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Background: The phenomenon of marital infidelity is a painful experience for the other party, which can make a person suffer psychologically. A review of research shows that women affected by infidelity have problems in terms of marital loneliness, emotional Divorce, Alexithymia, and psychological capital and need special attention for psychological interventions. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of emotion-focoused therapy on marital loneliness, emotional Divorce, Alexithymia, and psychological capital in women affected by infidelity. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a follow-up test period. Among the women affected by marital infidelity in Tehran in 2022, 30 people were selected as available research samples according to the inclusion criteria and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The tools used in this research included marital burnout questionnaires (Pines, 1996), emotional Divorce (Gutman, 2001), Alexithymia (Begby et al., 1994) and psychological capital (Luthans et al., 2007). Data were analyzed with SPSS 23 software and analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of the pre-test and the follow-up test of the experimental and control groups in terms of marital Burnout, Emotional Divorce, Alexithymia, and psychological capital. In other words, EFT reduced marital Burnout, Emotional Divorce, Alexithymia, and increased the psychological capital of women affected by marital infidelity (p

Introduction: The emotional and behavioral effects of disclosing infidelity on each of the couples involved are extremely destructive. This often leads to acute stress disorder, which is the primary and most significant response to such a situation. In this context, schemas, acting as a framework for information processing, can be effective in managing acute stress by bringing about profound changes in attitudes towards oneself, others, and the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of maladaptive schemas on acute stress disorder resulting from spousal infidelity.Method: The research method used was descriptive-correlational. The study's statistical population comprised couples engaged in marital infidelity who sought assistance from courts and family counseling centers in Tehran and Saveh cities between 2020 and 2021. A sample of 172 individuals was selected using the purposeful sampling method. Data collection tools included the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (Cardena et al., 2000) and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (1998). The data were analyzed using SPSS24 software, which employed descriptive indicators such as frequency, frequency percentage, mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. Statistical tests including Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were also conducted.Results: The study findings revealed a significant positive relationship (p

< p >The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of meaning of life and religious beliefs with the type and extent of acute stress reactions after the disclosure of spouse''s infidelity. This correlational study was a descriptive research. The population was couples who had been involved in infidelities and had referred to the courts and family counseling centers in the cities of Tehran and Saveh in the years 2020-2021. 172 people were purposefully selected among them as the sample. The data collection tools were Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) and Glock and Stark''s dimensions of religiosity. The data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. According to the results, the extent of acute stress reactions after the disclosure of spouse''s infidelity had a negative significant relationship with meaning of life and its dimensions, including the existence of meaning and seeking it, and religious beliefs and their dimensions, including beliefs, rituals, and emotional and consequential aspects (p < 0.01). All types of acute stress reactions, i.e. dissociative symptoms, re-experience, avoidance, anxiety, hyper-arousal and functional disorder, also had a negative significant relationship with religious beliefs, and meaning of life and its dimensions (p < 0.05). 36% of the total variance of acute stress reactions was explained by meaning of life and religious beliefs (p < 0.01). Therefore, couples'' meaning of life and religious beliefs decrease their acute stress reactions after the disclosure of spouse''s infidelity.

Aims: Regarding the importance of health as well as the discussion of thinking in psychology and philosophy, so far, no model has been presented in the field of the relationship between “thinking and health” with this model. Therefore, the present study aimed to introduce the new model of healthy thinking based on human soul faculties. Materials and Methods: Using the narrative review method, 63 sources were selected among the 240-evidence, including books, articles, national, and international reports and theses from PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and Web of sciences, then entered the analysis stage Indicators of sensory and intellectual thinking were extracted from these sources. Then, the indicators were coded and analyzed according to the Content Analysis method. Results: The results of this research are used in psychotherapy in clinical psychology because researches have shown that thinking and especially healthy thinking has a very effective role in mental health and a healthy lifestyle. Several concepts are available in this model: The nature of thinking, levels of thinking, sources of error in thinking such as cognitive distortions, cognitive bias, and perceptual errors. Conclusion: The models of thinking that have been proposed in the world so far have many shortcomings, including none of them has the power to clarification thinking and none of the theories and models have the relationship between thinking and health been clearly explained, while the proposed thinking model of the present study does not have such shortcomings.

The COVID-19 restrictions have impacted people’s lifestyles in all spheres (social, psychological, political, economic, and others). This study explored which factors affected the level of anxiety during the time of the first wave of COVID-19 and subsequent quarantine in a substantial proportion of 23 countries, included in this study. The data was collected from May to August 2020 (5 June 2020). The sample included 15,375 participants from 23 countries: (seven from Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Russia; 11 from West, South and Southeast Asia: Armenia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Turkey; two African: Nigeria and Tanzania; and three from North, South, and Central America: Brazil, Canada, United States). Level of anxiety was measured by means of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the 20-item first part of The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)—State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). Respondents were also asked about their personal experiences with COVID-19, attitudes toward measures introduced by governments, changes in attitudes toward migrants during a pandemic, family income, isolation conditions, etc. The factor analysis revealed that four factors explained 45.08% of variance in increase of anxiety, and these components were interpreted as follows: (1) personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, (2) personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, (3) personal trust in official sources, (4) personal experience with COVID-19. Three out of four factors demonstrated strong associations with both scales of anxiety: high level of anxiety was significantly correlated with high level of personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, low level of personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, and high level of presence of personal experience with COVID-19. Our study revealed significant main effects of sex, country, and all four factors on the level of anxiety. It was demonstrated that countries with higher levels of anxiety assessed the real danger of a pandemic as higher, and had more personal experience with COVID-19. Respondents who trusted the government demonstrated lower levels of anxiety. Finally, foreigners were perceived as the cause of epidemic spread.

Over recent decades, many researches have been done on "resilience" and "patience". The question is whether these two variables have one construct or have two different constructs; what similarities and differences they have. This study was a qualitative (analytical) research conducted with a review method, which was a combination of systematic review, content analysis, and literature review. The data were collected from books and articles. The results demonstrated that the patience includes the resilience and beyond. In terms of conceptual constructs, the patience includes the avoidance of anger, the avoidance of lusts, forbearance, perseverance, waiting, and the openness of mind; while, the conceptual constructs of the resilience include tolerance, adaption, return, compatibility, capacity increase, and change and reformation. In such manner, emotional restraint, forbearance, perseverance, waiting, and perfection are the process of patience growth. Therefore, it can be concluded that the patience, as a model in Islamic lifestyle, can be used in prevention and intervention, as well as human growth and evolution, especially in interventions related to crisis. This approach can be a good alternative to emotion-oriented and resilience views.

Background: Conflicts are the most common problem in relationship of couples those negatively influence marital Quality and can lead to negative physiological, psychological,social and spiritual consequences. Intensification of the conflicts and disability in solving them can impair family and even lead to divorce. Despite the presence of many field researches about marital conflicts, there is no coherent analysis and conclusion of their causes and dimensions. Aims: The aim of the present study to review the related literature in order to identify the causes of marital conflicts. Method: this study was a systematic review, in which the statistical population are scientific research articles, dissertations and research schemes related to marital satisfaction since two last decades (2000-2019). Among768 cases that was explored, 58 cases, related to causes of marital conflicts entered into the study Results: According to the results, in sum, 41 factor(with frequency of (375) identified as the causes of marital conflicts. The entire factors of marital conflicts divided into the 4 categories, in order of importance: 1) family factors (40/80%),2) individual factors (40/53%), 3) environmental factors (16/27%) and spiritual factors (2/4%). In addition, the major causes of marital conflicts comprised: 1) Financial problem (7/74%), 2) Interference of families and relatives (7/20%), 3) Verbal and physical violence (16/14%), 4) lack of relationship and problem solving skills (5/6%), sexual problems (4/8%). Conclusions: Identifying of the factors and specifying the contributions of each of them to marital conflicts can help the researchers discover coherent model of marital conflicts. Based on these factors the instruments of prediction and prevention of marital conflicts can be defined and prepared

Background: Given the increasing number of elderly people in the world and in Iran, and the need to pay attention to their health (physical and mental), it is important to be aware of the status of health indices and factors among these people. The main issue was to investigate the status of mental health indices in Iranian elderly people in order to provide a scientific and practical approach to improve quality of life. Aims: The aim of this research was to assess the status of mental health indices in Iranian elderly people. Method: This study was descriptive and was conducted using field study. 150 elderly people were selected in the city of Shiraz by multi-stage cluster sampling and were assessed by the elderly mental health indices questionnaire. The data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that for the elderly people, family, religious, psychological, physical, social and economic dimensions were the most important dimensions with mean score (out of 5) of 4.27, 4.05, 3.84, 3.56, 38. 3 and 24.2, respectively. Also, the most important indices of mental health were "having a proper parenting pattern", "mutual understanding with the spouse", "loving relationship with the spouse", "training the children effectively", and "believing in God". Comparison of the status of indices showed that the elderly men had better status in family (t = 2.25, p= 0.002), social (t= 3.18, p= 0.002), and psychological dimensions (t=2.28, p = 0.002) than the elderly women. Women also had better status in religious (t= -2.35, p= 0.002), economic (t= 2.14, p = 0.002) and physical (t=-2.45- p= 0.002) dimensions. Conclusions: The results showed that parental relationships, effective marital relationship, successful parenting and religious affairs are the most important factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly people.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of modesty education on the reduction of Internet addiction and high-risk behaviors among the high school adolescent girls; thus, a quasi-experimental design with test and control groups was applied. 20 girls having high-risk behaviors were selected from a girl high school in Tehran, Zone 5, by the purposive sampling. A modesty education-intervention protocol was performed during eight sessions. The participants responded to the Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale (IARS), and demographic information, before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed by the analysis of co-variance. The results showed that the modesty education first, has a significant effect on the reduction of Internet addiction; second, does not have a significant effect on the reduction of high-risk behaviors; and third, helps users have more self-control in the face of virtual sex or pornography. It is necessary to say that due to the various causes of high-risk behaviors, one can not expect immediate and short-term change and the modesty education should be regarded as a predictive approach

Background: Risky sexual behavior (RSB), addiction, and aggression are three important personal and social factors which influence each other. Objective: To overview the potential relationship among RSB, addiction, and aggression to conduct an interactive model for the pathology and management of human behavior. Methods: This review article was carried out by searching studies in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Ebsco, IEEE, Scopus, Springer, MagIran, and IranMedex databases from the year 1993 to 2013. The search terms were violence, aggression, drug abuse, substance abuse, illicit drug, psychoactive drug, intravenous drug users, addiction and high-risk sexual relationships, unprotected sex, high risk sexual behavior, and sexual risk-taking. In this study, forty-nine studies were accepted for further screening, and met all our inclusion criteria (in English or Persian, full text, and included the search terms). Results: Forty-nine articles were included; 17 out of 26 studies showed a significant correlation between addiction and risky sexual behavior, 15 out of 19 articles indicated a statistically significant correlation between aggression and addiction, and 9 out of 10 articles reported significant correlation between aggression and risky sexual behavior. Conclusion: According to the results, the triangle hypothesis of sex, addiction, and aggression led to the definition of the relationship among the variables of the hypothetical triangle based on the reviewed studies; and the proposed dual and triple relationship based on the conducted literature review was confirmed. This is not a meta-analysis, and there is no analysis of publication bias

Differentiation is an effective variable in the formation and stableness of the family. In this regard, this study aimed to identify Status of differentiation indicators was conducted in the families of Tehran. The method of study is “Mixed” (qualitative and quantitative) that its quantitative part was done by correlation. In this study, which was conducted in 2016, the concept of differentiation in the Bowen’s theory of intergenerational was extracted. Credit indices obtained through using the Delphi method with a group of experts. 12 main indicators and 78 indexes sub for differentiation in Tehranian families were identified. The indicators obtained converted into the questionnaire and at the same time, were conducted with the scale of differentiation (DSI-R) on a sample of 100 of parents. The results of the field study in assessment of the differentiation using indicators from this study that was conducted in parallel with differentiation scale, reports a significant positive correlation to the amount of meaningful 0/40 (P

Aims: This study aimed to determine the attitudes toward alcohol abuse among students in Tehran and to develop and test a model of the relationships among parental monitoring and affiliation with deviant peers as they predict youth alcohol abuse. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1266 adolescents were recruited from high schools in Tehran and three scales of alcohol abuse, parental monitoring, and adolescent affiliation with deviant peers were completed for them. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and structural equations modeling. Results: The results of this study indicated that 7.4% of individuals had a positive attitude toward alcohol abuse. The percentage of positive attitude among males was nearly 2 times more than females. The study model was confirmed and explained 0.42 of attitudes toward alcohol abuse variance. Moreover, affiliation with deviant peers had a mediating role in the relationship between Parental Monitoring and attitude toward alcohol abuse. Conclusion: According to the results, parental monitoring and affiliation with deviant peers could explain the alcohol abuse among adolescents. Therefore, it is suggested to include these factors in prevention programs aimed at reducing alcohol abuse.

Background and Objective: Emotional difficulties are a serious threat to the family and marriage outside of his normal route and marriage violated. The purpose of this study, the role of infidelity in men and women had premarital relationships.Materials and Methods: The study was a correlation method, the population included men and married women in Tehran that 345 patients (170 males and 175 females) were selected using stratified sampling, for example. Record pre-marital relationships and infidelity to help self-report questions were asked. To analyze the data, chi-square method was used.Results: The analysis showed that a history of premarital relations with emotional infidelity (P2=69.3), betrayal, physical (P2=15. 8), and sexual infidelity (P2=14.6) is a statistically significant relationship.Conclusion: The results showed that the relationship of marriage in later life is likely to lead to marital infidelity. The results of this study can help the pathology and prevention of marital infidelity.

Objective: Not perceiving circadian shifts of sunlight due to living in enclosed environments may have deleterious effects on mental health and plasma parameters. This study aimed to determine the effect of dim regulation on the submarine personnel of Iranian Navy forces by radiating devices according to natural circadian sunlight shifts. Also, this study aimed to investigate the impact of mimicking sunlight circadian by artificial radiance luminating devices on the serological and psychological measures of submarine personnel. Method: Participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups in this non-randomized controlled trial. There were 26 participants in each group, and they were all male aged 21-29 years. Both groups were living in the submarine underground hall, with 120 meters 2 area with constant radiance with the same intensity. The experimental group had been given extra lighting devices with changing radiance intensity according to the natural sunlight circadian cycles. Plasma melatonin levels and depression and anxiety scores were determined before and after the experiment for both groups. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Cattell’s Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (IPAT) were used to measure depression and anxiety, respectively. Results: Findings indicate that the plasma melatonin levels (-16.2±13.6 vs 8.0±9.3 mg/dL, respectively; p

Background: The association between coronary angiographic findings and the level of anxiety symptoms among patients who undergo coronary angiography is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the extent of coronary stenosis and anxiety symptoms in patients who undergo coronary angiography. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 106 patients who underwent coronary angiography and had varying degrees of coronary artery disease were enrolled. Demographic characteristics (i.e., age and gender), socioeconomic status (i.e., educational attainment, income, and marital status), and traditional risk factors (i.e., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking) were measured. The independent variable was the extent of coronary stenosis shown by coronary angiography, coded as single-vessel disease (n = 19), 2-vessel disease (n = 28), or 3-vessel disease (n = 59). The main outcome was symptoms of anxiety measured using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for bivariate analysis, and linear regression was applied for multivariable analysis. Results: Participants were mostly men (n = 78, 73%), at a mean age of 50.14 ± 10.60 years. We found an inverse association between the extent of coronary stenosis and anxiety symptoms in our samples. Anxiety symptoms were lowest in the patients with 3-vessel disease and highest in those with single-vessel disease. The above association remained significant in a linear regression model, controlled for the demographic, socioeconomic, and traditional risk factors. Conclusion: An inverse association may exist between the extent of coronary stenosis and the severity of anxiety symptoms in patients who undergo coronary angiography. Patients who undergo angiography and have fewer angiographic findings require screening for anxiety symptoms.

Background The purpose of this investigation is to determine the efficacy of emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT-C) on enhancement of marital adjustment in infertile couples. Materials and Methods This was a semi-experimental study with a pre- and post-test design. We selected 30 infertile couples (60 subjects) by purposive sampling. Couples were randomly assigned to two groups, sample and control. Each group consisted of 15 couples who had marital maladjustment and low sexual satisfaction. Couples answered the marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction questionnaires at baseline after which the sample group received 10 sessions of EFT-C. Results Results of pre-test and post-test showed that EFT-C significantly impacted marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction. Conclusion EFT-C had a significant effect on enhancement of satisfaction, cohesion and affectional expression. This approach impacted physical and emotional sexual satisfaction of infertile couples.

Background The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of emotionally fo- cused therapy (EFT-C) on promoting marital adjustment of infertile couples with marital conflicts by improving quality of life. Materials and Methods This is a semi-experimental study with a pre- and post–test design in which 30 infertile couples (60 individuals) were chosen by purposive sampling. Couples were randomly divided into two groups, sample and control, of 15 couples each. Next, couples in the sample population answered questionnaires for marital adjustment, sexual satisfaction and quality of life after which they received 10 sessions of EFT-C. Results Pre- and post-tests showed that EFT-C had a significant effect on marital adjust- ment and quality of life. Conclusion According to the results, EFT-C had a significant, positive effect on en- hancement of marital adjustment. Life quality of infertile couples significantly increased via application of EFT-C. This approach improved the physical, psychological and social relationships of infertile couples and enhanced their social environment.

Background and objective: Promoting mental health and preventing mental health problems are important tasks for directors, officers and mental health professionals. This objective requires the establishment of information networks and systems enable efficient data collection and determining indicators of mental health. This study was conducted to determine the mental health Indicators in Iran. Methods: This study was performed based on Q methodology in six stages: 1) development of Q sample statements, 2) selection of participants (professionals in health and mental health) for the Q sort, 3) Q-sorting, 4) data entry, 5) statistical analysis (for the extraction of Q sorts, the principal components analysis method was used), and 6. factor interpretation. Results: Twenty-one indicators were offered in three categories: mental health status, mental health service and mental health system. Conclusion: This study was a preliminary study for iden‌tification of mental health indices that reflects the status of mental health in Iran. Indicators obtained in this study can also be used in regulatory reforms and policies, providing appropriate mental health services, mental health promotion, updates and measuring mental health information.

The purpose of the present survey was to review the important Non-pharmacologic treatments for fear of flying up to the present. This study is in the same way as some studies. Accordingly, some Non-pharmacologic treatments for fear of flying were assessed through this systematic review article. The general conclusion from the information provided by the former studies, shows that a growing number of treatment facilities offer treatment programs for fear of flying, including combined treatment, Hypnotherapy, EMDR, Relaxation, information Providing, Cognitive-behavioral treatment, cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, Computer-based exposure therapies, Implosion therapy, Flooding, Systematic desensitization and Psychodynamic therapy. Nevertheless, little is known about which specific method or element of treatment programs works best; In addition, Psychological therapy should be employed under unique circumstances and according to the needs of individuals rather than applying identical treatment packages to any case.

Objective: Quality of life measures can provide an important source of medical information for promoting the health status of chronically ill patients. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate health related quality of life in psychiatric veterans of the Iraq- Iran war of the 1980s. Methods: They were out patients diagnosed with various psychiatric symptoms.The present study used a cross sectional design, in which 971 psychiatric veterans were selected by Systematic-randomized sampling and evaluated using the SF36 questionnaire.Results: Findings revealed that veterans who suffered from one or more chronic conditions/illnesses reported significantly more bodily pain and significantly less vitality, mental and general health compared to those veterans without chronic conditions. Moreover, specific aspects of poor quality of life were more salient in specific chronic conditions/illnesses than others.Conclusion: Based on these findings, chronic conditions, especially respiratory problems, can have a detrimental effect on the quality of life in psychiatric war veterans

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the one of the most commonly observed psychiatric disorder in veterans. The condition can lead to considerable social, occupational, and interpersonal dysfunction. PTSD occurring after combat injury appears to be strongly correlated with the extent of injury, and develops over several months. Present study was designed for assessing the cognitive behavioral therapy in the quality of life (QOL) of war-related PTSD in veterans compared to control group and compare applied treatments with each other. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we assessment effects of cognitive behavioral therapy such as problem solving, exposure therapy and their combination on QOL in 120 Iranian PTSD patients veterans after Iran-Iraq war. They were randomly allocated to one of four equal interventional groups: (a) Problem solving therapy (b) exposure therapy (c) combined therapy (exposure therapy plus problem solving) (d) control group. Before and after study intervention, patients were evaluated by short form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Results: Post-test and follow-up SF-36 scores were 55.6±4 and 55.1±3.6 in exposure therapy, 50±4.4 and 56.1±3.8 in problem solving, and 48.73±3.8 and 50.9±4.2 in combined therapy. In comparing to control group, all intervention showed significant improvement in QOL in PTSD patients. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, behavioral therapy can improve QOL in PTSD patients.

Objective: Theories about how couples help each other to cope with stress, such as the systemic transactional model of dyadic coping, suggest that the cultural context in which couples live influences how their coping behavior affects their relationship satisfaction. In contrast to the theoretical assumptions, a recent meta-analysis provides evidence that neither culture, nor gender, influences the association between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction, at least based on their samples of couples living in North America and West Europe. Thus, it is an open questions whether the theoretical assumptions of cultural influences are false or whether cultural influences on couple behavior just occur in cultures outside of the Western world. Method: In order to examine the cultural influence, using a sample of married individuals (N = 7,973) from 35 nations, we used multilevel modeling to test whether the positive association between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction varies across nations and whether gender might moderate the association. Results: Results reveal that the association between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction varies between nations. In addition, results show that in some nations the association is higher for men and in other nations it is higher for women. Conclusions: Cultural and gender differences across the globe influence how couples’ coping behavior affects relationship outcomes. This crucial finding indicates that couple relationship education programs and interventions need to be culturally adapted, as skill trainings such as dyadic coping lead to differential effects on relationship satisfaction based on the culture in which couples live.

Aim: to evaluate potential efficacy of a new therapeutic approach in posttraumatic stress disorder in comparison with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a standard treatment approach and controls. Methods: the study was designed using a randomized controlled trial methodology. Participants were recruited from military servicemen aged between 25 to 50 years who were admitting hospitals of Bushehr, Iran, with the final diagnosis of PTSD. Finally 33 male patients were devided into three subgroups: G1: EMDR; G2: REM Desensitization; and group 3: controls who received no therapy. Mississippi Scale for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a 37 item death anxiety questionnaire were used for measures. Results: multiple comparisons showed that intrusive thoughts were significantly more likely to improve with REM Desensitization versus EMDR (P=0.03), while depression was more responsive to EMDR (p=0.03). Among the Pittsburgh scale for the quality of sleep items, sleep quality (p=0.02), sleep duration (p=0.001), and total sleep quality score (p=0.002) were significantly more likely to improve in the REM Desensitization group. Change in the absolute death anxiety scores was not different between subgroups excepting EMDR versus control group (p=0.05). Conclusion: REM, desensitization, the new therapeutic approach to PTSD is a highly effective strategy, even more than EMDR, the standard treatment, in most of the evaluated subjects, with special emphasis on sleep symptoms, and also in the management of intrusive thoughts. Depression is the only factor in which, REM Desensitization was significantly less likely to represent a superior therapeutic effect than EMDR. Key words: post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, new treatment.

Background & Objective: Quality of life in different age groups can consider as good predictor of elderly quality of life. The purpose of present study is comparing quality of life in different age decade. Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study performed in 1914 citizens of Tehran with SF36 questionnaire. Sample selection method was multistage classification. We used One Way ANOVA for analysis. Results: Findings show that quality of life dimension reduced in role physical, physical activity, general health, mental health and bodily pain. (P- Value was less than 0.05 for role physical and less than 0.01 for all others). Falling in bodily pain started in 30 years old and for general health 40, physical activity and mental health 60 and role physical role 70 years old. Conclusion: Based on our finding education and intervention for bodily pain should be started at age 30 years old and for general health in 40 years old. Age matched physical activity should be educated for people above 60 years old.

Background & Objective: Quality of life in different age groups can consider as good predictor of elderly quality of life. The purpose of present study is comparing quality of life in different age decade. Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study performed in 1914 citizens of Tehran with SF36 questionnaire. Sample selection method was multistage classification. We used One Way ANOVA for analysis. Results: Findings show that quality of life dimension reduced in role physical, physical activity, general health, mental health and bodily pain. (P- Value was less than 0.05 for role physical and less than 0.01 for all others). Falling in bodily pain started in 30 years old and for general health 40, physical activity and mental health 60 and role physical role 70 years old. Conclusion: Based on our finding education and intervention for bodily pain should be started at age 30 years old and for general health in 40 years old. Age matched physical activity should be educated for people above 60 years old.

Introduction : Researches show that chronic illnesses may affect marital adjustment and sexual function. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to recognize marital satisfaction, sexual dysfunction and demographic factors among Chemically Injured Veterans (CIV). Materials and Methods: In this descriptive research, we selected and studied 185 cases of CIVs referred to Tehran′s hospitals. Data gathering tools were Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale and structured interview. The items of interview included 28 questions about sexual dysfunction according to DSM-IV-r. The statistical methods were T-test, ANOVA and Correlation. Results: The results show that 45.5%, i.e. nearly half of the CIV subjects were dissatisfied with their marriage and marital relationship and the dissatisfaction level in 11% was very high. Other results show that 65/4% of veterans with chemical injuries suffered from a kind of sexual dysfunction. The most common dysfunctions were: erectile problem and libido reduction by 49.2% and 48.6% respectively. Also, results show that there was a relation between demographic factors and sexual dysfunction in CIVs. Discussion: As far as the results show, sexual libido reduction rate in CIVs is like that in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Therefore, sex therapy, psychotherapy and couple therapy must be a component of the treatment of CIVs.

Background: The trajectory of marital quality over the life course assumes a curvilinear pattern and declines over time. However, most studies to date have been conducted in developed societies, leaving the generalizability of their findings open to skepticism. In this study, we aimed to delineate the trajectory of marital satisfaction in Iran. Methods: Using cluster-sampling method, representative sample of 800 Iranian married individuals from urban areas of seven provinces of Iran, between February and May 2011 was surveyed. Each cluster included 50 households. Sealed packages containing survey material were delivered to households. Self-administered surveys included a checklist collecting demographic and socioeconomic data, and the Comprehensive Marital Satisfaction Scale. Generalized additive models (GAM) were used to explicate the trajectory of marital satisfaction over marital duration. Results: A total of 644 complete questionnaires were returned (response rate: 80.5%). Average age of the participants was 40yr and average duration of marriage 17yr. The fitted GAM showed that marital satisfaction is highest at the beginning but drastically declines over the first 10yr. After arriving a nadir, the downward progression is reversed in the next 10-15yr, reaching a level comparable to the beginning. At 23-25yr, a second declining wave initiates and marital satisfaction steadily declines thereafter. The overall shape remains the same after adjustment for number of children, economic status, and retirement. Conclusion: Marital trajectory assumes a curvilinear pattern and has three periods of decline, stagnation, and decline. The shape of trajectory bears similarities to the observed patterns in the US but is distinct, nevertheless. Keywords: Collectivist culture, Marital Quality, Marital Relationship over time, Marital Trajector

Background: Patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) may report difficulties with sexual function and marital relationship. However, there is a dearth of studies focusing on the association between these aspects in IHD patients. The present study sought to assess the association between sexual function and marital relationship among IHD patients and also test the effect modification of gender, education level, and marital distress on the above association. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 551 patients with IHD were enrolled and their sexual function and marital relationship quality were assessed with the Relation and Sexuality Scale (RSS) and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS), respectively. Association between marital relationship quality and sexual function was assessed with respect to gender, education level, and marital distress. Results: Most participants (72%) were men at a mean age of 57 ± 11 (range = 36-80) years. Total sexual function was significantly correlated with total marital quality (r = -0.28), marital consensus (r = -0.17), marital coherence (r = -0.19), marital affection expression (r = -0.22), and marital satisfaction (r = -0.25). Total marital quality also showed a significant association with sexual fear (r = -0.11). These associations were moderated by gender, education level, and marital distress level. Conclusion: Among the IHD patients, sexual function and marital relationship quality showed a mild to moderate association. Association between sexual function and marital relationship quality, however, may depend on gender, education level, and marital distress level.

Introduction: Considering that we have in Iran a lot of veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this research was performed to identify sexual dysfunction among a group of veterans who suffer from PTSD. Material and methods: In this descriptive-correlation research we selected and studied 110 cases. Data gathering tools were sexual dysfunctions, PTSD checklist according to DSM-IV and Enrich marital satisfaction scale. Under study sexual dysfunctions in this research include: decrease of libido, decrease of arousal, premature ejaculation, aversion to intercourse, erectile dysfunction, ejaculation delay, masturbation, painful ejaculation, or without problem. Results: The results show 89.1% of veterans with PTSD, at least one with sexual dysfunction and only 10.9% with no problems. Also the results show that most dysfunction includes: decrease of libido (68.2%), decrease of arousal (61.8%) and premature ejaculation (41.8%).Other results show that 45.5%, i.e. nearly half of the PTSD subjects, were dissatisfied with their marriage and sexual relationship and the dissatisfaction level of 11% was very high. Discussion: Veterans afflicted with PTSD face marital maladjustment, which predisposes them to sexual disorders. Therefore, marriage counselling and prevention programmes should focus on reducing marital dissatisfaction. If marital maladjustment decreases, sexual problems and disorders will improve.

Introduction: The present research aimed to compare the verbal and nonverbal intelligence of students with dyslexia-dysgraphia and normal students. Material and methods: Thirty students with dyslexia-dysgraphia and 30 students from mainstream schools of grade 3 boy school in Tehran were selected. All subjects were matched by age and IQ. In addition, students of two groups did not show any background in either emotional-behavioral difficulties or visual/audio weakness. The instruments which were used in the research consisted of Dyslexia-Dysgraphia Inventory, Rutter Questionnaire, Raven Test, Reading-Writing Test, WISC, and a Personnel background questionnaire. The data were analyzed by the t-test. Results: The results demonstrated that the verbal intelligence of the dyslexia-dysgraphia group was significantly lower than that of the normal student, while the nonverbal intelligence of the dyslexia-dysgraphia group was significantly higher than that of the other group. In addition, the verbal intelligence was significantly lower than the nonverbal intelligence for the students with dyslexia-dysgraphia. However, this difference was not found for the normal group. Conclusions: This research suggesting that the nonverbal skills of students with dyslexia-dysgraphia may compensate the shortage of students’ verbal intelligence, if this can be well handled by appropriate educational methods.

Problematic use of the Internet by children and adolescents is a newly emerging disorder that has alerted health authorities throughout the world. In Iran, despite the very high speed rate of Internet spread, there is not enough data on the rate of Internet addiction among the adolescents. This study is the first nationwide study that addresses this issue. Overall 4500 students of high school or pre-college schools were recruited from 13/31 provinces of Iran by a cluster sampling method and 4342 (96%) participated. Two self-rated questionnaires (one demographics and one Young's Internet addiction scale) were filled b the participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. 962 (22.2%) of the study participants were labeled as having "internet addiction." Males were significantly more likely to be an internet addict (P

The overwhelming rate of progress in biotechnological research especially in human genetics, as well as the high levels of power these researches provide us to intervene in human lives, brings serious concerns on the ethical problems that may rise from these research endeavors. To address this critical issue in Iran, we conducted a study issuing publishing authors of studies in human genetics from Iran, between years 2005 to 2011.We contacted 116 corresponding authors of articles issuing genetics research on human subjects, asking them that whether they have gotten either informed consent from their study subjects or ethical approval from their institutional ethics committee.Only 13% of the authors presented both documents; 52% had not gotten any of the documents; 19% of authors felt no need for getting the mentioned documents; 13% declared that they only gotten oral consent and 3% of authors did not remember whether they have gotten any documentation or not.The trend for informed consent taking was improving over time, from 5% in year 2006 to 24% in 2009. The result was not satisfactory but showed good trend towards improvement, recommending more serious follow up concerning ethical aspects of articles published in human genetics.

Purpose. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of unprotected sex with injecting drug users (IDUs) among a sample of female sex workers (FSWs) in Iran. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 144 FSWs who were interviewed as a part of Unhide HIV Risk Study, a national behavioral survey focusing on various high-risk populations, including IDUs, FSWs, and Men who have Sex with Men (MSMs) in 2009. The survey was conducted in eight provinces in Iran using respondent-driven sampling. Participants’ sociodemographic status, HIV knowledge, and HIV attitude were analyzed via logistic regression to determine the predictors of unprotected sex with IDU(s) during the past month. Results. Nineteen percent of FSWs reported at least one occasion of unprotected sex with IDU(s) in the month preceding the study. Higher educational level (OR=−0.653, 95%CI=-1.192 to −0.115), perceived HIV risk (OR=−1.047, 95%CI=-2.076 to −0.019), and perceived family intimacy during childhood (OR=−1.104, 95%CI=-1.957 to −0.251) were all independently associated with lower odds of having unprotected sex with IDU(s) in the month preceding the study. Age, marital status, living condition, HIV knowledge, and perceived behavioral control did not affect the odds of FSWs having sex with IDUs. Conclusion. Perceived HIV risk, which is a modifiable factor, seems to be a promising target for harm reduction interventions amongst Iranian female sex workers. Data presented here may aid in reducing or eliminating the role of sex workers as a bridge for HIV transmission from IDUs to the general population in Iran.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative prevalence rate of every sexual dysfunctions (SDs) in Iranian population. Methods: We searched international database such as: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, PsychNET, and Scholar Google and Iranian database such as Iran Psych, IranDoc, IranMedex, and SID. Search duration was between 1990 and 2013. Results: From 449 articles were retrieved, then 11 articles on male with total sample size of 2142 and 8 articles on female with total sample size of 4391 were selected after critical appraisal. For quality assessment check list to evaluate a prevalence article was contained study population, sampling method, sample size, criteria for SD diagnosis, specific rates, study location, and authors list. In male, erectile dysfunction was 56.1%. In female, pooled estimation prevalence of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in complained group was 65.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 51.1-80.6%) compared to general population 35% (95% CI: 17.6-52.1%). Sexual arousal disorder in clinical patient was 59.6% (95% CI: 39-80%) against 33.8% (95% CI: 18.3-49.3%) in general population. Orgasmic disorder in complained was 35.5% (95% CI: 16-55%) and in general population was 35.3% (95% CI: 26.8-43.8%). Sexual pain disorder pooled estimation prevalence were 35.2% (95% CI: 14.5-56%) versus 20.1% (95% CI: 6.4-33.8%) in complained and general population consecutively. Conclusions: The rate of SD in Iran was approximately the same of worldwide except orgasmic disorder which was two times more than the worldwide average.