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The present study aims to compare the quality of soil of different region of Haridwar with reference to physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. To fulfill the objectives of present study, soil sampling was performed in forest (control site), industrial, residential and agricultural areas in and around Haridwar. Soil samples were analyzed for different physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. Values of all the studied soil parameters were found highest (an increase of 32% in temperature (16.63 to 21.640C), 121% in soil moisture (13.05 to 28.39%), 29.02% in soil porosity (37.56 to 49.03%), and 19.6% in the water holding capacity (36.22 to 43.58%), 74.18% in conductivity (0.25 to 0.40 µMhos/cm), and 203.78% in chloride (16.67 to 53.97mg/gm)) at the industrial area in comparison to other sites. During the course of the study, an increasing trend in all the parameters at all the sites was observed this may be due to the dumping of industrial solid waste and effluent. Although no negative impact was observed on the soil quality but continuous dumping will results in harmful impacts due to the accumulation of pollutants. Therefore there is a need for safe and proper disposal and utilization techniques to manage the enormous quantity of industrial waste. All the heavy metals (such as copper (0.050 to 0.055mg/gm), manganese (0.232 to 0.242mg/gm), nickel (0.035 to 0.036mg/gm), lead (0.039mg/gm), and iron (1.19 to 1.22) were found in higher concentration during the study period while cadmium was found absent during the study period.

Mosses have been known for millennia and highly esteemed all over the world as the rich source of bioactive compounds. The research targets on evolution of microbicidal potentialities of Rhodobryum roseum (extract) used against selected fungus (X. oryzae pv oryzae, S. enteric, P. multocida and M. plutonius) and bacteria (R. solani, S. rolfsii, F. oxysporum and T. indica) to assay antimicrobial activity. Impact of aqueous and undertaken organic viz., ethanol, acetone, choloform, petroleum ether, methanol extract of R. roseum, at varied concentrations and at different time intervals were examined against the growth of bacteria and fungus. All the aqueous extracts were proved to be infective against all the tested pathogens. The antimicrobial potential of six extracts was screened against undertaken bacteria and fungi using micro broth dilution assay. Out of the six (diverse organic and aqueous) extract of R. roseum in ethanol and acetone showed maximum inhibitory activity in S. rolfsii with the MIC value of 5.00 (µg/ml),  along with MFC value of 6.25 (µg/ml) in acetone extract and the value of MBC was recorded utmost in X. oryzae with value 3.00 (µg/ml) extracted in ethanol. Over all, the organic extract of R. roseum has potent antimicrobial activity and could be possible source of lead molecules considered for the future development of microbicidal agent.

Water is quite essential natural element for all kinds of life. The quality of water is vital concern for mankind since it is directly linked with human welfare. The water samples were collected from sewage treatment plant (from both 18 MLD and 27 MLD) situated in Jagjeetpur, Haridwar. The study was carried out for a period of four months and total 15 sampling were done during this period. Results revealed that in inlet pH varied from 7.13 to 8.76 and in outlet 6.01 to 8.2, total solids in inlet varied from 751 mg/l to 897 mg/l and in outlet from 509 mg/l to 749 mg/l. The total hardness in inlet was found between 212mg/l  to 249 mg/l and in outlet from 178 mg/l to 210 mg/l. Chloride in inlet varied from 96.5 mg/l to 112.9 mg/l and in outlet 45.4 mg/l to 57.2 mg/l , alkalinity values in inlet were reported between 178 mg/l to 211 mg/l  and in outlet from  154 mg/l to 205 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen in inlet was found between 0.70 mg/l to 1.96 mg/l and in outlet from 4.01 mg/l to 6.22 mg/l. Biochemical oxygen demand in inlet ranges from 90 mg/l to 129 mg/l and in outlet from 3.6 mg/l to 8.5 mg/l , Chemical oxygen demand in inlet ranges from 231 mg/l to 252 mg/l and in outlet from 16 mg/l to 30 mg/l. This study showed that both the treatment plants are working in good condition.

With the rapid growth of industrialization, water pollution has increased tremendously. The inadequate wastewater management seriously affects the environment; phytoremediation provides a low cost alternative for the waste management.  Most of the waste water discharged into water bodies, disturbs the ecological balance and deteriorates the water quality. Phytoremediation provides the low cost eco-friendly method for the wastewater treatment. These are frequently in use by the large scale organisations for the treatment of the wastewater of choice. These artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of macrophytes are dependent upon various processes like microbial, biological, physical and chemical process for the treatment of the effluent. For the current study free floating aquatic macrophytes Lemna sp. and Eichorniasp. were used to treat the effluents from dairy factory, the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of dairy effluent were reduced significantly after treatment with phytoremediation experiments.

The present communication highlights the seasonal abundance and fluctuations trends of planktonic population of River Beas in relation to its physico-chemical parameters. Plankton plays an  important role for maintaining the productivity of the water body. Plankton refers to microscopic aquatic plant having little or no resistant to water current and living free floating and suspended in open or pelagic water. Present investigation revealed the presence of Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Rodophyceae and Cyanophyceae among phytoplankton groups and Copepods followed by Rotifers, Protozoans, and Cladocerans among Zooplankton. A total of 26 phytoplankton genera were encountered with most dominant being Closteridium, Schroederia, Ulothrix, Closteriopsis, Gomphonema and Batrachospermum. Maximum population of phytoplankton was observed during winter season where as minimum was observed in rainy season.

In the present research work, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment water quality index 1.0 (CCME WQI 1.0) was applied to assess water quality of Tehri dam reservoir by using the drinking water standard prescribed by the WHO (1999) and BIS (IS:10500, 1991). The physico-chemical parameters, ions concentration and heavy metals concentration used in the index calculation were total dissolved solids, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total hardness, calcium, chloride, phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, total coliform (MPN/100 ml), turbidity, zinc, manganese, lead, nickel, iron and chromium. It was observed during the course of study that at all the four sites BOD, phosphate and total coliform showed greater deviation from the objective values. Total coliform was found to be more deviated from the normal values. Few important parameters were observed beyond the permissible limit for many times. The values of water quality index have shown that most of the sites are not fit for drinking purpose. Finally it was concluded that reservoir water should not be consumed for drinking purposes frequently without proper treatment.

Interactions between mathematical and biological sciences have been increasing rapidly in recent years. The use of system analysis and mathematical model for formulation and solving the environmental pollution is of relatively recent vintage and has been used widely since last three decades. These models can be used to conduct numerical experiments, test hypothesis and help to understand the response of environmental pollution. A mathematical model acts as a bridge between study of mathematics and application of mathematics in environmentand other fields. Modeling is an abstraction of reality and its ultimate objective is to explore the complexity of functions and structure of the system under study. Today, a wide variety of models belonging to different nature and category are available to understand the processes of the environment around us. Various models such as WASP, CE-QUAL-ICM, QUAL W2, AQUATOX, QUAL2K, IITAQ, PEARL, GRAM, UGEM, and IITLT etc. related to water and air quality are developed so far along with their principles, intended use and applications. These models generally simulate the basic physical, chemical and biological processes. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the concept and utilization of mathematical models in air and water quality management.

The phytoplankton shows an ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. Under natural condition, they usually grow in the mixed community which may include many species and genera. The phytoplankton abundance and their impact on the water quality were studied in Paniyala fish pond, located in Roorkee Uttarakhand. Samples were collected monthly from March 2007 to February 2008 at four stations early in the morning. Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, conductivity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total alkalinity and chloride were measured simultaneously. Monthly variations were quite evident and showed maximum phytoplankton abundance in the month of January (3631.75 Unit/l). Three divisions of phytoplankton were found which include diatoms, green algae and blue green algae. The greatest number of individuals was reported in diatoms (1610.0±909.97 Unit/l) followed by green algae (178.29±109.02 Unit/l) and blue green algae (38.42±24.13 Unit/l). Effects of eutrophication were evident from this study with increased biomass of phytoplankton and water quality was deteriorated to some extent resulting in threat to fish fauna in it.

Limnological parameter and plankton diversity are an important criterion for determining the suitability of water for irrigation and drinking purpose. River Bhagirathi has greatest importance for humankind. The specific status of Physio-chemical parameter and diversity of plankton in River Bhagirathi have been studied through monthly surveys in two annual cycles (2010-11 and 2011-12) and annual survey of fishes in two annual cycles (2010-11 and 2011-12). The water remained moderately alkaline (pH 7.7) while velocity (1.23m/s), TS (844mg/l), chloride (5.04mg/l), hardness (96.73mg/l) and alkalinity (67.11mg/l) showed low mean values. Average dissolved oxygen levels were at 8.54mg/l while average nitrate and phosphate levels were 0.048mg/l and 0.072 mg/l respectively.

Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and many die of waterborne microbial infections. Mycological studies and physico-chemical parameters are an important criterion for evaluating the suitability of water for various purposes. In this study, we tried to assess the fungal species richness and physico-chemical status of fish pond in Paniyala in Haridwar district of Uttarakhand to predict the state of this pond. A total of four species were recorded which include Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Penicillium Spp. and Fusarium Spp. Present study revealed that among fungal species, Aspergillus flavus was reported with higher in number 7.44±3.45 (ml-1x103) and Fusarium Spp.was recorded with minimum number of 5.15±2.06 (ml-1x103). The total species diversity was higher in the month of April (39.80 ml1x103. The water samples were also analyzed for physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, DO, BOD, Free CO2, calcium and magnesium.  Higher value of temperature, pH, BOD, Free CO2 and lower values of dissolved oxygen concentration were recorded and the results revealed deteriorated water quality. The fungal population showed positive significant correlation with physico-chemical parameters like, temperature, pH, biological oxygen demand, calcium and magnesium whereas negatively correlated with conductivity and dissolved oxygen.

A total of eighteen groundwater sources were sampled over a year to study physico-chemical properties and heavy metal content of ground water in and around the integrated industrial estate of Haridwar. Study area included locations with in approximately 5 kms around the industrial area. Samples taken were representative of different land uses including the ecosensitive zone of Rajaji National park. Ground water quality in the study area exceeds permissible standard limits for conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, nitrate, total solids and total dissolved solids at some locations. Total alkalinity in the study area was found to be maximum in summer (574.67 mg/l) at the Railway station area and minimum (85.33 mg/l) in rainy season.  Nitrate levels were found to be maximum in winter (1291.61 mg/l) at the rural area. Chloride level in the study area was found to range from a minimum (12.67 mg/l) in summer to a maximum (169.33 mg/l) in winter. Highest sulphate level (192.67 mg/l) was recorded at the rural area. Chromium and iron levels were found to exceed standard limits at almost all locations in the study area.

The influence of water quality of Paniyala fish pond on its zooplankton composition and abundance were investigated at four stations for one year between January 2008 and December 2009. Diversity was not high: five groups of zooplankton were found which include Protozoa, Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda and Ostracoda. Rotifera dominated numerically (65.75±40.60 Unit/L), followed by protozoa (57.71±37.69 Unit/L) and Cladocera (47.31±28.73 Unit/L). The zooplankton was more prevalent during winter season and there were variations in the composition and abundance along the reservoir continuum. Factors such as temperature, nutrients, food availability, shape and hydrodynamics of the reservoir, as well as reproductive strategies of the organisms, strongly influence the composition and population density of zooplankton. Seasonal trends in zooplankton community composition were also related to changes in environmental characteristics of the river. Our results indicate that the changing water quality status of the Paniyala water pond affected the zooplankton diversity and abundance and such measure could be used as a biomonitoring tool to determine the ecological health of the pond. Prevention of ecological deterioration of this water body would greatly result in a more productive water body, rich in zooplankton and with better fisheries. &nbsp

The physico-chemical and phytoplankton characteristics of the Tons River were analyzed during August 2011-July 2012. The samples were collected from Garhi Cant (Site 1) and Tapkeshwar temple (Site 2) at Dehradun. The results showed that temperature, velocity, DO, nitrate and phosphate affected the phytoplanktonic diversity of river Tons. Thirty five genera of phytoplankton belonging to three families of Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Myxophyceae were also identified in the river water. The family Bacillariophyceae was dominating the river with much abundance throughout the study period. Bacillariophyceae was recorded with the maximum of 222.25±90.84 Unit/L at sampling site 1 and 239.08±125.41 Unit/L at sampling site 2. The greater number of individuals was in family Bacillariophyceae (239.08±125.41 Unit/L) followed by Chlorophyceae (183.75±112.50 Unit/L) and Myxophyceae(40.91±36.16 Unit/L) during the study period. Both the number of genera and number of individuals belonging to each genera was maximum in case of family Bacillariophyceae followed by Chlorophyceae and Myxophyceae. The present study revealed that the water quality of river Tons was fairly good for the growth and survival of phytoplankton, and as a result it sustains the higher phytoplankton diversity of Tons river.

In the present investigation water quality monitoring of river Ganga at Kangri village, District Haridwar was studied with reference to physico-chemical parameters during the period January, 2009 to December, 2009. Parameters studied was Temperature, pH, free CO2, D.O., B.O.D, T.D.S., Acidity, Alkalinity, Hardness, Calcium, Chlorides and Conductivity. Statistical analysis of the analytical data was computed in the table.

India is rich in water resources, being endowed with a network of rivers and blessed with snow cover in the Himalayan range that can meet a variety of water requirements of the country. However, with the rapid increase in the population of the country and the need to meet the increasing demands of irrigation, human and industrial consumption, the available water resources in many parts of the country are getting depleted and the water quality has deteriorated. In the present study physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water of River Asan in Doon valley of Uttarakhand India were determined seasonally during April 2011 to March 2012.Turbidity, TS, TDS and TSS values were maximum on all the sites in rainy season which may be due to the gradual disturbances in sedimentation of solids as well as dust particlesdeposited along with runoff rainwater. High temperature, Total alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, BOD and low velocity and DO showed high load of pollution in river Asan. The microbiological studies include Total Colliform/ml (462±113.13),Faecal Colliform/ml (294.5±47.37) and SPC/ml (16×102) gives a clear indication of poor water quality. The results of bacterial parameters studies exceed the drinking water permissible limits suggested by WHO, ICMR and ISI. &nbsp

In the present study the water quality of Ganga River was assessed during Maha Kumbh-2010.  River water samples were collected from five sites.  Various Physico-Chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed. It was observed that all parameters were within the permissible limit according to WHO (2009) and BIS (2004) except most probable number that is the indication of low sanitary condition and it can further lead to the outbreak of diseases. During this mass bathing two sites were found to be more affected than the other three sites. These were noted to Har-ki-pauri and Mayapur ghat at Haridwar, at these sites parameters are observed to be slightly raised in comparison to other three sites.

During the last few decades there has been an increasing demand for monitoring water quality of many rivers by regular measurements of various water quality variables. River Yamuna in Uttarakhand requires the same qualitative and quantitative aspects of monitoring for predicting the steady state water quality conditions. In the present work various physico chemical parameters i.e. , Temperature, transparency,  velocity, turbidity, conductivity, TS, TDS, TSS, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, free CO2, DO, BOD, COD, phosphate, nitrate, sodium and potassium  were analyzed for various seasons; Summer, Monsoon, Winter, for the period (April, 2011-March, 2012) in surface water of river Yamuna. Our results showed that TS, TDS and TSS were maximum in monsoon and temperature and Dissolved Oxygen was found to be maximum in winter. Velocity was found to be maximum in monsoon followed by summer and winter. The observations implied that the physico- chemical conditions of River Yamuna was good in all the three seasons however change in seasonal conditions had a great effect on hydrological parameters.

Analysis of water samples for planktonic diversity has been carried out for five sampling stations of river Ganga stretched over a distance of 125 kms from Devprayag to Roorkee. The investigation was carried out for a period of one year at five different sampling sites i.e. Sampling station A (Devprayag), Sampling station B (Rishikesh), Sampling station C (Haridwar) Sampling station D ( Pul Jatwara) and Sampling station E (Roorkee). In the present study of river Ganga, Among the zooplankton, Protozoa, Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepod, Ostracods constitute the main component and in phytoplankton Diatoms were dominated and class Blue green algae, green algae was found least during study period. Majority of zooplankton shows maximum occurrence and abundance during the high salinity period.

Paniyala fish Pond is a multipurpose pond with emphasis on fisheries, irrigation and washing. The present study was conducted to find out the heavy metal concentrations in the fish pond. Water samples were collected on monthly basis from January, 2008 to December, 2008. Concentration of heavy metals (Copper, Nickel, Iron, Lead, Zinc, Aluminium and Arsenic) was analyzed in the pond water by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.  Significant variations were found between winters (December, January) and wet summer period (July, August, September) for the studied metals. The relative variability followed the order Fe >Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Al>As.

The present study deals with the study on pollution status and its impact on water quality of River Ganga at Haridwar. For the present study four sampling stations viz. Saptrishi ghat, Har-ki-pauri, Chandi ghat and Pul Jatwara were selected and various physico-chemical parameters i.e. temperature, conductivity, total solids, pH, velocity,turbidity, BOD, COD, DO, free CO2, acidity, alkalinity,total hardness, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, phosphates were analyzed. Minor fluctuations in physico-chemical parameters were observed during course of study at all the sampling stations. Correlation coefficients between different parameters were also calculated during present study.

Herbal drugs have been used as remedies for the treatment of large number of humans, ailments since ancient times as the traditional medicine system; India has a glorious past, having first documented record of fully developed medical science known as Ayurveda written by several ancient Rishi’s. Major groups of indigenous system of medicine are based on herbal drugs. A survey made by WHO indicated that about 80% of the world population relies on herbal drugs. Herbal drugs are becoming more popularized and important even in the developednations with hope of their non-toxicity and may play a role of substitute to overcome the problems of multi drug resistant pathogens. Cultivation of drug plants has been started in large scale without considering the land quality and in certain cases irrigation with waste water. Application of different fungicides, pesticides in that specific field or in neighboring fields may be directly deposited superficially or may be absorbed by the plant system. Therefore in the present situation possibilities of the Asian herbal drugs, contaminated with large number of toxic components cannot be ignored which may severely hurt human life in place of healing or curing.These contaminants may be either alone or in combination and may be originated intrinsically, extrinsically and deliberately. Certain contaminants may be highly toxic and may cause severe adverse effect in the human system. Some of the important contaminants are the heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, copper and pesticides. Adulteration of modern drugs to enhance drug potency and heterogenous microbial population including human pathogens may contaminate both raw and powdered herbal drugs. Among these contaminants, microbial contamination seems more severe and may be due to their dual action on the drug i.e. utilization of medicinally important chemical components as nutrients and in certain cases by producing certain mycotoxins, which may be even carcinogenic under

The   present  paper  deals  with  the   study  of the   effects  of tourism  on  the   physico-chemical  parameters  of Stream  Nalhota  a  spring  fed  stream  originates  from the  Robber's  cave  (Guchu   Pani)   Dehradun  (Uttarakhand). This  site  is  one   of  the   famous  picnic  spots  in   Dehradun.  The   Parameters  studied  were  temperature, velocity,  TS,  TDS,  TSS,  pH,  free  CO,,  DO,  hardness.  calcium.  magnesium,  BOD,  COD,  chloride and  alkalinity. The   average  value  of all  the   parameters  were  found   higher  at sampling  site  C  in  comparision  to  sampling site  A and   B which   may  be  due  to  higher  activities  of tourists  and  local   people   of near  by  villages.   Maximum values  of the  studied  parameters  were  observed  during  summer  except  DO  and   minimum  values  of these parameters  obtained  during  winter  due   to  less  activities  of localities  and   tourists  in  winter,  while   higher values  of DO  were  observed  during  winter  which  may  be  due   to  super  saturation  of oxygen  at  lower ambient temperature.   Nature  of water  of  stream  Nalhota  with  respect  to  pH  is  alkaline

The  present  study  deals  with  the  analysis  of physico-chemical  parameters  of the  Song river  at Dehradun,  Uttarakhand during  the  pre-autumn,  autumn  and  post-autumn  months  of 2007.  In  the  present  study  of the  Song  river  its  physico- chemical  characteristics  viz  temperature,  velocity,  total  solids,  total  suspended  solids,  total dissolved  solids,  turbidity,  pH, dissolved  oxygen,  free  CO ,  BOD,  COD,  alkalinity,  chlorides,  sulphate  and identification  of fishes  were  done.  The  data revealed  that  36 species  of fishes  are present  in the  Song river  of Dehradun,  Uttarakhand.

To know the quantitative  and qualitative  aspects  of air pollution, it is necessary to anlyze  air quality  parameters.  the main parameters  investigated  in the present  study are ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, sulphur, di oxide, urea ans SPM. In the  present  study  varios samples were  collected  from  air sampling stations  and stacks  to assess  the  pollutional load. &nbsp

The present paper is an attempt to present the findings of investigation on the river Suswa. It is evident from the present study that the water quality of Suswa River has deteriorated during the recent past due to increased human influx.