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Machine breakdown is inversely proportional to productivity. Breakdowns on critical machines disrupt the desired productivity significantly. To date, many procedures have been deployed to reduce the breakdown time. This paper deals with the application of expert system using the key principles of lean manufacturing. We developed systematic operating procedure to reduce the breakdown time of a specified machine in a cigarette manufacturing industry. In addition, this research explains to industries as how to get expert opinions irrespective of the expert's availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction projects are measured in terms of cost, quality and time. Project success is related to completion of projects within a specified budget. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (province of Pakistan) is facing project management related issues such as cost overrun. Cost is among the most important contemplations throughout the project management life cycle. It can be looked upon as one of the most significant parameters of a project and the driving force for its success. In order to point out the significant factors that cause cost overrun of construction projects. In this paper, a total of 31 factors are selected. Data is in the form of feedback from construction practitioners and subject matter experts. The statistical tools such as mean and relative importance index are used to identify significant factors related to cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]