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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has emerged as a linchpin (Chinese Word for Fundamental), in the global landscape, symbolizing a transformative approach to international collaboration through comprehensive infrastructural development. This research delves into the multifaceted dimensions of the CPEC construction, unravelling its profound impact on regional dynamics and its pivotal role in nurturing economic growth for both China and Pakistan. In the wake of evolving Sino-Pak relations, the genesis of CPEC can be traced back to a shared vision of economic prosperity. This paper unfolds against the backdrop of historical context, exploring the imperative need for economic cooperation that spurred the initiation of discussions leading to the ambitious corridor. The construction phase of CPEC, outlined in this research, stands as a testament to the strategic foresight that envisions a modern Silk Road, intertwining the destinies of nations through an intricate network of roads, railways, and energy projects. At the heart of the study lies a detailed examination of the objectives and scope of CPEC construction. The goals and aims of this colossal initiative are dissected, with a specific focus on key sectors such as transportation and energy. By scrutinizing major infrastructure projects, including the Gwadar Port and various transportation networks, the research aims to illuminate the technological advancements and innovations that have propelled the construction phase forward. Simultaneously, challenges encountered during this complex process are identified, providing a nuanced understanding of the hurdles faced in reshaping the regional landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of train detection methods, comparing traditional systems with proposed alternatives i.e. Image Processing. The primary objective is to address the critical need for accurate train detection in railway operations while considering the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of implementation. Traditional methods, such as track circuiting and axle counting, are examined for their characteristics, instrumentation, and costs. In contrast, the proposed methods leverage modern technologies image processing, aiming to provide reliable and economical alternatives. The study includes a detailed exploration of the operational characteristics, requirements, applications, costs, limitations, and potential improvements for each method. The comparative analysis evaluates factors such as ease of operation, cost-effectiveness, level of risk, complexity of integration with existing systems, and overall system cost. The findings aim to guide railways in choosing suitable and efficient train detection methods, considering their specific operational needs and budget constraints. The research concludes with recommendations for implementation and suggestions for future developments in train detection technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan Railways is the largest federal organization to offer transport services for passengers and cargo. The significance of this enterprise is increased due to its characteristic of environment friendly mode of transportation. As the transportation work is run through some kind of fuel, mitigation of the adverse effects of the fuel on environment is a big challenge for the concerned authorities. Pakistan Railways is making great effort to play its role as a sustainable and environment-friendly mode of transport across the country. The sustainability of this organization solely depends on its revenue generation and this revenue generation is affected by certain factors. To analyze this sustainability, the relation between economic growth, inflation, and passenger revenue of Pakistan Railways is estimated. Time series data of twenty (20) years (1999-2018) is used, derived from the database of the World Bank's World Data Indicator. The Granger causality test is used to find out the correlation among any two or more variables. Empirical results indicate that there is no casual relation between economic growth and passenger revenue of Pakistan Railways. Whereas, bidirectional relation is found between Inflation and passenger revenue of Pakistan Railways. It indicates that Pakistan Railways can play a better role to increase the economic productivity of the country by adopting competitive passenger tariff and a consolidated transportation policy. That is equally beneficial for profitability thus sustainability of Pakistan Railways and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capital of Pakistan's Punjab province, Lahore, has improved public transportation in the city by implementing a number of mass transit projects' is one of the main initiatives. The line has seen a daily maximum ridership of 179,104. The BRT system offers commuters quick and effective service by having a designated bus corridor, contemporary buses, and multiple stations along the route. It has 27 stations/stops along the main Ferozpur Road, covering a distance of 27 kilometres. Orange Line Train is an additional mass transit project. It is a component of the Lahore Metro system and is run by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority. This is the first metro train in Pakistan. With 25.4 km above the ground and 1.72 km below, the line extends 27.1 km. There are 26 stops along the line, and 250,000 passengers are anticipated per day. We talked about Lahore's current main transit routes. examining the model divide and share in relation to specific areas' population densities and suggesting a new transit line to enhance the city's transportation infrastructure. We also offer advice on how to plan a new transit line to maximize its impact and efficacy. We suggested building a brand-new transit route that would link important job centers. The intended transit route would run on a dedicated bus lane, giving commuters access to a quicker and more dependable form of transit. This is going to be 14 stops long and 68 km in length. In conclusion, by offering passengers a quicker, more dependable, and environmentally friendly form of transportation, the proposed transit line has the potential to greatly enhance Lahore's transportation infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railways are renowned for being the most economical and hassle-free mode of passenger transportation, catering to both long-distance and suburban travel needs In Pakistan Railways, it has been noted that level crossings pose risks to both road users and train operations. In terms of severity and fatality rate, accidents associated with railroads are more hazardous compared to accidents in other modes of transportation. With the increasing number of vehicles, there is a need for automated equipment at level crossings to ensure the safety of both rail and road traffic. The purpose of this study is to design and implement an alarming system in Pakistan Railways which aims to prevent accidents between trains and road users at unmanned level crossings. To fulfill the requirements of level crossing safety, the system will display stop signals and alarm to all road users prior to the arrival of a train. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welding can be defined as the principal joining method for metals. Welding can be broadly classified into Fusion welding and Solid-State welding. Material like brass, copper and especially aluminum cannot be joined using conventional welding techniques. Conventional welding techniques generates additional scrap, poor weld strength, cracks, porosity, dangerous to environment, slag insertion, and unable to weld materials of different mechanical properties that is why rotary friction welding technique which is a type of Solid-State Welding used extensively in joining metallic and non-metallic specimen with effectiveness. The objective of this work is to give a better-quality Weld solution using rotary friction welding technique and its comparison with the unwelded specimen. In this work Vertical milling machine powered by motor, a continuous drive method was utilized for Welding of Aluminum alloy rods of varying diameter from 10mm to 12mm respectively. In this work three step methodology is followed. Firstly, dimensions, geometry and rotary friction welded specimen of Aluminum were prepared on vertical milling machine. Secondly destructive testing is performed for the tensile, compression, fatigue, hardness, and impact strength of the welded and unwelded specimen. Finally finite element analysis is carried out using experimental data resulted that the ultimate Tensile Strength of rotary friction welded specimen is 68% as that of unwelded specimen. As for Compression testing a significant decrease in length of 1.33% and increase in area of 8.88% is observed While in case of unwelded specimen compression is small i.e. Decrease in length is 0.61%, increase in area is 1.29%. In fatigue testing initially 1 N load is applied welded specimen tend not to fracture. Upon applying 24 N load welded specimen is fractured after 11 min 9 sec with a fatigue strength of 248 MPa(36Ksi). Impact Strength of rotary friction welded specimen is 2142.85 J/m and unwelded specimen is 2100 J/m. It is also observed that there is an increase in hardness at welding interface. It is concluded that the rotary friction welded joint produces small heat-affected zone, resulting in uniform properties all over the part, joint become more efficient due to appropriate strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines both traditional and cutting-edge testing on natural fibers. The testing of natural fibers is the subject of numerous research articles. Prior to being tested in a lab to determine their basic and cutting-edge properties, natural fibers are sampled and ready for analysis. Various lab tests on natural fibers are conducted to determine the properties that can it be used in the construction industry or not. Determination of natural fibers including their characteristics, mechanical properties, and their chemical composition. Various natural fibers such as sisal, kenaf, jute, kapok, sugarcane, coconut, cotton, wheat straw, rice straw, etc. can be used as sustainable construction materials after their basic and state of art testing determined on the prepared samples. These natural fibers are cut and are organized according to the prescribed standards and requirements, so the determination of their properties through the lab tests can be preceded. The problems included that the materials that are used in construction industry are harming our environment and they are not economical as much. The research on the determination of properties of the natural fibers is necessary to investigate the needs for construction industry to be economical and environmentally friendly by various basic and state of art testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancing world is requiring more constructions in recent times which is ultimately increasing carbon footprint and is alarming situation for environment as well as human beings. This emerging problem requires sustainable construction techniques to save the environment. For the related problem many researchers have worked to enhance the energy consumption in construction and have provided solutions accordingly. We have utilized block masonry in exterior envelope and have added multiple percentages of Saw dust to enhance thermal conductivity of block. The blocks with saw dust were tested to achieve thermal conductivity coefficient 'K'. This value was later added in virtual model of building created in BIM and then virtual model was converted to energy model using Insight 360. The optimum percentage of saw dust providing minimum energy consumption is achieved at 6+. This finding provides actionable insights for builders and construction professionals seeking to implement sustainable materials and techniques in their projects. Ultimately, the work contributes to the broader goal of promoting environmentally conscious construction practices and reducing the environmental impact of the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brain metastasis is the most common neurologic complication of systemic cancer. The aim of this study was to know about the spectrum of causes of cerebral metastasis. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Neurosurgery Department, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from January 2013 to December 2014. After taking consent from ethical research committee all patients of both genders irrespective of their age who had brain metastasis based on MRI brain and histopathology results were included in the study and those with primary brain tumors confirmed on histopathology and Patients with coagulopathy, unfit for GA, not willing for surgery were excluded from the study. Patients particulars like age, gender, pre-operative symptomology, primary site of metastasis, location of metastasis and type of treatment given were recorded on predesigned proforma. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20 and results were represented in the form of graphs and tables. Results: We studied 16 cases; 10(62.5%) males and 6(37.5%) females. The age range was from 14 to 92 years (mean 53 years). Headache and seizures were present in 5(31.25%) cases each, weakness/hemiplegia and cognitive/ behavioral disturbance in 4(25%) cases each, ataxia in one (6.25%) and one (6.25%) were asymptomatic. In 12(75%) cases Kernofsky Performance Score was >70 and in 4(25%) cases <70. Origin of cerebral metastasis was from the lungs in 7(43.75%) patients while from breast in 3(18.75%) cases. Conclusion: Cerebral metastasis occurs in old age mostly in males. The most common mode of presentation is headache, seizures, behavioral disturbance and neurological deficits. Lung tumors have greatest propensity to metastasize to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia is a common entity which is managed by neurosurgeons in day to day practice. Up-till now many treatment options have been adopted for it but micro-vascular decompression is much impressive in terms of pain control and recurrence rate in all of them. The objective of study was known the efficacy of micro vascular decompression for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia by using muscle patch in terms of immediate pain relief., Methods: This descriptive study was carried out in Neurosurgery Department lady reading hospital, Peshawar from January 2010 to December 2012. All patients who underwent micro vascular decompression for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia were included in the study. Patients were assessed 72 hours after the surgery by borrow neurological institute pain scale (BNIP scale) for pain relief and findings were documented on predesigned pro forma. Data was analysed by SPSS-17., Results: Total 52 patients were included in this study. Among these 32 (61.53%) were female and 20 (38.46%) were males having age from 22-76 years (mean 49 years). Right side was involved in 36 (69.23%) and left side in 16 (30.76%) patients. Duration of symptoms ranged from 6 months to 16 years (mean 8 years). History of dental extraction and peripheral neurectomy was present in 20 (38%) and 3 (5.76%) patients while V3 was most commonly involved branch with 28 (57.69%) frequency and combined V2, V3 involvement was 1 (11.53%). Superior cerebellar artery was most common offending vessel in 46 (88.46%) while arachnoid adhesions were in 2 (3.84%) patients. We assessed patient's immediate postoperatively using BNIP pain scale., Conclusion: Micro-vascular decompression is most effective mode of treatment for trigeminal neuralgia in terms of immediate pain relief.