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1. Local climate modulates the development of soil nematode communities after glacier retreat

Author

Guerrieri, A, Cantera, I, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Carteron, A, Ambrosini, R, Caccianiga, M, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alvizgazitua, P, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Ceballoslievano, J, Chand, P, Chandsharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachinrapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruzencarnacion, R, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Proietto, A, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Fontaneto, D, Thuiller, W, Ficetola, G, Guerrieri A., Cantera I., Marta S., Bonin A., Carteron A., Ambrosini R., Caccianiga M., Anthelme F., Azzoni R. S., Almond P., AlvizGazitua P., Cauvy-Fraunie S., CeballosLievano J. L., Chand P., ChandSharma M., Clague J., CochachinRapre J. A., Compostella C., CruzEncarnacion R., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Meneses R. I., Peyre G., Pittino F., Proietto A., Rabatel A., Urseitova N., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zerboni A., Zimmer A., Taberlet P., Diolaiuti G. A., Poulenard J., Fontaneto D., Thuiller W., Ficetola G. F., Guerrieri, A, Cantera, I, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Carteron, A, Ambrosini, R, Caccianiga, M, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alvizgazitua, P, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Ceballoslievano, J, Chand, P, Chandsharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachinrapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruzencarnacion, R, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Proietto, A, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Fontaneto, D, Thuiller, W, Ficetola, G, Guerrieri A., Cantera I., Marta S., Bonin A., Carteron A., Ambrosini R., Caccianiga M., Anthelme F., Azzoni R. S., Almond P., AlvizGazitua P., Cauvy-Fraunie S., CeballosLievano J. L., Chand P., ChandSharma M., Clague J., CochachinRapre J. A., Compostella C., CruzEncarnacion R., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Meneses R. I., Peyre G., Pittino F., Proietto A., Rabatel A., Urseitova N., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zerboni A., Zimmer A., Taberlet P., Diolaiuti G. A., Poulenard J., Fontaneto D., Thuiller W., and Ficetola G. F.

Abstract

The worldwide retreat of glaciers is causing a faster than ever increase in ice-free areas that are leading to the emergence of new ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of these environments is critical to predicting the consequences of climate change on mountains and at high latitudes. Climatic differences between regions of the world could modulate the emergence of biodiversity and functionality after glacier retreat, yet global tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Nematodes are the most abundant soil animals, with keystone roles in ecosystem functioning, but the lack of global-scale studies limits our understanding of how the taxonomic and functional diversity of nematodes changes during the colonization of proglacial landscapes. We used environmental DNA metabarcoding to characterize nematode communities of 48 glacier forelands from five continents. We assessed how different facets of biodiversity change with the age of deglaciated terrains and tested the hypothesis that colonization patterns are different across forelands with different climatic conditions. Nematodes colonized ice-free areas almost immediately. Both taxonomic and functional richness quickly increased over time, but the increase in nematode diversity was modulated by climate, so that colonization started earlier in forelands with mild summer temperatures. Colder forelands initially hosted poor communities, but the colonization rate then accelerated, eventually leveling biodiversity differences between climatic regimes in the long term. Immediately after glacier retreat, communities were dominated by colonizer taxa with short generation time and r-ecological strategy but community composition shifted through time, with increased frequency of more persister taxa with K-ecological strategy. These changes mostly occurred through the addition of new traits instead of their replacement during succession. The effects of local climate on nematode colonization led to heterogeneous but predictable patt

Published
2024

2. The development of terrestrial ecosystems emerging after glacier retreat

Author

Ficetola, G, Marta, S, Guerrieri, A, Cantera, I, Bonin, A, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ambrosini, R, Caccianiga, M, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Kaufmann, R, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Morales-Martínez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Proietto, A, Rabatel, A, Sieron, K, Tielidze, L, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Taberlet, P, Poulenard, J, Fontaneto, D, Thuiller, W, Carteron, A, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Marta, Silvio, Guerrieri, Alessia, Cantera, Isabel, Bonin, Aurélie, Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie, Ambrosini, Roberto, Caccianiga, Marco, Anthelme, Fabien, Azzoni, Roberto Sergio, Almond, Peter, Alviz Gazitúa, Pablo, Ceballos Lievano, Jorge Luis, Chand, Pritam, Chand Sharma, Milap, Clague, John J., Cochachín Rapre, Justiniano Alejo, Compostella, Chiara, Encarnación, Rolando Cruz, Dangles, Olivier, Deline, Philip, Eger, Andre, Erokhin, Sergey, Franzetti, Andrea, Gielly, Ludovic, Gili, Fabrizio, Gobbi, Mauro, Hågvar, Sigmund, Kaufmann, Rüdiger, Khedim, Norine, Meneses, Rosa Isela, Morales-Martínez, Marco Aurelio, Peyre, Gwendolyn, Pittino, Francesca, Proietto, Angela, Rabatel, Antoine, Sieron, Katrin, Tielidze, Levan, Urseitova, Nurai, Yang, Yan, Zaginaev, Vitalii, Zerboni, Andrea, Zimmer, Anaïs, Diolaiuti, Guglielmina Adele, Taberlet, Pierre, Poulenard, Jerome, Fontaneto, Diego, Thuiller, Wilfried, Carteron, Alexis, Ficetola, G, Marta, S, Guerrieri, A, Cantera, I, Bonin, A, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ambrosini, R, Caccianiga, M, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Kaufmann, R, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Morales-Martínez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Proietto, A, Rabatel, A, Sieron, K, Tielidze, L, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Taberlet, P, Poulenard, J, Fontaneto, D, Thuiller, W, Carteron, A, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Marta, Silvio, Guerrieri, Alessia, Cantera, Isabel, Bonin, Aurélie, Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie, Ambrosini, Roberto, Caccianiga, Marco, Anthelme, Fabien, Azzoni, Roberto Sergio, Almond, Peter, Alviz Gazitúa, Pablo, Ceballos Lievano, Jorge Luis, Chand, Pritam, Chand Sharma, Milap, Clague, John J., Cochachín Rapre, Justiniano Alejo, Compostella, Chiara, Encarnación, Rolando Cruz, Dangles, Olivier, Deline, Philip, Eger, Andre, Erokhin, Sergey, Franzetti, Andrea, Gielly, Ludovic, Gili, Fabrizio, Gobbi, Mauro, Hågvar, Sigmund, Kaufmann, Rüdiger, Khedim, Norine, Meneses, Rosa Isela, Morales-Martínez, Marco Aurelio, Peyre, Gwendolyn, Pittino, Francesca, Proietto, Angela, Rabatel, Antoine, Sieron, Katrin, Tielidze, Levan, Urseitova, Nurai, Yang, Yan, Zaginaev, Vitalii, Zerboni, Andrea, Zimmer, Anaïs, Diolaiuti, Guglielmina Adele, Taberlet, Pierre, Poulenard, Jerome, Fontaneto, Diego, Thuiller, Wilfried, and Carteron, Alexis

Abstract

The global retreat of glaciers is dramatically altering mountain and high-latitude landscapes, with new ecosystems developing from apparently barren substrates1–4. The study of these emerging ecosystems is critical to understanding how climate change interacts with microhabitat and biotic communities and determines the future of ice-free terrains1,5. Here, using a comprehensive characterization of ecosystems (soil properties, microclimate, productivity and biodiversity by environmental DNA metabarcoding6) across 46 proglacial landscapes worldwide, we found that all the environmental properties change with time since glaciers retreated, and that temperature modulates the accumulation of soil nutrients. The richness of bacteria, fungi, plants and animals increases with time since deglaciation, but their temporal patterns differ. Microorganisms colonized most rapidly in the first decades after glacier retreat, whereas most macroorganisms took longer. Increased habitat suitability, growing complexity of biotic interactions and temporal colonization all contribute to the increase in biodiversity over time. These processes also modify community composition for all the groups of organisms. Plant communities show positive links with all other biodiversity components and have a key role in ecosystem development. These unifying patterns provide new insights into the early dynamics of deglaciated terrains and highlight the need for integrated surveillance of their multiple environmental properties5.

Published
2024

3. Dynamics and drivers of mycorrhizal fungi after glacier retreat

Author

Carteron, A, Cantera, I, Guerrieri, A, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruz Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Thuiller, W, Caccianiga, M, Ficetola, G, Ceballos Lievano, JL, Urseitova,N, Ficetola, GF, Carteron, A, Cantera, I, Guerrieri, A, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruz Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Thuiller, W, Caccianiga, M, Ficetola, G, Ceballos Lievano, JL, Urseitova,N, and Ficetola, GF

Abstract

The development of terrestrial ecosystems depends greatly on plant mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi. The global retreat of glaciers exposes nutrient-poor substrates in extreme environments and provides a unique opportunity to study early successions of mycorrhizal fungi by assessing their dynamics and drivers. We combined environmental DNA metabarcoding and measurements of local conditions to assess the succession of mycorrhizal communities during soil development in 46 glacier forelands around the globe, testing whether dynamics and drivers differ between mycorrhizal types. Mycorrhizal fungi colonized deglaciated areas very quickly (< 10 yr), with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi tending to become more diverse through time compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi. Both alpha- and beta-diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were significantly related to time since glacier retreat and plant communities, while microclimate and primary productivity were more important for ectomycorrhizal fungi. The richness and composition of mycorrhizal communities were also significantly explained by soil chemistry, highlighting the importance of microhabitat for community dynamics. The acceleration of ice melt and the modifications of microclimate forecasted by climate change scenarios are expected to impact the diversity of mycorrhizal partners. These changes could alter the interactions underlying biotic colonization and belowground–aboveground linkages, with multifaceted impacts on soil development and associated ecological processes.

Published
2024

5. The retreat of mountain glaciers since the little ice age: A spatially explicit database

Author

Marta, S, Azzoni, R, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, P, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitua, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Lievano, J, Clague, J, Rapre, J, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnacion, R, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martinez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, M, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Rabatel, A, Ficetola, G, Marta S., Azzoni R. S., Fugazza D., Tielidze L., Chand P., Sieron K., Almond P., Ambrosini R., Anthelme F., Alviz Gazitua P., Bhambri R., Bonin A., Caccianiga M., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Lievano J. L. C., Clague J., Rapre J. A. C., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Encarnacion R. C., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Guerrieri A., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Kinyanjui R., Messager E., Morales-Martinez M. A., Peyre G., Pittino F., Poulenard J., Seppi R., Sharma M. C., Urseitova N., Weissling B., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zimmer A., Diolaiuti G. A., Rabatel A., Ficetola G. F., Marta, S, Azzoni, R, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, P, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitua, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Lievano, J, Clague, J, Rapre, J, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnacion, R, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martinez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, M, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Rabatel, A, Ficetola, G, Marta S., Azzoni R. S., Fugazza D., Tielidze L., Chand P., Sieron K., Almond P., Ambrosini R., Anthelme F., Alviz Gazitua P., Bhambri R., Bonin A., Caccianiga M., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Lievano J. L. C., Clague J., Rapre J. A. C., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Encarnacion R. C., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Guerrieri A., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Kinyanjui R., Messager E., Morales-Martinez M. A., Peyre G., Pittino F., Poulenard J., Seppi R., Sharma M. C., Urseitova N., Weissling B., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zimmer A., Diolaiuti G. A., Rabatel A., and Ficetola G. F.

Abstract

Most of the world’s mountain glaciers have been retreating for more than a century in response to climate change. Glacier retreat is evident on all continents, and the rate of retreat has accelerated during recent decades. Accurate, spatially explicit information on the position of glacier margins over time is useful for analyzing patterns of glacier retreat and measuring reductions in glacier surface area. This information is also essential for evaluating how mountain ecosystems are evolving due to climate warming and the attendant glacier retreat. Here, we present a non-comprehensive spatially explicit dataset showing multiple positions of glacier fronts since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maxima, including many data from the pre-satellite era. The dataset is based on multiple historical archival records including topographical maps; repeated photographs, paintings, and aerial or satellite images with a supplement of geochronology; and own field data. We provide ESRI shapefiles showing 728 past positions of 94 glacier fronts from all continents, except Antarctica, covering the period between the Little Ice Age maxima and the present. On average, the time series span the past 190 years. From 2 to 46 past positions per glacier are depicted (on average: 7.8).

Published
2021

6. Topsoil organic matter build-up in glacier forelands around the world

Author

Khedim, N, Cecillon, L, Poulenard, J, Barre, P, Baudin, F, Marta, S, Rabatel, A, Dentant, C, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Anthelme, F, Gielly, L, Ambrosini, R, Franzetti, A, Azzoni, R, Caccianiga, M, Compostella, C, Clague, J, Tielidze, L, Messager, E, Choler, P, Ficetola, G, Khedim N., Cecillon L., Poulenard J., Barre P., Baudin F., Marta S., Rabatel A., Dentant C., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Anthelme F., Gielly L., Ambrosini R., Franzetti A., Azzoni R. S., Caccianiga M. S., Compostella C., Clague J., Tielidze L., Messager E., Choler P., Ficetola G. F., Khedim, N, Cecillon, L, Poulenard, J, Barre, P, Baudin, F, Marta, S, Rabatel, A, Dentant, C, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Anthelme, F, Gielly, L, Ambrosini, R, Franzetti, A, Azzoni, R, Caccianiga, M, Compostella, C, Clague, J, Tielidze, L, Messager, E, Choler, P, Ficetola, G, Khedim N., Cecillon L., Poulenard J., Barre P., Baudin F., Marta S., Rabatel A., Dentant C., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Anthelme F., Gielly L., Ambrosini R., Franzetti A., Azzoni R. S., Caccianiga M. S., Compostella C., Clague J., Tielidze L., Messager E., Choler P., and Ficetola G. F.

Abstract

Since the last glacial maximum, soil formation related to ice-cover shrinkage has been one major sink of carbon accumulating as soil organic matter (SOM), a phenomenon accelerated by the ongoing global warming. In recently deglacierized forelands, processes of SOM accumulation, including those that control carbon and nitrogen sequestration rates and biogeochemical stability of newly sequestered carbon, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the build-up of SOM during the initial stages (up to 410 years) of topsoil development in 10 glacier forelands distributed on four continents. We test whether the net accumulation of SOM on glacier forelands (i) depends on the time since deglacierization and local climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation); (ii) is accompanied by a decrease in its stability and (iii) is mostly due to an increasing contribution of organic matter from plant origin. We measured total SOM concentration (carbon, nitrogen), its relative hydrogen/oxygen enrichment, stable isotopic (13C, 15N) and carbon functional groups (C-H, C=O, C=C) compositions, and its distribution in carbon pools of different thermal stability. We show that SOM content increases with time and is faster on forelands experiencing warmer climates. The build-up of SOM pools shows consistent trends across the studied soil chronosequences. During the first decades of soil development, the low amount of SOM is dominated by a thermally stable carbon pool with a small and highly thermolabile pool. The stability of SOM decreases with soil age at all sites, indicating that SOM storage is dominated by the accumulation of labile SOM during the first centuries of soil development, and suggesting plant carbon inputs to soil (SOM depleted in nitrogen, enriched in hydrogen and in aromatic carbon). Our findings highlight the potential vulnerability of SOM stocks from proglacial areas to decomposition and suggest that their durability largely depends on the relative contributio

Published
2021

8. The Retreat of Mountain Glaciers since the Little Ice Age: A Spatially Explicit Database

Author

Marta, Silvio, Azzoni, Roberto, Fugazza, Davide, Tielidze, Levan, Chand, Pritam, Sieron, Katrin, Almond, Peter, Ambrosini, Roberto, Anthelme, Fabien, Alviz Gazitúa, Pablo, Bhambri, Rakesh, Bonin, Aurélie, Caccianiga, Marco, Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie, Ceballos Lievano, Jorge, Clague, John, Cochachín Rapre, Justiniano, Dangles, Olivier, Deline, Philip, Eger, Andre, Cruz Encarnación, Rolando, Erokhin, Sergey, Franzetti, Andrea, Gielly, Ludovic, Gili, Fabrizio, Gobbi, Mauro, Guerrieri, Alessia, Hågvar, Sigmund, Khedim, Norine, Kinyanjui, Rahab, Messager, Erwan, Morales-Martínez, Marco, Peyre, Gwendolyn, Pittino, Francesca, Poulenard, Jerome, Seppi, Roberto, Chand Sharma, Milap, Urseitova, Nurai, Weissling, Blake, Yang, Yan, Zaginaev, Vitalii, Zimmer, Anaïs, Diolaiuti, Guglielmina, Rabatel, Antoine, Ficetola, Gentile, Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), Victoria University of Wellington, University of Central Punjab, Universidad Veracruzana, Lincoln University, New Zealand, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad de los Lagos (Chile), Heidelberg University, Riverly (Riverly), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Simon Fraser University (SFU.ca), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), University of Pavia, National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Marta, S, Azzoni, R, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, P, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitua, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Lievano, J, Clague, J, Rapre, J, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnacion, R, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martinez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, M, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Rabatel, A, Ficetola, G, Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes (RiverLy), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Università degli Studi di Pavia = University of Pavia (UNIPV), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )

Subjects
climate change, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, global scale, little ice age, pre-satellite era, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Glacier retreat, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, glacier retreat, Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
Abstract

International audience; Most of the world’s mountain glaciers have been retreating for more than a century in response to climate change. Glacier retreat is evident on all continents, and the rate of retreat has accelerated during recent decades. Accurate, spatially explicit information on the position of glacier margins over time is useful for analyzing patterns of glacier retreat and measuring reductions in glacier surface area. This information is also essential for evaluating how mountain ecosystems are evolving due to climate warming and the attendant glacier retreat. Here, we present a non-comprehensive spatially explicit dataset showing multiple positions of glacier fronts since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maxima, including many data from the pre-satellite era. The dataset is based on multiple historical archival records including topographical maps; repeated photographs, paintings, and aerial or satellite images with a supplement of geochronology; and own field data. We provide ESRI shapefiles showing 728 past positions of 94 glacier fronts from all continents, except Antarctica, covering the period between the Little Ice Age maxima and the present. On average, the time series span the past 190 years. From 2 to 46 past positions per glacier are depicted (on average: 7.8)

Published
2021
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9. Topsoil organic matter build-up in glacier forelands around the world

Author

Khedim, Norine, Cécillon, Lauric, Poulenard, Jérôme, Barré, Pierre, Baudin, François, Marta, Silvio, Rabatel, Antoine, Dentant, Cédric, Cauvy‐Fraunié, Sophie, Anthelme, Fabien, Gielly, Ludovic, Ambrosini, Roberto, Franzetti, Andrea, Azzoni, Roberto Sergio, Caccianiga, Marco Stefano, Compostella, Chiara, Clague, John, Tielidze, Levan, Messager, Erwan, Choler, Philippe, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Khedim, N, Cecillon, L, Poulenard, J, Barre, P, Baudin, F, Marta, S, Rabatel, A, Dentant, C, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Anthelme, F, Gielly, L, Ambrosini, R, Franzetti, A, Azzoni, R, Caccianiga, M, Compostella, C, Clague, J, Tielidze, L, Messager, E, Choler, P, Ficetola, G, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), University of Milan, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Parc national des Ecrins, Riverly (Riverly), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Simon Fraser University (SFU.ca), Victoria University of Wellington, Emergence(s) Programme Ville de Paris-European Community Horizon 2020 Programme : 772284-LabEx OSUG@2020 : ANR10 LABX56, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes (RiverLy)

Subjects
Nitrogen, Temperature, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Primary Research Articles, Carbon, chronosequence, Soil, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, soil organic matter, climate sensitivity, Primary Research Article, Ice Cover, topsoil development, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, carbon stability
Abstract

Since the last glacial maximum, soil formation related to ice‐cover shrinkage has been one major sink of carbon accumulating as soil organic matter (SOM), a phenomenon accelerated by the ongoing global warming. In recently deglacierized forelands, processes of SOM accumulation, including those that control carbon and nitrogen sequestration rates and biogeochemical stability of newly sequestered carbon, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the build‐up of SOM during the initial stages (up to 410 years) of topsoil development in 10 glacier forelands distributed on four continents. We test whether the net accumulation of SOM on glacier forelands (i) depends on the time since deglacierization and local climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation); (ii) is accompanied by a decrease in its stability and (iii) is mostly due to an increasing contribution of organic matter from plant origin. We measured total SOM concentration (carbon, nitrogen), its relative hydrogen/oxygen enrichment, stable isotopic (13C, 15N) and carbon functional groups (C‐H, C=O, C=C) compositions, and its distribution in carbon pools of different thermal stability. We show that SOM content increases with time and is faster on forelands experiencing warmer climates. The build‐up of SOM pools shows consistent trends across the studied soil chronosequences. During the first decades of soil development, the low amount of SOM is dominated by a thermally stable carbon pool with a small and highly thermolabile pool. The stability of SOM decreases with soil age at all sites, indicating that SOM storage is dominated by the accumulation of labile SOM during the first centuries of soil development, and suggesting plant carbon inputs to soil (SOM depleted in nitrogen, enriched in hydrogen and in aromatic carbon). Our findings highlight the potential vulnerability of SOM stocks from proglacial areas to decomposition and suggest that their durability largely depends on the relative contribution of carbon inputs from plants., In glacier forelands all over the world, the organic matter build‐up during the initial stages of topsoil development is strongly modulated by climate: a warmer climate accelerates accumulation of organic matter. We also detected a decreasing thermal stability of soil organic matter along the chronosequences. The observed changes in soil organic matter elemental stoichiometry, aromaticity and stable isotope signature with soil organic matter accumulation suggest an increasing contribution of organic matter from plant origin during the first centuries of topsoil development.

Published
2021
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10. The retreat of mountain glaciers since the Little Ice Age: A spatially explicit database

Author

Marta, S, Azzoni, RS, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, Peter, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Lievano, JLC, Clague, J, Rapre, JAC, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnación, RC, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hågvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martínez, MA, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, MC, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, GA, Rabatel, A, and Ficetola, GF

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11. The development of terrestrial ecosystems emerging after glacier retreat.

Author

Ficetola GF, Marta S, Guerrieri A, Cantera I, Bonin A, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Ambrosini R, Caccianiga M, Anthelme F, Azzoni RS, Almond P, Alviz Gazitúa P, Ceballos Lievano JL, Chand P, Chand Sharma M, Clague JJ, Cochachín Rapre JA, Compostella C, Encarnación RC, Dangles O, Deline P, Eger A, Erokhin S, Franzetti A, Gielly L, Gili F, Gobbi M, Hågvar S, Kaufmann R, Khedim N, Meneses RI, Morales-Martínez MA, Peyre G, Pittino F, Proietto A, Rabatel A, Sieron K, Tielidze L, Urseitova N, Yang Y, Zaginaev V, Zerboni A, Zimmer A, Diolaiuti GA, Taberlet P, Poulenard J, Fontaneto D, Thuiller W, and Carteron A

Subjects
Animals, Bacteria classification, Bacteria genetics, Bacteria isolation & purification, Fungi classification, Fungi genetics, Fungi isolation & purification, Plants microbiology, Soil chemistry, Soil Microbiology, Temperature, Time Factors, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, Microclimate, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Ice Cover microbiology, Global Warming
Abstract

The global retreat of glaciers is dramatically altering mountain and high-latitude landscapes, with new ecosystems developing from apparently barren substrates 1-4 . The study of these emerging ecosystems is critical to understanding how climate change interacts with microhabitat and biotic communities and determines the future of ice-free terrains 1,5 . Here, using a comprehensive characterization of ecosystems (soil properties, microclimate, productivity and biodiversity by environmental DNA metabarcoding 6 ) across 46 proglacial landscapes worldwide, we found that all the environmental properties change with time since glaciers retreated, and that temperature modulates the accumulation of soil nutrients. The richness of bacteria, fungi, plants and animals increases with time since deglaciation, but their temporal patterns differ. Microorganisms colonized most rapidly in the first decades after glacier retreat, whereas most macroorganisms took longer. Increased habitat suitability, growing complexity of biotic interactions and temporal colonization all contribute to the increase in biodiversity over time. These processes also modify community composition for all the groups of organisms. Plant communities show positive links with all other biodiversity components and have a key role in ecosystem development. These unifying patterns provide new insights into the early dynamics of deglaciated terrains and highlight the need for integrated surveillance of their multiple environmental properties 5 ., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Published
2024
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12. Dynamics and drivers of mycorrhizal fungi after glacier retreat.

Author

Carteron A, Cantera I, Guerrieri A, Marta S, Bonin A, Ambrosini R, Anthelme F, Azzoni RS, Almond P, Alviz Gazitúa P, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Ceballos Lievano JL, Chand P, Chand Sharma M, Clague JJ, Cochachín Rapre JA, Compostella C, Cruz Encarnación R, Dangles O, Eger A, Erokhin S, Franzetti A, Gielly L, Gili F, Gobbi M, Hågvar S, Khedim N, Meneses RI, Peyre G, Pittino F, Rabatel A, Urseitova N, Yang Y, Zaginaev V, Zerboni A, Zimmer A, Taberlet P, Diolaiuti GA, Poulenard J, Thuiller W, Caccianiga M, and Ficetola GF

Subjects
Soil chemistry, Microclimate, Soil Microbiology, Mycorrhizae physiology, Ice Cover microbiology, Biodiversity
Abstract

The development of terrestrial ecosystems depends greatly on plant mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi. The global retreat of glaciers exposes nutrient-poor substrates in extreme environments and provides a unique opportunity to study early successions of mycorrhizal fungi by assessing their dynamics and drivers. We combined environmental DNA metabarcoding and measurements of local conditions to assess the succession of mycorrhizal communities during soil development in 46 glacier forelands around the globe, testing whether dynamics and drivers differ between mycorrhizal types. Mycorrhizal fungi colonized deglaciated areas very quickly (< 10 yr), with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi tending to become more diverse through time compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi. Both alpha- and beta-diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were significantly related to time since glacier retreat and plant communities, while microclimate and primary productivity were more important for ectomycorrhizal fungi. The richness and composition of mycorrhizal communities were also significantly explained by soil chemistry, highlighting the importance of microhabitat for community dynamics. The acceleration of ice melt and the modifications of microclimate forecasted by climate change scenarios are expected to impact the diversity of mycorrhizal partners. These changes could alter the interactions underlying biotic colonization and belowground-aboveground linkages, with multifaceted impacts on soil development and associated ecological processes., (© 2024 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2024 New Phytologist Foundation.)

Published
2024
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13. The importance of species addition 'versus' replacement varies over succession in plant communities after glacier retreat.

Author

Cantera I, Carteron A, Guerrieri A, Marta S, Bonin A, Ambrosini R, Anthelme F, Azzoni RS, Almond P, Alviz Gazitúa P, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Ceballos Lievano JL, Chand P, Chand Sharma M, Clague J, Cochachín Rapre JA, Compostella C, Cruz Encarnación R, Dangles O, Eger A, Erokhin S, Franzetti A, Gielly L, Gili F, Gobbi M, Hågvar S, Khedim N, Meneses RI, Peyre G, Pittino F, Rabatel A, Urseitova N, Yang Y, Zaginaev V, Zerboni A, Zimmer A, Taberlet P, Diolaiuti GA, Poulenard J, Thuiller W, Caccianiga M, and Ficetola GF

Subjects
Ice Cover, Plants
Abstract

The mechanisms underlying plant succession remain highly debated. Due to the local scope of most studies, we lack a global quantification of the relative importance of species addition 'versus' replacement. We assessed the role of these processes in the variation (β-diversity) of plant communities colonizing the forelands of 46 retreating glaciers worldwide, using both environmental DNA and traditional surveys. Our findings indicate that addition and replacement concur in determining community changes in deglaciated sites, but their relative importance varied over time. Taxa addition dominated immediately after glacier retreat, as expected in harsh environments, while replacement became more important for late-successional communities. These changes were aligned with total β-diversity changes, which were more pronounced between early-successional communities than between late-successional communities (>50 yr since glacier retreat). Despite the complexity of community assembly during plant succession, the observed global pattern suggests a generalized shift from the dominance of facilitation and/or stochastic processes in early-successional communities to a predominance of competition later on., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Published
2024
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14. Local climate modulates the development of soil nematode communities after glacier retreat.

Author

Guerrieri A, Cantera I, Marta S, Bonin A, Carteron A, Ambrosini R, Caccianiga M, Anthelme F, Azzoni RS, Almond P, Alviz Gazitúa P, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Ceballos Lievano JL, Chand P, Chand Sharma M, Clague J, Cochachín Rapre JA, Compostella C, Cruz Encarnación R, Dangles O, Deline P, Eger A, Erokhin S, Franzetti A, Gielly L, Gili F, Gobbi M, Hågvar S, Khedim N, Meneses RI, Peyre G, Pittino F, Proietto A, Rabatel A, Urseitova N, Yang Y, Zaginaev V, Zerboni A, Zimmer A, Taberlet P, Diolaiuti GA, Poulenard J, Fontaneto D, Thuiller W, and Ficetola GF

Subjects
Animals, Soil, Ice Cover, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Nematoda
Abstract

The worldwide retreat of glaciers is causing a faster than ever increase in ice-free areas that are leading to the emergence of new ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of these environments is critical to predicting the consequences of climate change on mountains and at high latitudes. Climatic differences between regions of the world could modulate the emergence of biodiversity and functionality after glacier retreat, yet global tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Nematodes are the most abundant soil animals, with keystone roles in ecosystem functioning, but the lack of global-scale studies limits our understanding of how the taxonomic and functional diversity of nematodes changes during the colonization of proglacial landscapes. We used environmental DNA metabarcoding to characterize nematode communities of 48 glacier forelands from five continents. We assessed how different facets of biodiversity change with the age of deglaciated terrains and tested the hypothesis that colonization patterns are different across forelands with different climatic conditions. Nematodes colonized ice-free areas almost immediately. Both taxonomic and functional richness quickly increased over time, but the increase in nematode diversity was modulated by climate, so that colonization started earlier in forelands with mild summer temperatures. Colder forelands initially hosted poor communities, but the colonization rate then accelerated, eventually leveling biodiversity differences between climatic regimes in the long term. Immediately after glacier retreat, communities were dominated by colonizer taxa with short generation time and r-ecological strategy but community composition shifted through time, with increased frequency of more persister taxa with K-ecological strategy. These changes mostly occurred through the addition of new traits instead of their replacement during succession. The effects of local climate on nematode colonization led to heterogeneous but predictable patterns around the world that likely affect soil communities and overall ecosystem development., (© 2023 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2024
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15. Topsoil organic matter build-up in glacier forelands around the world.

Author

Khedim N, Cécillon L, Poulenard J, Barré P, Baudin F, Marta S, Rabatel A, Dentant C, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Anthelme F, Gielly L, Ambrosini R, Franzetti A, Azzoni RS, Caccianiga MS, Compostella C, Clague J, Tielidze L, Messager E, Choler P, and Ficetola GF

Subjects
Carbon, Nitrogen, Temperature, Ice Cover, Soil
Abstract

Since the last glacial maximum, soil formation related to ice-cover shrinkage has been one major sink of carbon accumulating as soil organic matter (SOM), a phenomenon accelerated by the ongoing global warming. In recently deglacierized forelands, processes of SOM accumulation, including those that control carbon and nitrogen sequestration rates and biogeochemical stability of newly sequestered carbon, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the build-up of SOM during the initial stages (up to 410 years) of topsoil development in 10 glacier forelands distributed on four continents. We test whether the net accumulation of SOM on glacier forelands (i) depends on the time since deglacierization and local climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation); (ii) is accompanied by a decrease in its stability and (iii) is mostly due to an increasing contribution of organic matter from plant origin. We measured total SOM concentration (carbon, nitrogen), its relative hydrogen/oxygen enrichment, stable isotopic ( 13 C, 15 N) and carbon functional groups (C-H, C=O, C=C) compositions, and its distribution in carbon pools of different thermal stability. We show that SOM content increases with time and is faster on forelands experiencing warmer climates. The build-up of SOM pools shows consistent trends across the studied soil chronosequences. During the first decades of soil development, the low amount of SOM is dominated by a thermally stable carbon pool with a small and highly thermolabile pool. The stability of SOM decreases with soil age at all sites, indicating that SOM storage is dominated by the accumulation of labile SOM during the first centuries of soil development, and suggesting plant carbon inputs to soil (SOM depleted in nitrogen, enriched in hydrogen and in aromatic carbon). Our findings highlight the potential vulnerability of SOM stocks from proglacial areas to decomposition and suggest that their durability largely depends on the relative contribution of carbon inputs from plants., (© 2020 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2021
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