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Aim: To study the clinical manifestations of cryptococcosis, its diagnostic features, and treatment results in patients with hemoblastoses., Subjects and Methods: The study included adult patients with cryptococcosis treated at the Hematology Research Center (HRC) in 2005 to 2011. The diagnosis of cryptococcosis was established on the basis of isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from a blood culture or determination of positive cryptococcal antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with infection symptoms., Results: During 7 years, 19 patients aged 19 to 68 years (median 47 years) were diagnosed as having cryptococcosis. In the pattern of cryptococcosis, there was a preponderance of patients with lymphoma (31%) and those with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (26%) at the stages of hemoblastosis remission induction (32%) and consolidation (26%). The diagnosis was made in 9 (47%) patients at the Intensive Care Department, HRC. The major risk factors of cryptococcosis were previous cytostatic drug exposure (68%), use of immunosuppressive and glucocorticoid drugs (63%), and granulocytopenia (42%). Seventeen (78%) patients were diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis or meningoencephalitis; 1 patient had cryptococcal sepsis and 1 patient had possible cryptococcal pneumonia. All the patients were given antifungal agents. Amphotericin B, fluconazole, and a combination of antimycotics were used as first-line drugs in 16 (84%), 1 (5.5%), and 2 (10.5%), respectively. When their health became better, the patients were treated with voriconazole or fluconazole. Within 30 days after the diagnosis of cryptococcosis, 5 (26%) patients died; of them 2 had tumor progression concurrent with infection., Conclusion: In cryptococcosis, the central nervous system is predominantly involved in the infectious process. The determination of cryptococcal antigen in CSF is a necessary diagnostic component in meningitis and meningoencephalitis in patients with blood system tumors, lymphatic ones in particular. When cryptococcosis is timely diagnosed and treated, its mortality, when the tumor is controlled, is lower than that in other invasive mycoses.

Recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5/35F-IL2) with modified fibres containing the C-terminal domain fiber-knob of human adenovirus serotype 35, carrying the gene of recombinant human IL-2, has been designed. As a result of the fiber modification, the adenovirus can efficiently deliver the genetic information to bone marrow leukocytes and the tumor blood cells KG-1A (human myeloblastic leukemia cells) and U937 (human histiocytic lymphoma cells), which are normally resistant to Ad5 infection. The flow cytometry data reveal that the modified Ad5/35F penetrates into a population of monocytes, granulocytes, and blast cells of human bone marrow. The expression of interleukin-2 in CAR-negative bone marrow leukocytes (3682.52 ± 134.21 pg/ml) and the cell lines KG-1A (748.3 ± 32.8 pg/ml) and U937 (421.5 ± 59.4 pg/ml) transduced with adenovirus Ad5/35F-IL2 is demonstrated. The fiber-modified adenovirus can be used as a vector for the efficient gene delivery of interleukin-2 to human normal and tumor hematopoietic cells.

Aim: To review results of 2-year experience in execution of the protocol on the treatment of adult acute Ph-negative lymphoblastic leukemia ALL-2009., Material and Methods: Of 111 patients registered in the study from November 2008 to December 2010 the analysis covered 96 patients from 23 hematological centers in 18 towns of the RF., Results: Treatment according to the Protocol ALL-2009 resulted in achievement of a complete remission in 91.2% patients with low early lethality of 5.5%. Postremission lethality fell to 3.7% versus previous studies (22%). Overall 2-year survival and recurrence-free survival reached 77.6 and 78.4%, respectively. Detection of any chromosomic aberrations significantly affected recurrence-free survival: 74 vs 100% in patients with normal karyotype., Conclusion: Protocol All-2009 demonstrates high efficacy in moderate toxicity and good reproducibility in any hematologic center.

Aim: To determine unbalance in the system of programmed cell death in the cells CD34+ of the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) before and after cytostatic impact in acute leukemia (AL)., Material and Methods: Flow cytoflowmetry estimated expression of Bcl-2, Bax, p53 and ACE in the cells CD34+ of BM and PB from 10 AL (4 AML and 6 ALL) patients. PB and BM samples were studied before polychemotherapy (PCT) and in the course of induction treatment: on day +8, +21 (blood only), +36 - 38. Control group consisted of 4 BM donors., Results: The number of CD34+ cells expressing Bcl-2 in AL patients was 46,5 +/- 9,35 % in BM and 39,4 + 10,8 % in PB, in healthy donors - 9 and 32,8 %, respectively. Bax expression in AL patients' cells CD34+ of BM versus this expression in donors was 3 times higher (36,7 +/- 8,1 and 14,8%, respectively), of PC - 2 times lower (40,7 +/- 6,59 and 75,8%, respectively). Expression of p53 in AL patients was 36,8 +/- 9 % in BM and 26 +/- 7,4 % in PB, in donors - 28,2 and 65 %, respectively. ACE expression on the cells CD34+ in AL patients in early disease was 62 +/- 7,57 % in BM and 48 +/- 8,1 % in PB, in donors - 40 and 85 %, respectively. Moreover, there were significant changes in expression of Bcl-2 in BM and Bax, ACE and p53 in PB in the cells CD34+ in AL patients during and after induction PCT., Conclusion: The above changes evidence for unbalance of pro- and antiapoptosis proteins of regulators in AL patients. PCT changes profile of expression of these proteins, but not to the level of healthy donors.

Aim: To analyze the causes of prolonged hematopoietic tissue aplasias in patients with acute leukemias (AL) after chemotherapy courses., Materials and Methods: Data on 7 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, followed up at the Hematology Departments, Hematology Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, over the period 2003 to 2007, who had developed deep bone marrow aplasia (BMA) inadequate to cytostatic drug exposure during chemotherapy, were analyzed. The authors compared in all the patients the values of peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM) puncture specimens and the results of blood tests using the polymerase chain reaction at different AL development stages with the results of an immunohistochemical study using the markers of viruses of hepatitis C and B, a herpes group (EBV, CMV, HSV-1, HSV-2) and parvovirus B19., Results: The marker of hepatitis C was detected in 6 of the 7 patients with prolonged BMA; 3 of these 6 patients showed a simultaneous infection with hepatitis B. Six of the 7 patients were found to have concomitant BM lesion with various herpes group viruses. Two patients had a resistant form of AL., Conclusion: Hepatitis C virus infection in patients and the resistant form of the disease were the principal causes of the development of BMA inadequate to cytostatic drug exposure. Affliction of abundant bone marrow cells with herpes group viruses was not a direct cause, but might substantially aggravate BMA.