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Introduction and importanceGastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are the most common extrapulmonary presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. GI perforation may be an unusual manifestation of COVID-19 infection.Case presentationWe report a 45-year-old man who presented with acute abdominal pain without any respiratory symptoms to our emergency department. Investigations revealed retroperitoneal duodenal perforation and fibrotic changes in lung bases. Laboratory findings demonstrated a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19 and mild leukocytosis.Clinical discussionCOVID-19 related perforation of the retroperitoneal part of the duodenum is extremely rare, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case. With increasing COVID-19 infection, we might see more cases of GI perforation. In the era of COVID-19 pandemic, any abdominal signs and symptoms should alert the clinicians to consider COVID-19 diagnosis in the differential.ConclusionConservative management with close monitoring, antibiotic therapy and serial examinations were completely successful. The patient's general condition improved, and he was discharged on day 7 of hospitalization.

Molecular mechanisms mediating tonic secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism (HPT) are unclear. Here we demonstrate increased heterocomplex formation between the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B1 receptor (GABAB1R) in hyperplastic parathyroid glands (PTGs) of patients with primary and secondary HPT. Targeted ablation of GABAB1R or glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 and 2 in PTGs produces hypocalcaemia and hypoparathyroidism, and prevents PTH hypersecretion in PTGs cultured from mouse models of hereditary HPT and dietary calcium-deficiency. Cobinding of the CaSR/GABAB1R complex by baclofen and high extracellular calcium blocks the coupling of heterotrimeric G-proteins to homomeric CaSRs in cultured cells and promotes PTH secretion in cultured mouse PTGs. These results combined with the ability of PTG to synthesize GABA support a critical autocrine action of GABA/GABAB1R in mediating tonic PTH secretion of PTGs and ascribe aberrant activities of CaSR/GABAB1R heteromer to HPT.

IntroductionThe Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires residents to examine 1500 cytology specimens by the end of residency. Cytology cases of the week (COWs) were instituted in 2010-2011 in an effort to increase trainee exposure to cytology.Materials and methodsImages of 2 to 5 cases with basic clinical information are sent to residents weekly. Residents have 1 week to respond by e-mail; after which, correct answers are e-mailed. Cytology resident in-service examination (RISE) scores were used to assess the effectiveness of COWs. Additionally, a feedback survey was distributed to trainees to determine the perception of COWs as a teaching tool.ResultsAn unpaired two-sided t test showed residents who participated in COWs scored 15.4% higher on the RISE than residents who participated minimally or not at all over the 5-year period (P < 0.05). In 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, when COWs were minimally and not at all offered, we saw a significant decrease in average cytology RISE scores compared with prior years when COWs were offered (P

BACKGROUND:Papillary thyroid carcinoma with squamous differentiation (PTC-SD) is a poorly understood pathologic finding of unknown clinical significance. Selected case reports have suggested that PTC-SD is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Here we present the largest case series of PTC-SD reported in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The cancer registry at our tertiary care referral center was reviewed to identify all patients from 1995-2015 who had been diagnosed with PTC-SD on initial total thyroidectomy or lymph node dissection for recurrent disease. All cases were reviewed by an endocrine pathologist to confirm the diagnosis. Patient demographic, pathology, and outcomes data were collected and reviewed. RESULTS:During the study period, ten patients were diagnosed with PTC-SD, six in the primary tumor at the time of initial surgery, and four in lymph node metastases during surgery for recurrent disease. The median age at diagnosis was 56 y and half of the patients were male. Aggressive features such as multifocality (67%), extrathyroidal extension (67%), positive margin (89%), lymph node metastases (80%), and extranodal extension (60%) were far more prominent than is typically seen in classic PTC. Long-term follow-up (median 56.5 mo) demonstrated high rates of locoregional recurrence (60%), pulmonary metastases (30%), and mortality (10%). CONCLUSIONS:Squamous differentiation is a rare finding in PTC that is associated with aggressive pathologic features and poor long-term outcomes. This phenomenon may represent a step in progression toward dedifferentiation; thus, patients with PTC-SD should have close, life-long surveillance and should be treated according to evidence-based guidelines for high-risk thyroid cancers.

ImportanceAlthough growing evidence points to highly indolent behavior of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC), most patients with EFVPTC are treated as having conventional thyroid cancer.ObjectiveTo evaluate clinical outcomes, refine diagnostic criteria, and develop a nomenclature that appropriately reflects the biological and clinical characteristics of EFVPTC.Design, setting, and participantsInternational, multidisciplinary, retrospective study of patients with thyroid nodules diagnosed as EFVPTC, including 109 patients with noninvasive EFVPTC observed for 10 to 26 years and 101 patients with invasive EFVPTC observed for 1 to 18 years. Review of digitized histologic slides collected at 13 sites in 5 countries by 24 thyroid pathologists from 7 countries. A series of teleconferences and a face-to-face conference were used to establish consensus diagnostic criteria and develop new nomenclature.Main outcomes and measuresFrequency of adverse outcomes, including death from disease, distant or locoregional metastases, and structural or biochemical recurrence, in patients with noninvasive and invasive EFVPTC diagnosed on the basis of a set of reproducible histopathologic criteria.ResultsConsensus diagnostic criteria for EFVPTC were developed by 24 thyroid pathologists. All of the 109 patients with noninvasive EFVPTC (67 treated with only lobectomy, none received radioactive iodine ablation) were alive with no evidence of disease at final follow-up (median [range], 13 [10-26] years). An adverse event was seen in 12 of 101 (12%) of the cases of invasive EFVPTC, including 5 patients developing distant metastases, 2 of whom died of disease. Based on the outcome information for noninvasive EFVPTC, the name "noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features" (NIFTP) was adopted. A simplified diagnostic nuclear scoring scheme was developed and validated, yielding a sensitivity of 98.6% (95% CI, 96.3%-99.4%), specificity of 90.1% (95% CI, 86.0%-93.1%), and overall classification accuracy of 94.3% (95% CI, 92.1%-96.0%) for NIFTP.Conclusions and relevanceThyroid tumors currently diagnosed as noninvasive EFVPTC have a very low risk of adverse outcome and should be termed NIFTP. This reclassification will affect a large population of patients worldwide and result in a significant reduction in psychological and clinical consequences associated with the diagnosis of cancer.

BackgroundIncomplete surgical resection with gross positive tumor margin increases the risk of recurrence in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC); however, it is not clear whether a microscopic positive margin found only on final pathology has similar implications on patient outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a single-institution retrospective review of all patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for T1-T2 WDTC (January 2000-January 2010). Factors that may influence the risk of locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsOf 1000 consecutive patients undergoing surgical resection for WDTC, 684 T1-T2 cancers were included. Mean age was 46 years and 81 % were women. Of this total cohort, 78 (11 %) patients had microscopic positive margins. Radioactive iodine (RAI) was administered in 47/78 (60 %) patients with positive margins versus 312/606 (51 %) patients without positive margins. After a mean follow-up of 46 months, 53 (8 %) patients developed recurrent disease (1 local and 52 nodal). On multivariate analysis, nodal metastases (N1, odds ratio [OR] 7.7) and contralateral multifocality (OR 3.7) were independent risk factors for recurrent disease. A microscopic positive margin was not a risk factor for recurrence.ConclusionsA microscopic positive margin found only on final pathological analysis does not increase the risk of recurrence in T1-T2 WDTC. Clinicians should interpret such pathology findings accordingly when considering further surveillance and treatment decisions such as the use of RAI ablation.

Accessory spleen (AS) is not a rare occurrence, and with the second most common site being the tail of the pancreas, intrapancreatic AS (IPAS) can easily mimic a pancreatic neoplasm. Together with radiologic imaging findings, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) can be used to assist in the diagnosis, preventing potentially unnecessary surgical procedures. The most common cytologic findings that have been described in the literature include a heterogenous population of small lymphocytes along with traversing small vessels. Immunohistochemical staining for CD8 has also been documented as a useful tool to support the diagnosis as it specifically highlights the endothelial cells of the splenic sinus. Here, we report two additional cases of IPAS diagnosed by FNA and discuss the potential pitfalls in diagnosis of this entity.

PurposeThe highly effective treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2-amplified breast cancer has proven challenging because of a signal buffering capacity inherent in the functionally relevant HER2-HER3 target. HER2-HER3 signaling can be inactivated by doses of lapatinib that fully inactivate the HER2 kinase. In mouse models, such doses are not tolerable in continuous administration, but they are tolerable and highly effective in intermittent dosing. We pursued the clinical translation of this treatment hypothesis.Patients and methodsWe conducted a phase I dose-escalation study in women with advanced HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Lapatinib was administered on days 1 through 5 of repeating 14-day cycles. Dose escalation was conducted using a 3+3 design with plasma lapatinib level monitoring.ResultsForty patients were evaluable for toxicity, and 34 patients were evaluable for dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Lapatinib dose was escalated to 7,000 mg per day in twice-daily dosing with no DLTs; however, plasma lapatinib concentrations plateaued in this dose range. Additional cohorts evaluated strategies to increase lapatinib exposure, including the food effect, CYP3A4 inhibition, and dose fractionation. Of these, only ketoconazole was able to increase lapatinib exposure, despite highly variable lapatinib bioavailability. Intolerable exposure levels were not encountered. Eight patients (20%) experienced grade 3 diarrhea. Six patients achieved a response, and dramatic responses were seen in three patients with lapatinib concentrations approaching 10,000 ng/mL.ConclusionLapatinib exposure can be safely and significantly increased through intermittent dosing but reaches a ceiling that currently impedes clinical translation of the treatment hypothesis. Preliminary efficacy data suggest that exposures approaching those seen in mouse models can result in highly significant tumor responses.

BackgroundThyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is indeterminate or suspicious in up to 30% of cases and these patients are commonly subjected to at least a diagnostic hemithyroidectomy. If malignant on histology, a completion thyroidectomy is usually performed, which may be associated with higher morbidity. To determine the clinical utility of genetic testing in thyroid FNA biopsy, we conducted a prospective clinical trial.MethodsFour hundred seventeen patients with 455 thyroid nodules were enrolled and had genetic testing for common somatic mutations (BRAF, NRAS, KRAS) and gene rearrangements (RET/PTC1, RET/PTC3, RAS, TRK1) by PCR and direct sequencing and by nested PCR, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of genetic testing in thyroid FNA biopsy were determined based on the histologic diagnosis.ResultsOne hundred twenty-five of 455 thyroid nodule FNA biopsies were indeterminate or suspicious on cytologic examination. Overall, 50 mutations were identified (23 BRAF, 4 RET/PTC1, 2 RET/PTC3, 21 NRAS) in the thyroid FNA biopsies. There were significantly more mutations detected in malignant thyroid nodules than in benign (P = 0.0001). For thyroid FNA biopsies that were indeterminate or suspicious, genetic testing had a sensitivity of 12%, specificity of 98%, PPV of 38%, and NPV of 65%.ConclusionsGenetic testing for somatic mutations in thyroid FNA biopsy samples is feasible and identifies a subset of malignant thyroid neoplasms that are indeterminate or suspicious on FNA biopsy. Genetic testing for common somatic genetic alterations thus could allow for more definitive initial thyroidectomy in those with positive results.

Context: Comprehensive genomic analysis of thyroid nodules for multiple classes of molecular alterations detected in a large series of fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples has not been reported. Objective: To determine the prevalence of clinically relevant molecular alterations in Bethesda categories III-VI (BCIII-VI) thyroid nodules. Methods: This retrospective analysis of FNA samples, tested by ThyroSeq v3 using Genomic Classifier and Cancer Risk Classifier at UPMC Molecular and Genomic Pathology laboratory, analyzed the prevalence of diagnostic, prognostic, and targetable genetic alterations in a total of 50 734 BCIII-VI nodules from 48 225 patients. Results: Among 50 734 informative FNA samples, 65.3% were test-negative, 33.9% positive, 0.2% positive for medullary carcinoma, and 0.6% positive for parathyroid. The benign call rate in BCIII-IV nodules was 68%. Among test-positive samples, 73.3% had mutations, 11.3% gene fusions, and 10.8% isolated copy number alterations. Comparing BCIII-IV nodules with BCV-VI nodules revealed a shift from predominantly RAS-like alterations to BRAF V600E-like alterations and fusions involving receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Using ThyroSeq Cancer Risk Classifier, a high-risk profile, which typically included TERT or TP53 mutations, was found in 6% of samples, more frequently BCV-VI. RNASeq confirmed ThyroSeq detection of novel RTK fusions in 98.9% of cases. Conclusion: In this series, 68% of BCIII-IV nodules were classified as negative by ThyroSeq, potentially preventing diagnostic surgery in this subset of patients. Specific genetic alterations were detected in most BCV-VI nodules, with a higher prevalence of BRAF and TERT mutations and targetable gene fusions compared to BCIII-IV nodules, offering prognostic and therapeutic information for patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) plays a role in preventing unnecessary surgery and will ultimately reduce the financial burden on the health care system. Data from retrospective studies supports offering interventional cytology and ROSE as the standard of care for patients undergoing thyroid fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the rate of cytologic and diagnostic adequacy and identify features associated with suboptimal tissue sampling in ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (US‐FNA) of suspected nodal disease in thyroid cancer patients. Methods: A single‐institution pathology database was queried for lymph node FNA reports in thyroid cancer patients from 2014 to 2019. Charts were reviewed for demographics, body mass index (BMI), prior thyroidectomy, cancer type, and subsequent surgery. Ultrasound images were retrospectively reviewed for location, size, depth from skin, cystic components, macrocalcification, echogenic foci, and internal vascularity score. Pathology reports were categorized as cellular and diagnostic, hypocellular/acellular but diagnostic with abnormal cells or thyroglobulin levels, or hypocellular and nondiagnostic. Correlation and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Results: Initial query yielded 552 lesions in 343 subjects. Following exclusion, 377 lesions in 255 subjects were included. Mean patient age was 48.5 years (14–90), BMI 28.5, and 66.7% female and 33.3% male. The majority (95.3%) had papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC); and 65.5% had prior thyroidectomy. 17.7% of lesions were hypocellular/acellular (suboptimal), and 5.6% nondiagnostic. Patient factors had no association (P >.05). Right‐sidedness and hypovascularity were associated with hypocellularity (P <.05). Higher long/short‐axis ratio and cystic foci were weakly associated. On multivariate analysis, right‐sidedness (odds ratio [OR] 1.99; confidence interval [CI] 1.10–3.57) and lower vascularity score (OR 0.54; CI 0.39–0.73) were predictive of suboptimal sampling. Conclusion: US‐FNA has high diagnostic yield and cellular sample rate. Lesion size had no effect. Right‐sidedness and lower vascularity scores were predictive of suboptimal tissue. Identifying these features and expected sample adequacy rates can inform management decisions for thyroid cancer patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Access the CME test here and search by article title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]