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Antibiotics are critical in the management of a variety of bacterial infections, however, repeated infections produced by relentless bacteria are obstructing effective infection treatment and it is the most significant and vexing problem at the moment. Medicinal chemists face a difficult problem in developing appropriate lead compounds for various diseases, isatin and its hybrids would be one of them due to its versatility in many medications and its derivatives exhibit an extensive variety of structural and mechanistic properties. This review looks at the isatin hybrids that have probable antibacterial action. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) and the way of producing action are also examined in order to locate the course for the intent and expansion of isatin hybrids by means of increased efficacy, reduced toxicity and good pharmacokinetic profiles. Based on the findings, it can be inferred that 3-hydrazone, imine, spiro, oxindole, guanidino and N-alkyl, aryl, acyl substituted isatin hybrids with electronegative groups on other heterocycles have improved bactericidal activity. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of isatin is dependent on the binding linkage, such as amide (NHCO), carbonyl (CO) or other hetero atom-containing linkers that have improved antibacterial activity. This review gives an idea and scope for the synthesis of novel isatin-containing heterocyclics with the goal of having potent bactericidal activity.

Anionic surfactants in the river, particularly downstream in Delhi, have created massive foam-like conditions which may be harmful to aquatic life and humans that come in contact. The present study focussed on the quantification of anionic surfactants, biological contaminants in terms of total bacterial count, total and faecal coliform bacteria and qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria from the samples acquired from different sites of Yamuna river. The concentration of anionic surfactants was observed to be between 0.42-3.89 mg L-1 at Okhla barrage, which was significantly high as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO bridge. The total bacterial count of Okhla barrage was observed more as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO Bridge ranging between 9.7 × 106 to 9.1 × 108 CFU/mL. The findings of total coliform bacteria were observed to be consistently high at Wazirabad barrage ranging between 1.3 × 103 to 9.0 × 104 MPN/100 mL. Qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria showed the presence of P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., E. coli and S. aureus. Based on the results obtained in the study, it was inferred that the water quality of Yamuna river at Wazirabad barrage, ITO Bridge and Okhla barrage was poor and thus requires regular monitoring and call for immediate effective mitigation strategies.Anionic surfactants in the river, particularly downstream in Delhi, have created massive foam-like conditions which may be harmful to aquatic life and humans that come in contact. The present study focussed on the quantification of anionic surfactants, biological contaminants in terms of total bacterial count, total and faecal coliform bacteria and qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria from the samples acquired from different sites of Yamuna river. The concentration of anionic surfactants was observed to be between 0.42-3.89 mg L-1 at Okhla barrage, which was significantly high as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO bridge. The total bacterial count of Okhla barrage was observed more as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO Bridge ranging between 9.7 × 106 to 9.1 × 108 CFU/mL. The findings of total coliform bacteria were observed to be consistently high at Wazirabad barrage ranging between 1.3 × 103 to 9.0 × 104 MPN/100 mL. Qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria showed the presence of P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., E. coli and S. aureus. Based on the results obtained in the study, it was inferred that the water quality of Yamuna river at Wazirabad barrage, ITO Bridge and Okhla barrage was poor and thus requires regular monitoring and call for immediate effective mitigation strategies.

Plant extracts have always been used as an alternative source of antimicrobial compounds. The recent spread of multi-drug-resistant bacteria and their increased treatment costs necessitated the study of alternative, cheap sources. The family Euphorbiaceae has over 300 genera and is widely used in traditional medicine. Euphorbia triaculeata, E. fractiflexa, and E. inarticulata were selected to study the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract against 13 Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus) and 2 Gram-negative isolates, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, by the Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion test. Paper discs with different concentrations of the extracts (100, 50, and 25 µg mL−1) were prepared, along with the methanol control and standard antibiotic control. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was done to study the phytochemical components present in the plant methanolic extracts. A total of 50 different phytochemical compounds with antibacterial activity were detected by GC/MS analysis of the plants. Twenty-five compounds were detected in E. inarticulata, 24 in E. triaculeata, and 21 in E. fractiflexa. Out of 37 compounds found in E. inarticulata and E. triaculeata, 12 (32.43%) were common to both. Eleven (22%) compounds were unique to E. inarticulata, while 9 (18%) compounds were unique to E. triaculeata, and 13 (26%) compounds were unique to E. fractiflexa. E. fractiflexa showed the best antibacterial activity against MRSA and Gram-negative bacteria. It also showed higher unique compounds with antibacterial activity (26%), followed by E. inarticulata (11, 22%). This is the first GC/MS analysis and antimicrobial activity report of E. triaculeata and E. fractiflexa.