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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hostile hematological malignancy under great danger of relapse and poor long-term survival rates, despite recent therapeutic advancements. To deal with this unfulfilled clinical necessity, innovative cellbased immunotherapies have surfaced as promising approaches to improve antitumor immunity and enhance patient outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we provide a detailed examination of the latest developments in cell-based immunotherapies for AML, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T-cell therapy, and natural killer (NK) cell-based therapies. We critically evaluate the unique mechanisms of action, current challenges, and evolving strategies to improve the efficacy and safety of these modalities. The review emphasizes how promising these cuttingedge immune-based strategies are in overcoming the inherent complexities and heterogeneity of AML. We discuss the identification of optimal target antigens, the importance of mitigating on-target/off-tumor toxicity, and the need to enhance the persistence and functionality of engineered immune effector cells. All things considered, this review offers a thorough overview of the rapidly evolving field of cell-based immunotherapy for AML, underscoring the significant progress made and the ongoing efforts to translate these innovative approaches into more effective and durable treatments for this devastating disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that can be caused by either inherited or acquired insufficiency insulin secretion, or the body's inability to effectively utilize the insulin it produces. There are three primary classifications of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by elevated levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), indicating a disturbance in glucose metabolism. The term "probiotics" refers to living microorganisms that provide beneficial effects on the host's health. The effects of probiotics on T2DM in humans have shown conflicting results. Some studies have demonstrated that probiotic treatment substantially reduces HbA1c, FBG, or insulin resistance (IR) in patients with T2DM. However, other studies have found no significant difference between probiotic-treated patients and those receiving a placebo.. The use of probiotics was found to enhance glucose metabolism and HbA1c levels in individuals with T2DM. These findings are in line with previous reviews conducted on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]