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Background: Influenza is a contagious respiratory infectious disease out breaking in cold seasons of the year. The outbreak of the new influenza A (H1N1) virus in 2009 involved large populations of the world with considerable mortality. Hemagglutinin (HA) molecule, the main surface glycoprotein of the influenza virus, is one of the key factors for serological diagnostic kits and vaccine development. Thus establishment of HA gene bank of the circulating influenza viruses is essential in gaining quick access to large amounts of protein. Materials and Methods: The first step in providing such a bank is detection and isolation of HA full genome and its subunits by using specific primers and cloning them in proper vectors. For this purpose, using standard virus genome (A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)) cultured on MDCK cell, HA coding gene was proliferated by RT-PCR using specific primers. Results: Isolation and cloning of the HA gene was verified by RT-PCR, enzyme digestion and determining nucleotide synonymy. Through the use of specific cloning primers, different HA gene constructs were propagated for expression of the gene in insect cells and E.coli bacteria. Conclusion: The results indicated the complete compatibility of the extracted HA gene with the influenza (A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)) hemagglutinin. It makes it possible to use the gene as a source of cloning in a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: More than half a million patients suffer from minor burns in Germany per year. In 2018, almost 2000 patients needed intensive care for their burn injuries. Despite high standards of burn care, mortality remains high. Burn injuries may lead to long-term sequelae. In order to provide up-to-date burn care, guidelines are available online with public access., Methods and Results: This overview presents a summary of the German AWMF guideline for the treatment of thermal injuries in adults (https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/044-001.html). Experts of eleven different medical organisations and specialties have contributed to this S2k guideline with their expertise. The focus of the article is on acute burn wound assessment, the indication for specialised care in burn centres, the management of the burn wound at the trauma scene and in hospitals as well as scar management and rehabilitation., Conclusion: This overview reports on the consensus-based treatment of acute burn wounds in adults in Germany. The article is intended to guide doctors and professional caretakers to perform state-of-the-art burn care. The current guideline aims to improve burn outcome., Competing Interests: HOR war beratend tätig für die Firma Birken und hat eine bezahlte Autorentätigkeit für uptodate. UM hat eine Studie für die DIZG durchgeführt. CH war beratend tätig für Acelity und hat Honorar für Vorträge der Firma Integra und Mediwound erhalten. JH war beratend tätig für Mediwound und hat Honorar für Vorträge der Firma Juzo und Thuasne erhalten, sowie eine Studie für die Firma OrionPharma durchgeführt. BH war beratend für die DIZG, die Firmen Polymedics und Mediwound tätig und hat bezahlte Vorträge für die Firmen Juzo und Mediwound gehalten, sowie eine klinische Studie für die Firma Mediwound durchgeführt. ML hat Honorar für Vorträge der Firma Serag Wiesner erhalten. HP hat bezahlte Vorträge für die Berufsfachschule für Orthopädietechnik gehalten, sowie Eigentümerinteressen am Sanitätshaus Pauli und Sanitätshaus Aktuell AG. JLS hat eine Studie für die Firma Prevor durchgeführt. MS hat Honorar für Vorträge der Firma Polymedics erhalten. SW hat bezahle Vorträge für die Firmen Juzo und Thuasne gehalten. SZ hat bezahlte Vorträge für Pfizer, bioMerieux, sifin diagnostics und Aurosan gehalten. HZ hat Honorare für Vorträge für die Firmen Thuasne, Juzo, Albrecht, Smith&Nephew sowie die Bundesfachschule für Orthopädietechnik erhalten. Die übrigen Autoren haben keine Interessenskonflikte., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Background: Airway inflammation plays a major role in the progression of chronic lung diseases. The features of airway inflammation are not well defined among patients with cases of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) that began in childhood., Objectives: To investigate the sputum cell and cytokine profiles of stable cases of BO regarding lung function and the involvement of small airway disease (SAD)., Methods: Twenty patients with BO (median age=14.5, range=7-23years) and 22 healthy controls (median age=16.5years, range=7-24years) were investigated. Lung function parameters and bronchial reversibility testing as well as sputum cell and cytokine profiles (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-5, IFN-γ, and NFκB regulation) were analysed using quantitative RT-PCR and cytometric bead assay (CBA) in induced sputum., Results: Patients with BO had significantly lower lung function values, including FVC, forced expiratory volume (FEV1), the Tiffeneau index (FEV1/VC), and MEF25, but increased functional residual capacity (RV/TLC) values. Bronchial reversibility was found in five patients (25%). Moreover, airway inflammation (as indicated by total cells, neutrophils, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and NFκB) was significantly increased among patients with BO compared with controls., Conclusions: BO is predominantly a neutrophilic disease of the small bronchioles featuring elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to tissue remodelling and fibrosis of the small airways. Future therapies for patients with BO should more efficiently target the small airways., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)