology of the surface catalyst becomes heterogeneous after metal loaded.

The NiMo/Indonesian natural zeolite (NiMo/ZA) and CoMo/ZA catalysts are produced through the impregnation methods. These catalysts were characterized by using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The XRF data show that the CoMo/ZA catalyst has a large amount of metal content more than NiMo/ZA. The FTIR spectra of catalyst show a shift of asymmetric stretching of TO4 group to a larger wavenumbers than the FTIR spectra of ZA. Meanwhile, the metal phase in the CoMo/ZA catalyst is CoO and MoO3, and the metal phase in the NiMo/ZA catalyst is NiO and MoO3.

Synthesis of various hydrothermal treatments for synthesis Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite from artificial brine water had been performed. The hydrothermal treatment has four variations with a temperature at 180 °C into Teflon lined stainless steel for 18 hours. The XRD result of the synthesis materials after various hydrothermal treatments has hydrotalcite phase and CaCO3. Therefore a preparation method might not discover a mixture of Ca and Al cations uniformly, and then a number of Ca cation agglomerated and enabled evidence that the radius of Ca2+ was larger than Mg2+. Le Bail refinement of the value of reliability index parameter especially X2 values has concern limitation value of reliability index. Lattice parameter a and c have a value of around 22 and 3 A, respectively. Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite possesses crystallite size lower than Mg-Al hydrotalcite commercial. Infrared spectra has found hydroxyl band at region 3474.91 and 3072.74 cm-1, carbonate band at region 1365.66; 1491.04; 857.40; and 685.72 cm-1, and metal band at region 447.50; 553.59; 772.52 cm-1; and 975.06 cm−1.

This research aims to determine the best catalyst and carrier gas in anisole deoxygenation reaction. The reaction was carried out over a flow system with a variation of catalyst CoMo A (CoMo/USY reduction), CoMo B (CoMo/USY oxidation-reduction), and CoMo C (CoMo/ZAA oxidation-reduction). In addition, variation of carrier gas nitrogen and hydrogen was investigated. The result was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The deoxygenation anisole result showed that CoMo A catalyst with hydrogen as the carrier gas has the highest total product yield (50.72 %), intermediate product yield (38.49 % in phenol and 6.99 % in benzaldehyde), and deoxygenation yield (5.24 %). The CoMo C catalyst exhibited the most selective deoxygenation product. The nitrogen carrier gas with the CoMo C catalyst has the best selectivity of benzene product (93.92 %).

The Effect of pH treatment in the CoMo/USY catalysts prepared by precipitation was investigated. The pH of the precursor solution was controlled at pH 2, 7, and 8. Catalysts were characterized by XRF, XRD, N2 adsorption, and IR spectroscopy. It was established that pH treatment in the catalysts significantly influences on the metal loading. Catalysts at pH 7 had maximal of amount total metals with particles type of CoO, MoO3, Co, and Mo. Metal loading affects the decreasing of surface area, pore volume, and average pore radius. In addition, the number of hydroxyl group in the catalyst was less than USY followed by shifting of its wavenumber.

Telah dilakukan uji aktivitas katalis CoMo/USY pada reaksi desulfurisasi tiofen. Reaksi dilakukan pada reaktor sistem batch dengan tekanan gas N2 sebesar 1 bar gas N2 dan waktu reaksi selama 1 jam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi temperatur dan variasi karakter katalis pada reaksi desulfurisasi tiofen. Product desulfurisasi dianalisis dengan Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectra (GC-MS). Karakter kestabilan struktur katalis dilihat dengan analisis menggunakan instrumen Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Hasil analisis terhadap uji aktivitas desulfurisasi menunjukkan bahwa pada rentang temperatur 200-300°C, rendemen bertambah dengan meningkatnya temperatur. Pada penelitian telah berhasil menghidrogenasi tiofen, tetapi belum bisa menghilangkan kandungan sulfurnya. Adapun efek karakter katalis terhadap aktivitas katalitiknya menunjukkan bahwa karakter katalis yang paling dominan adalah sifat keasaman. Katalis dengan keasaman tertinggi, yaitu katalis CoMo/USY, memiliki aktivitas tertinggi dengan rendemen produk sebesar 2,88%. Hasil analisis FT-IR terhadap katalis bekas menunjukkan bahwa struktur cukup stabil dan tidak ada pengotor yang terikat pada katalis.Catalytic Desulfurization of Thiophene using CoMo/USY Catalyst in Batch Reactor. CoMo/USY catalyst activity has been tested for thiophene desulfurization reaction. The reaction was carried out in batch system reactor with N2 gas pressure of 1 bar and reaction time for 1 hour. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature variation and catalyst character variation in thiophene desulfurization reaction. The desulfurization products were analyzed by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectra (GC-MS). The characters of structure catalyst were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results of the analysis of the desulfurization activity test showed that in the temperature range 200-300 °C, the yield raised with increasing temperature. The analysis results of the desulfurization activity test showed that in the temperature range of 200-300°C, the yield raised with increasing temperature. The study has successfully hydrogenated thiophene, but has not been able to eliminate the sulfur content. The effect of the catalysts character on its catalytic activity shows that the most dominant character of the catalysts was its acidity. The highest acidity catalyst, CoMo/USY catalyst, has highest activity with the product yield of 2,88%. The result of the FTIR analysis on the used catalyst show that the structure was stable and no impurities were attached the catalyst.

Artikel ini mendiskusikan karakterisasi pecahan genteng dan pemanfaatannya untuk memproduksi katalis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik pecahan genteng dan kemudian melakukan modifikasi untuk pembuatan katalis. Katalis dibuat dengan pilarisasi nikel ke dalam pecahan genteng, dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan x-ray diffractometer (XRD). Pirolisis dilakukan terhadap limbah plastik polipropilena hingga diperoleh cairan minyak. Minyak direforming menggunakan katalis pecahan genteng terpilarisasi nikel. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa pecahan genteng mempunyai kandungan logam oksida berdasarkan standar Fe2O3, NiO2, Al2O3, SiO2. Refinement dilakukan menggunakan program Rietica metode Le-Bail dan diperoleh hasil nilai keberterimaan Rp/Rwp 10. Setiap 1,3 kg sampel limbah polipropilena diperoleh hasil minyak sebanyak 1,7 L. Hasil reforming menunjukkan bahwa densitas minyak sebesar 745,919 kg/m3 dan viskositas 0,720 cp. Berdasarkan analisis GC-MS diperoleh fraksi pembentukan terbesar dari katalis pecahan genteng terpilarisasi nikel adalah fraksi C10 - C12. Sehingga, pecahan genteng yang terpilarisasi nikel efektif dijadikan sebagai katalisator dalam proses pirolisis untuk mengubah limbah palstik polipropilena menjadi bahan bakar.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh katalis Mo-Co/USY terhadap distribusi dan konversi produk serta pengaruh penambahan logam Co terhadap selektivitas produk benzena pada reaksi hidrodeoksigenasi (HDO) anisol. Reaksi HDO anisol dilakukan dengan sistem alir. Produk yang terbentuk dianalisis dengan kromatografi gas-spektrometer massa GC-MS. Produk utama dari HDO anisol yaitu benzena dan toluene. Aktivitas katalis Mo- Co/USY lebih tinggi daripada USY dan termal. Katalis Mo-Co/USY B memiliki selektivitas tertinggi pada produk benzena (15%).Kata kunci: aktivitas katalis, hidrodeoksigenasi, katalis Mo-Co/USY, reaksi hidrodeoksi- genasi anisol

This research was aimed to isolate and identify the flavonoid compounds from curcuma’ rhizome (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb: Zingiberaceae). The extraction was carried out by Soxhlet method using petroleum eter, chloroform, nbutanol and methanol as the solvent agent. Those extract then qualitatively tested to identify the presence of flavonoid. Flavonoid then isolated from the extract of petroleum eter by column chromatography. The fraction resulted from chromatographic was analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Flavonoid identification was tested by color test, spectrophotometer UV-Vis, IR and GC-MS. The color test result showed that extract of petroleum eter, chloroform and n-butanol contain flavonoid. The analyzed single fraction from column chromatography showed that f2 contains isoflavone with 2 methoxy and 1 ethyl substitutes, f4 contains isoflavone with 2 methoxy substitutes, then f9 contains isoflavone with 1 hydroxy and 2 methoxy substitutes.

The study of calcination treatment at 450°C on Ca-Mg-Al-hydrotalcite from brine water has been investigated. Characterization by XRD shows that Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite compound has found hydrotalcite phase and another phase such as Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 and CaCO3. These results are confirmed by the presence of hydroxyl groups, M-O and M-OH groups (M is Mg, Ca and Al) at wavenumber region around 3464.35 cm-1, 447.50 cm-1 and 531.41 cm-1. The calcination effect on Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite compounds at 450ºC being led to changes in structure become an metal oxide such as MgO, CaO, Al2O3, MgAl2O4 and CaCO3. These results are confirmed from decreasing on the absorption peak of M-OH group at wavenumbers region around 531.41 cm-1 and 786.99 cm-1 and widening of the absorption region at 500-900 cm-1. Consequently, the calcination treatment successfully increased the surface area of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite compounds from 97.4 m2/g to 156.826 m2/g. Morphology of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite changes the shape from a big to be small shape and the particle size distribution of 0-0.25 μm into 0-1 μm. Thermal analysis showed changes in the structure of hydrotalcite into oxide begins at a temperature of 265°C and started to become oxide completely after the temperature reaches 428°C.

This research was conducted to study the effect of catalyst type of CoMo/USY and the reaction time on the deoxygenation reaction of 4-methoxyphenol. The catalyst type used were CoMo/USY, Co-Mo/USY, and Mo-Co/USY. The product was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The activity of the Co-Mo/USY catalyst is higher than CoMo/USY and Mo-Co/USY, it can be seen from the value of total yield and the selectivity. The Co-Mo/USY catalysts shows a significant increasing on the total yield percentage (from 3.71 % to 9.41 %) during catalytic testing. The Co-Mo/USY catalyst has a highest selectivity toward 1,4-dimethoxybenzene product when the reaction time was one hour (0.92 %) and selectivity toward 1,4-dihidroxybenzene when reaction time two hours (0.43 %).

The non-sulfide catalysts Co-Mo/USY were prepared with three different methods, i.e. co-impregnation and two sequential impregnation procedures. The phases of the synthesized materials and their composition were characterized with X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction patterns were analyzed using Le Bail methods with Rietica software. Finally, an overview of the substitution effect of cobalt and molybdenum on the metal content and acidity of the catalyst were also investigated.

This research objectives to study post treatment on Ca-Mg-Al-Layered Double Hydroxide (Ca-Mg-Al-LDH) slurry which was prepared from brine water by cooling treatment. The cooling rate was varied from 1 to 3 ?C/min by using stirring and without stirring, and the cooling time was done at 0, 30 minutes and 24 hours. The quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) was employed on Ca-Mg-Al-LDH using Le Bail refinement method. The refinement results found another Mg-Al-LDH and Ca-Al-LDH phases, such as Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 and CaCO3. The highest phase composition on material Ca-Mg-Al-LDH using Le Bail refinement was showed by Al(OH)3.

The preparation and characterization of bimetallic catalysts using impregnation method with a variation of concentration of precursor sequence Co and Mo metal obtained catalyst K 1 [Co (0.018 M) - Mo (0.037 M)/USY]. K 2 [Co (0.026 M) - Mo (0.055 M)/USY], K 3 [Co (0.035 M) - Mo (0.074 M)/USY], K 4 [Co (0.05 M) - Mo (0.11 M )/USY] and K 5 [Co (0.107 M) - Mo (0.22 M)/USY].Character of the catalyst in terms of crystallinity was analyzed by XRD. The result shows that there is no cristalinity damage of USY after impregnation but the amorphous cristalin structure was obtained. Amount of metal content was analyzed by XRF and the catalyst morphology by SEM-EDS. The result shows that the higher the concentration of Co and Mo so that find the higher content of metal in catalyst of the prepared catalyst increase. K 4 shows the best characteristic of catalysts prepared in this research. Analysis of K 4 is proving that Co and Mo are presented in catalyst

This research deals with the study of the paraffin cracking reaction with termal reaction, active natural zeolite (ZAA) and NiMo / active natural zeolite (ZAA) catalyst. Temperature variation was done in order to study the optimum temperature of paraffin cracking reactions. Paraffin cracking reaction carried out at temperatures of 200 - 400 °C and a hydrogen flow rate of 30 mL / min. Cracking products obtained, and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GCMS). Catalyst activity (%) was defined as the amount of lighter fractions/the amount of feed (paraffin) (%). The results showed that the catalyst NiMo/ZAA has the highest activity (31.33 %) at the cracking reaction temperature of 300 ºC

Soda ash (NaOH) has been used in bioethanol production in the second step destillation to increase the purity up to 90%. The destillation process will produce waste water with a high sodium content. The soda ash itself serve as an electrolyte to modify the colligative properties of the water-ethanol mixture allowing the disappearance of azeotropic point. This research aims to study the replacement of NaOH with KOH, in which the kalium is a nutrient to maintain soil fertility. This research study the thermodynamics properties, vapor-liquid equilibrium, colligative properties and also its azeotropic point in the destillation of water-ethanol mixture when KOH and NaOH were used as the additive. A model of water-ethanol mixture at a various composition of 0-100 weight % of ethanol was used. The electrolyte addition was 0.1 mol electrolyte/total weight of ethanol-water. The result shows that the addition of electrolyte into ethanol-water mixture eliminate the azeotropic point and allows the ethanol molecules to separate from water. The enthalpy of mixing between water-ethanol is 239.601 kJ/mol. It becomes 259.796 kJ/mol and 264.793 kJ/mol after the addition of NaOH and KOH, respectively. It confirming the endothermic mixing process due to different polarity between water and ethanol. The presence of electrolyte even reduce more their molecular interaction. However, the change to irregularity result a high positive entropy values that result the negative Gibbs free energy. It confirms the spontaneity of mixing. The vaporization enthalpy, Hvap, of water-ethanol mixture is 76.229 kJ/mol and it becomes 235.366 kJ/mol and 126.189 kJ/mol after the addition of NaOH and KOH. It indicates that the presence of electrolyte inhibites vaporization of water as the major component and allowing ethanol molecules to vapor producing more high purity ethanol.

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang lempung alam (bentonit) yang diaktivasi dengan berbagai variasi konsentrasi H2SO4, dan dengan proses interkalasi menggunakan larutan Al2O3.H2O. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan konsentrasi optimum untuk aktivasi lempung, berdasarkan karakter persentase montmorillonite dan keasaman total. Hal ini juga didukung oleh karakterisasi setelah proses interkalasi, yaitu karakter luas permukaan spesifik, volume pori total, radius pori rata-rata dan kandungan aluminium. Analisis persentase-Montmorilonit dilakukan dengan menggunakan difraksi sinar X; keasaman total ditentukan secara gravimetri; luas permukaan spesifik, volume pori total, dan jari-jari pori rata-rata diukur dengan Surface Area Analyzer NOVA dan kandungan aluminium ditentukan oleh Analisis Aktivasi Neutron.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivasi optimum pada konsentrasi H2SO4 1,5 M mempunyai persentase montmorillonite optimum (91.335%) dan nilai keasaman meningkat 193.955% dari nilai keasaman bentonit alam. Karakter fisik dan kimia setelah interkalasi juga menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan kadar aluminium (57,540%), luas permukaan spesifik (150,586%), volume total pori (73,236%) dan keasaman Total (203,504%) dari bentonit alam. Rerata jejari pori mengalami penurunan 10,274% setelah aktivasi dan penurunan 30,868% setelah proses interkalasi.

Ca-Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxides (Ca-Mg-Al-LDH) compounds were successfully synthesized from brine water and AlCl3.6H2O as the starting materials by coprecipitation method. The product result was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The effects of the reaction time and the molar ratios of the raw material on the crystallinity of Ca-Mg-Al-LDH were examining. Results show that increasing reaction time (30; 60 and 90 min.) could improve the crystallinity and monodispersity of layered double hydroxide compounds particles. The well-defined Ca-Mg- Al-LDH could be prepared with (Ca+Mg)/Al molar ratios 0.5.

The two-new catalysts had been prepared by using the impregnation method according to Nugrahaningtyas [6] and Li [4]. One catalyst is of Nickel (Ni), supported on Ultra Stable Zeolite Y (USY), whereas the other one is NiMo supported on same supporting agent. These new catalysts are expected to be more effective when applied on the hydrotreatment reaction in standpoint of its capabilities on removing the unwanted-heteroatom. Characterization those two types of catalysts then carried out by using the criteria of acidity, porosity and, metal content. The result shows that these non-sulfide catalysts have several good characters that supporting their usefulness in hydrotreatment-catalytic reaction. In addition, catalyst NiMo/USY - 1 performs many ideal criteria as the best functional catalyst. Keywords: Non-sulfided Catalyst, hydro-treating, preparation, characterization

Most previous research on catalyst’s preparation of CoMo/ANZ (active natural zeolite) catalyst has long `been done by focusing on one simple method of impregnation. In this research co-impregnation method and sequential impregnation method are used. The aim of this research therefore, is to find the best performance catalyst which is reflected by its characters. For each method, four categories of CoO concentration and single concentration of MoO3 are applied, followed by standard method of preparation i.e. calcinations, oxidation and reduction. The performance of catalyst produced then verified by several criteria of characteristics i.e. mineral composition, metal content, and acidity. Based on the previous criteria, catalyst Co4Mo/ANZ performs many ideal criteria