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Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the principal causes of economic loss to the livestock industry because of its morbidity and mortality of food-producing animals and condemnation of important visceral organs. Pakistan being an agricultural country having an extensive livestock sector, is mostly practiced by poor people, which has a fundamental role in the economy. The present study was aimed to conduct a cross-sectional survey and PCR based confirmation of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep, goats, cows, and buffaloes from southern regions (three districts: Lakki Marwat, Bannu, and Karak) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. During the study, a total of 2833 animals were examined randomly including; sheep (n = 529), goats (n = 428), cows (n = 1693), and buffaloes (n = 183). Hydatid cysts were collected and examined for the presence of protoscoleces using microscopy. Detection of DNA was performed by using PCR and two mitochondrial genetic markers namely; NAD-1 and COX-1 were amplified. Results: The overall prevalence of CE was found to be (9%) among the examined animals. The hydatid cyst infection was highly prevalent in buffaloes (12%), followed by sheep (10%), cows (9%), and goats (5.1%). Cystic echinococcosis was more prevalent (10%; 96/992) in district Lakki Marwat followed by district Bannu (9%; 112/1246) and Karak (7%; 39/595). Female animals were more likely to be infected with CE (11.6%) than male animals (5.3%) (p = 0.001). Similarly, the infection was higher in the older group of animals as compared to younger (p = 0.001). Mostly (52.2%; n = 129) of hydatid cysts were found in the liver, while (64.4%; n = 159) cysts of the infected animals were infertile. PCR based identification confirmed the presence of E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s) in the study area. Conclusion: Cystic echinococcosis was found to be highly prevalent in southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and could be a potential threat to human health. Moreover, molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analyses should be carried out in future to identify the prevailing genotype (s) of E. granulosus s.s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plasmodium vivax is one of the widespread human malarial parasites accounting for 75% of malaria epidemics. However, there is no baseline information about the status and nature of genetic variation of Plasmodium species circulating in various parts of Pakistan. The present study was aimed at observing the molecular epidemiology and genetic variation of Plasmodium vivax by analysing its merozoite surface protein-3α (msp-3α) and merozoite surface protein-3β (msp-3β) genes, by using suballele, species-specific, combined nested PCR/RFLP detection techniques. Methods: A total of 230 blood samples from suspected subjects tested slide positive for vivax malaria were collected from Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan during the period May 2012 to December 2013. Combined nested PCR/RFLP technique was conducted using Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β genetic markers to detect extent of genetic variation in clinical isolates of P. vivax in the studied areas of Pakistan. Results: By PCR, P. vivax, 202/230 (87.82%), was found to be widely distributed in the studied areas. PCR/RFLP analysis showed a high range of allelic variations for both msp-3α and msp-3β genetic markers of P. vivax, i.e., 21 alleles for msp-3α and 19 for msp-3β. Statistically a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in the genetic diversity of the suballelic variants of msp-3α and msp-3β genes of P. vivax. Conclusion: It is concluded that P. vivax populations are highly polymorphic and diverse allelic variants of Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β are present in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual disability (ID) is a large group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a congenital limitation in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, and problem solving), adaptive behavior (conceptual, social, and practical skills), originated at birth and manifested before the age of 18. By whole exome sequencing of five consanguineous Pakistani families presenting hallmark features of ID, global developmental delay, aggressive and self‐injurious behaviors, microcephaly, febrile seizures and facial dysmorphic features, we identified three novel homozygous missense variants (NM_024298.5: c.588G > T; p.Trp196Cys, c.736 T > C; p.Tyr246His and c.524A > C; p. Asp175Ala) and one rare homozygous in‐frame deletion variant (c.758_778del;p.Glu253_Ala259del) in membrane‐bound O‐acyltransferase family member 7 (MBOAT7) gene previously associated with autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder. The segregation of the variants was validated by Sanger sequencing in all family members. In silico homology modeling of wild‐type and mutated proteins revealed substantial changes in the structure of both proteins, indicating a possible effect on function. The identification and validation of new pathogenic MBOAT7 variants in five cases of autosomal recessive ID further highlight the importance of this genes in proper brain function and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This study determines the incidence of common viral and helminth coinfections with malaria in the tertiary care hospital set up in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Materials and Methods. The multidimensional research included malaria patients admitted to different hospitals of district Kohat during January and December 2021. Stool samples and blood were assembled from the patients. Giemsa-stained microscopy-positive samples were processed by the immunochromatography technique (ICT) to identify Plasmodium species. Common viral infections such as viral hepatitis (A, B, and C), HIV, and dengue (DENV) were analyzed by ICT kits while SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed through real-time PCR. Furthermore, the intestinal helminths were identified using the Kato-Katz thick smear method. Results. Among 1278 patients, 548 were diagnosed with malaria, 412 (75.2%) were positive for P. vivax infection, 115 (21%) for P. falciparum, and 21 (3.8%) for mixed malaria infection (P. vivax/P. falciparum), with a higher incidence among males (65.2%) than females (34.8%). Coinfection with helminths was positive in 215 (39.3%) malaria patients. The most common infections were caused by the Ascaris lumbricoides species (42.6%) followed by Enterobius vermicularis (31.7%) and hookworm. A total of 24.6% of malaria-positive cases were also coinfected with different viruses with higher frequencies of confection for HAV (8.2%) and DENV (6.2%), respectively. The patients revealed higher incidence of coinfections with P. falciparum (57%) as compared with P. vivax (39.2%) and mixed infections (3.7%). Conclusion. This study demonstrated that the study population exhibited a significant incidence of coinfections with intestinal helminth and viral malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency that causes susceptibility to recurrent fungal and bacterial infections. The CYBB gene encodes gp91phox component of the Phagocytic Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and specifically, X-linked CGD is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, located on the X chromosome. The aim of the study was to characterize functional and genetic mutations in X-linked CGD. Methods: Functional analysis was conducted on the whole blood of seventeen male individuals who were suspected to have X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Flow cytometry was employed to assess the capacity of NADPH oxidase, measuring both H2O2 production and gp91phox protein expression in neutrophils. Additionally, DNA Sanger sequencing was performed for genetic analysis. The pathogenicity of novel mutations was assessed by pathogenicity prediction tools. Result: Among the seventeen patients evaluated, five patients (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5) displayed impaired H2O2 production by their neutrophils upon stimulation with Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), accompanied by abnormal gp91phox expression. DNA sequencing of the CYBB gene identified specific mutations in each patient. In P1 and P2 (previously reported cases), a hemizygous missense mutation, c.925G > A/p.E309K was identified. In P3 and P4 (novel cases), hemizygous nonsense mutations, c.216T > A/p.C72X were found. Lastly, in P5 (also a novel case), a hemizygous missense mutation, c.732T > G/p.C244W was detected. These mutations reside in exons 9,3 and 7 of the CYBB gene, respectively. Conclusions: The current study contributes to the understanding of the clinical and genetic spectrum associated with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). It highlights the significance of early diagnosis in CGD and emphasizes the importance of lifelong prophylaxis to prevent severe infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Nanotechnology finds broad applications in the field of nanomedicine, an emerging new field used for diagnosis, treatment, prevention of diseases, and improvement of health. Objectives. To synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Withania somnifera and Fagonia indica and to carry out their antimicrobial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activities, a step toward the new range of nanomedicines. Methods. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from Withania somnifera and Fagonia indica by chemical reduction method, and further biological activities of these nanoparticles were compared with crude methanolic extract, prepared through cold maceration process, at the concentration of 50 mg/ml. Results. Among all tested bacterial pathogens, crude extract of W. somnifera showed a statistically high significant inhibition zone in millimeter against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21; p < 0.01). AgNPs showed highly significant result against Streptococcus pneumonia (14; p < 0.01). In comparison with crude extracts, AgNPs showed statistically significant (p < 0.01) results against S. pneumonia (AgNPs, 14; crude, 8.33 mm). Crude extract showed significant inhibition zone against two bacterial strains, P. aeruginosa (crude, 21; AgNPs, 11.67 mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (crude, 11.33; AgNPs, 8 mm). Crude extracts of F. indica showed the significant activity against Vibrio cholera (p < 0.01 ; 11.33 mm). Silver nanoparticles of F. indica exhibited the highest significant activity against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum while AgNPs of W. somnifera were active only against A. flavus. Extracts of W. somnifera and F. indica showed increasing phytotoxic activity with increasing concentrations. The highest significant inhibition was obtained for crude extract (46.7) and AgNPs (45.7) of F. indica at 1000 μg/ml. Insecticidal activity of crude and AgNPs of both plants showed significant inhibition against all tested insects with increasing time intervals, and the highest significant result was obtained at 72 hours with a value of p < 0.01 except T. castaneum. Conclusions. Both crude and AgNPs showed potent activity; however, in comparison, silver nanoparticles showed slightly enhanced activity. Crude and AgNPs of both plants showed good phytotoxic and insecticidal inhibition. Antimicrobial studies of AgNPs on diseases causing pathogens open a door for new antimicrobial agents and could be the answer to antibiotic resistance after further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania spp. and transmitted by female sandflies. Terrorism and counter-insurgency military operations in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) lead to a large-scale migration of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and thus, new outbreaks of several infectious diseases such as cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred. This study intended to find the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in people with cutaneous lesions suspected of having cutaneous leishmaniasis in four remote districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and to assess the participant's knowledge, attitude, and practices about the infection and its control. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in four remote districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa including Karak, Lakki Marwat, Tank, and Dera Ismail Khan (D. I. Khan) and a total of 1,674 participants were recruited using a convenience sampling technique. Results: The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis among the participants with cutaneous lesions was 50.4% and the infection was comparatively more prevalent in district Karak. Among participants, 56.8% were male and mostly, 53.8% were under the age of 16 years with 52.8% living in kutcha houses and were from rural areas. Multiple skin lesions were more common, and the face was frequently affected body part. The ratio of participants with lesions older than a month was higher and the majority confronted infections with blood protozoan parasites for the first time. Most participants were unaware of the signs/symptoms of the disease, basic knowledge of the vectors, anthroponotic spread, preventive measures, secondary infections, and reservoir hosts. The use of wood/animal dung as fuel, closeness with reservoir animals, and no use of insect repellents were some of the notable risk factors. Conclusion: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is highly prevalent in the study area and a very low level of awareness was reported among the participants. This study necessitates the planning and execution of regulations and preventive programs, public health education, awareness campaigns, and disease management practices to overcome future incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have identified multiple mutations in the IL-12R1 gene among Pakistani patients who have inherited them through consanguineous marriages. These patients have experienced severe Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection as well as recurrent tuberculosis. We will demonstrate the pivotal role of interleukin (IL)-12/interferon (IFN)-γ axis in the regulation of mycobacterial diseases. First, we checked the patients' medical records, and then afterward, we assessed interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production through ELISA. Following that, DNA was extracted to investigate IL-12/IFN- abnormalities. Whole exome sequencing was conducted through Sanger sequencing. Secretory cytokine levels were compared from healthy control of the same age groups and they were found to be considerably less in the disease cohort. To evaluate the probable functional impact of these alterations, an in silico study was performed. The study found that the patients' PBMCs produced considerably less IFN-γ than expected. Analysis using flow cytometry showed that activated T cells lacked surface expression of IL-12Rβ1. Exon 7 of the IL-12Rβ1 gene, which encodes a portion of the cytokine binding region (CBR), and exon 10, which encodes the fibronectin-type III (FNIII) domain, were found to have the mutations c.641 A > G; p.Q214R and c.1094 T > C; p.M365T, respectively. In silico analysis showed that these mutations likely to have a deleterious effect on protein function. Our findings indicate the significant contribution of the IL-12/IFN-γ is in combating infections due to mycobacterium. Among Pakistani patients born to consanguineous marriages, the identified mutations in the IL-12Rβ-1 gene provide insights into the genetic basis of severe BCG infections and recurrent tuberculosis. The study highlights the potential utility of newborn screening in regions with mandatory BCG vaccination, enabling early detection and intervention for primary immunodeficiencies associated with mycobacterial infections. Moreover, the study suggests at the potential role of other related genes such as IL-23Rβ1, TYK2, or JAK2 in IFN-γ production, warranting further investigation. • Deleterious mutations in the IL-2Rβ-1gene among patients born to consanguineous marriages. • The study highlights the pivotal role of the interleukin (IL)-12/interferon (IFN)-γ axis in regulating mycobacterial diseases. • Secretory cytokine levels are compared with healthy controls of the same age group, revealing significant differences in the disease cohort. • Flow cytometry analysis reveals that activated T cells lack surface expression of IL-12Rβ1. • The study demonstrates application of these mutations to be screened in newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The IL-12/IFN-γ axis plays a vital role in the control of intramacrophagic pathogens including Leishmania infections. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate genetic defects in the IL-12/IFN-γ axis in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients, using immunological and genetic evaluation. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify IFN-γ , while flow cytometry was performed to analyze surface IL-12Rβ1/IL-12Rβ2 expression and phosphorylation of signal transducers as well as the activator of transcription 4 (pSTAT4). Sequencing was carried out for genetic analysis. Results: The peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the two patients (P1 and P2) demonstrated impaired production of IFN-γ. Furthermore, abolishment of the surface expression of Il-12Rβ1 was observed in lymphocytes, with consequent impairment of STAT4 phosphorylation in the lymphocytes of P1 and P2. IL-12Rβ1 deficiency was identified, which was caused by a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.485>T/p.P162L) and a novel homozygous nonsense mutation (c.805G>T/P.E269*) in the IL-12R β 2 gene of P1 and P2, respectively. In silico analyses predicted these novel mutations as being pathogenic, causing truncated proteins, with consequent inactivation. Conclusion: Our data have expanded the phenotype and mutation spectra associated with IL-12Rβ1 deficiency, and suggest that patients with CL should be screened for mutations in genes of the IL-12/IFN-γ axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In tropical and subtropical countries, tick infestation causes major public health problems and considerable financial losses to the livestock industry. This study was aimed to assess the species composition of richness and analyze the phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in the District Bannu of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods: Collected ticks were identified morphologically and DNA extracted from R. microplus was amplified and subjected to sequencing. Results: A total of 3,600 animals were examined among them 1,494 animals were found to be infested with ticks, including 669 cows, 476 buffaloes, 163 goats, and 186 sheep (p = 0.001). Tick infestation was significantly high (43.58%) in animals of age group (<1 year) (p-value = 0.027). Female animals were more (44.05%) infested with ticks than males (34.43%) (p = 0.001). The intensity of infestation was significantly higher in summer (77.49%) (p = 0.001). A total of 5,557 ticks were collected comprising three genera and six species. R. microplus was predominantly prevalent (n = 1,474; 26.52%), followed by Rhipicephalus annulatus (n = 1,215; 21.86%), Hyalomma anatolicum (n = 1,139; 20.49%), Hyalomma marginatum (n = 1,086; 19.54%), and Rhipicephalus turanicus (n = 761; 13.69%), while the least common was Haemaphysalis aciculifer (n = 80; 1.43%) (p = 0.001). Morphologically identified R. microplus species were also analyzed genetically by using two genetic markers 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) genes. The phylogenetic study revealed that R. microplus is genetically diversified and clustered in clade B with R. microplus species from China, India, and Pakistan. Conclusion: Ticks infestation was significantly correlated with various factors including age, sex, season, and animal type. R. microplus genetically resembled species reported from India and China. However, major knowledge gaps concerning various species of ticks exist and many areas are still unexplored in Pakistan. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the epidemiological and molecular aspects of various tick species in other regions of southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence for a dramatic relationship between depression and alcohol consumption. Depressed patients may abuse ethanol because this agent reduces the symptoms of depression. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the NMDA/nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in the antidepressant-like effect of ethanol in an animal model of behavioral despair. Animals were subjected to locomotor activity in an open-field test separately, followed by a forced swimming test. During the forced swimming test (FST), ethanol (2 and 2.5 g/kg) significantly decreased the immobility time without altering the locomotor activity of animals. The antidepressant-like effect of ethanol (2.5 g/kg) was reversed by co-administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, 75 mg/kg), L-arginine (750 mg/kg), or sildenafil (5 mg/kg). In contrast, co-administration of MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg), ketamine (1 mg/kg), and ifenprodil (0.5 mg/kg) as antagonists of NMDAR, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg), 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, 30 mg/kg), and methylene blue (10 mg/kg) as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (20 mg/kg), a nitric oxide/cyclic-guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) inhibitor, with a subeffective dose of ethanol (1.5 g/kg), significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST. Furthermore, injection of ethanol 2.5 g/kg alone or 1.5 g/kg with a 7-NI subeffective dose, significantly decreased the nitrite levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Hence, it is concluded that blockade of NMDA receptors and the nitric oxide/cyclic-guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) pathway might be involved in the antidepressant-like effect of ethanol in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic helminthiasis caused by different species of the genus Echinococcus, and is a major economic and public health concern worldwide. Synthetic anthelmintics are most commonly used to control CE, however, prolonged use of these drugs may result in many adverse effects. This study aims to discuss the in vitro/in vivo scolicidal efficacy of different medicinal plants and their components used against Echinococcus granulosus. Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Scopus were used to retrieve the published literature from 2000–2020. A total of 62 published articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed. A total of 52 plant species belonging to 22 families have been reported to be evaluated as scolicidal agents against E. granulosus worldwide. Most extensively used medicinal plants against E. granulosus belong to the family Lamiaceae (25.0%) followed by Apiaceae (11.3%). Among various plant parts, leaves (36.0%) were most commonly used. Essential oils of Zataria multiflora and Ferula asafetida at a concentration of 0.02, and 0.06 mg/ml showed 100% in vitro scolicidal activity after 10 min post application, respectively. Z. multiflora also depicted high in vivo efficacy by decreasing weight and size while also causing extensive damage to the germinal layer of the cysts. Plant-based compounds like berberine, thymol, and thymoquinone have shown high efficacy against E. granulosus. These plant species and compounds could be potentially used for the development of an effective drug against E. granulosus, if further investigated for in vivo efficacy, toxicity, and mechanism of drug action in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a protozoan parasite that infects all warm-blooded animals including domesticated birds and humans. Birds normally get infected by ground feeding and human beings contract the disease by consumption of undercooked chicken meat. This study aimed to analyze seroprevalence and DNA of T. gondii in chickens (domesticated and broiler) and to assess possible transfer to humans by review of available literature from Pakistan. Blood from and tissues from domesticated and broilers chickens were analyzed for Toxo-IgM/IgG and Toxoplasma DNA through ELISA and PCR respectively. Furthermore, research articles published during 1990–2019 on the prevalence of T. gondii in humans from Pakistan, were analyzed to assess the possible infection burden in the area in connection to transmission from chickens. The overall prevalence of IgM and IgG for T. gondii was 17.83% and 8.8% respectively in the study areas. Significant seroprevalence was found in domesticated chickens than broilers. In domesticated chickens, the prevalence was high in age ≥ 2 years. Toxoplasma DNA was detected in tissues with an overall prevalence of 10.84%. Higher prevalence was observed in liver (10.50%) than heart (9.5%) and muscles (7.11%). Only 4.78% broiler and 2.38% domesticated chickens were positive for both IgM and DNA, 1.2% domesticated and 1.30% broilers were positive for IgG and DNA, while 2.98% domesticated and 2.17% broilers were positive for IgM, IgG, and DNA. Available literature showed that 25.8% of human beings were infected with T. gondii in Pakistan. The prevalence was 20.64% in male and 26.82%in the female. The rate of infections increases with age and high (37.36%) was found in humans of age range 40 to 60 years. A high prevalence of T. gondii is found in both domesticated and broiler chickens in the study area. Moreover, the literature survey indicates that a high seroprevalence of T. gondii is present in human beings of Pakistan. It is concluded that the high prevalence of T. gondii in humans may be associated with the parasite transmission through infected chicken's meat in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance In remote areas, medicinal plants have an imperative role in curing various livestock's ailments. In Pakistan, people residing in remote areas including South Waziristan Agency and Bajaur Agency depend on traditional herbal remedies for treating their domestic animals. Medicinal plants are an important part of the medical system in these Agencies. The prime goal of the current study is to explore the ethnoveterinary practices in the two regions and discuss cross-cultural consensus on the use of medicinal plants. In this study, we have given detailed description on the ethnoveterinary usage of certain medicinal plants and their recipes. Moreover, we have also elaborated the ethnoveterinary potential of certain plants in relation to their ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and phytochemicals reports. Methodology Fieldwork comprised of two fields surveys conducted at South Waziristan Agency and Bajaur Agency. A total of 75 informants from South Waziristan Agency and 80 informants from Bajaur Agency were interviewed with the help of semi-structured questionnaires. Use reports (URs) were recorded for all the documented taxa. Data were quantitatively analyzed by using informant consensus factor (F ic ) index in order to find out information homogeneity provided by the informants. To analyze the cross-cultural consensus, the recorded data were tabulated as well as shown by Venn diagram. Results Overall, 94 medicinal plant taxa were recorded in the comparative analysis. Out of these, most of the plants species (72 species) were used at Bajaur Agency than South Waziristan Agency (37 species). Cross-cultural analysis showed that only 15 medicinal plants were used in common by the indigenous communities in both Agencies, which indicates a low interregional consensus with regard to the ethnoveterinary practices of medicinal plants. Apiaceae was the dominant family in both regions by representing maximum number of plant species (11 species). Gastro intestinal complexities were common in both regions having higher F ic values (above 90). Moreover, the current investigation reported new ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants from South Waziristan Agency, which were Sideroxylon mascatense, Raphanus sativus, Salix babylonica, Solanum nigrum, Sophora mollis, Taraxacum campylodes and Tulipa stellata . On the other hand from Bajaur Agency, Boerhavia erecta, Celtis australis , Chamaecyparis obtusa var. obtuse , Eryngium biehersteinianum , Gossypium arboreum , Narcissus tazetta , Opuntia littoralis , Streblus asper were reported with new ethnoveterinary uses. Conclusions The current study has an important contribution towards the preservation of indigenous plants’ based knowledge. Several plants are carrying important ethnoveterinary uses being practiced by the local people mostly against the gastrointestinal disorders in both regions. Importantly, the cross-cultural approach has reported some new traditional uses of plants against livestock's diseases. Hence, this is an opportunity to investigate such plants phytopharmacologically and toxicologically for the discovery of new drug sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis is the major cause of abortion and stillbirths among women of childbearing age. The aim of this study is to determine chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection at various trimesters of pregnancy and to identify various possible routes of transmission and contamination in North-West Pakistan. A total of 733 blood samples were randomly obtained from antenatal/maternity centres. A detail questionnaire was designed to analyse the clinical history of the subjects tested for specific anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies by using immunofluorescence assay. Overall toxoplasmosis was detected in 18.41% of the studied population. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG was found 7.17% in first trimester with highest prevalence 31.28% in third trimester. Increase in the prevalence of parasite was seen with rise in age highest found in higher age group (P ˂ 0.05). As compared to district Lower Dir and Swat, Upper Dir had high rate 33.03% of chronic infection. Consumption of undercooked meat was also found 45.22% related with the prevalence of infection. A significant relation was observed with level of education (P ˂ 0.05) and prevalence of toxoplasmosis. An association was observed between prevalence of T. gondii infection and various risk factors, i.e. consumption of raw eggs, vegetables, contact with cats, cattle, soil, water sources and use of unpasteurized milk. This study shows high prevalence of the parasite in the studied area. Pregnant women in contact with cats were found more at risk. Education of childbearing age women, personal hygiene and contact with soil was also found important possible risk factors in the spread of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The structural and functional differences between hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes are the mainstay to severity, complications, treatment and possibly vaccination against the virus. This study was conducted to determine the HBV genotypes in HBsAg positive patients of Afghanistan as no such large scale data available previously. Methods: Two hundred and fourteen HBsAg-positive patients were included in this study. All patients were anti-HCV and anti-HIV negative. All the samples were confirmed for HBV DNA with nested PCR while HBV DNA positive samples were subjected to type specific PCR for HBV genotyping (A-F). Results: Of the total samples, 168 (78.5%) were males and 46 (21.49%) females, aged ranged between 18 to 71 years. This study demonstrated that genotype D (35.67%) is the predominant genotype circulating in Afghani's population. Genotype C was observed in 32.16% followed by genotype A (19.30%), and genotype B (7.02%) while 6.07% of the individuals were not typed. Conclusion: This study has shown a heterogeneous distribution of HBV genotypes. Further more, extensive studies are required to investigate genetic and geographical divergence and characteristics of the virus in the country, as no such large sample sized study has been carried out so far in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) may progress to serious consequences and increase dramatically beyond endemic dimensions that transmits to or from health care workers (HCWs) during routine investigation in their work places. Basic aim of this study was to canvass the safety of HCWs and determine the prevalence of HBV and its possible association with occupational and non-occupational risk factors. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage level and main barriers to vaccination were also taken in account. Results: A total of 824 health care workers were randomly selected from three major hospitals of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Blood samples were analyzed in Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, and relevant information was obtained by means of preset questionnaire. HCWs in the studied hospitals showed 2.18% prevalence of positive HBV. Nurses and technicians were more prone to occupational exposure and to HBV infection. There was significant difference between vaccinated and non-vaccinated HCWs as well as between the doctors and all other categories. Barriers to complete vaccination, in spite of good knowledge of subjects in this regard were work pressure (39.8%), negligence (38.8%) un-affordability (20.9%), and unavailability (0.5%). Conclusions: Special preventive measures (universal precaution and vaccination), which are fundamental way to protect HCW against HBV infection should be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3a is known to show comparatively better response to combination therapy than genotype 1 and 4. Mutations within NS5A gene of HCV have earlier been implicated with response to interferon (IFN) therapies in chronic HCV patients among various populations. As response to therapy are available in different populations because of the ethnic and viral factors and there was no study available on the phenomenon of resistivity to IFN. Results: Chronic HCV 3a infected Pakistani patients were kept on IFN-α and ribavirin therapy for six months. NS5A gene of HCV was amplified and sequenced in the case of all the patients prior to therapy and the sequences were analysed for mutations. Out of the total 27 patients, 20 (74.07%) were observed with sustained virological response (SVR), 4 (14.81%) patients were non responder (NR) while 3 (11.11%) patients exhibited in end of treatment response (ETR). Three (3/20) (15%) SVR patients and two (2/3) ETR patients had mutations (ranging from I-V amino acids) within the NS5A ISDR regions. While the rest of the SVR patients (85%) and the NR had no mutations at ISDR region when compared with HCV K3a ISDR. Conclusions: Mutations within the NS5A gene of HCV 3a genotype may not influence the outcome of combination therapy in Pakistani populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies of the molecular epidemiology and risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in health care workers (HCWs) of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region are scarce. Lack of awareness about the transmission of HCV and regular blood screening is contributing a great deal towards the spread of hepatitis C. This study is an attempt to investigate the prevalence of HCV and its possible association with both occupational and nonoccupational risk factors among the HCWs of Peshawar. Results: Blood samples of 824 HCWs, aged between 20-59 years were analysed for anti-HCV antibodies, HCV RNA and HCV genotypes by Immunochromatographic tests and PCR. All relevant information was obtained from the HCWs with the help of a questionnaire. The study revealed that 4.13% of the HCWs were positive for HCV antibodies, while HCV RNA was detected in 2.79% of the individuals. The most predominant HCV genotype was 3a and 2a. Conclusion: A program for education about occupational risk factors and regular blood screening must be implemented in all healthcare setups of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in order to help reduce the burden of HCV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) continues a persistent challenge to health and development worldwide. A total of 153 sputum samples were collected from Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, from patients suspected for pulmonary TB and were studied under microscope. Of the total samples collected, 49 (32.02%) were positive for TB. Female (33.33%) were more infected than male (30.66%). High occurrence (68.96%) was recorded in age group 10-20 year, followed by 21-40 years (35.29%) and the lowest was recorded (15.06%) in individuals with age more than 40 years. It is concluded that pulmonary TB is still prevalent in district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]