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The present study aimed to investigate the role of childhood emotional maltreatment and maladaptive daydreaming in relation to emotional processing among adolescents. The study was based on cross-sectional design and the sample comprised of 200 adolescents (100 boys and 100 girls) who suffered from childhood emotional maltreatment, age ranges from 13-18 years from the mainstream schools and colleges in district Swabi. Childhood Emotional Maltreatment Questionnaire (Clarke, 2015), Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (Somer et al., 2017) and Emotional Processing Scale (Baker et al., 2009) were used to collect data. Results revealed that there was a positive relationship between childhood emotional maltreatment, maladaptive daydreaming, and emotional processing. Furthermore, childhood emotional maltreatment also predicts maladaptive daydreaming as well as emotional processing partially mediated the relationship between childhood emotional maltreatment and maladaptive daydreaming among adolescents. The findings of the study provided insight to the parents that they should made efforts to highlight child emotional needs to overcome their mental health issues. Findings might also help the practitioners in the development of prophylactic strategies for children who are emotionally maltreated based on parental training in emotional growth and positive or constructive daydreaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Pakistani culture, which is marked by collectivist tendencies, the concept of self-esteem becomes closely intertwined with social identity and group identification that has a great impact on personality growth. The study was designed to investigate the resistance to peer influence, optimism, and self-esteem as predictors of personal growth among university students. A correlational research design with non-probability convenient sampling strategy was used for the present study. The sample consisted of (N=400) students from various universities including males (n=200) and females (n=200) with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years (M=22.37 & SD=6.82). The assessment measures included Resistance to Peer Influence Scale (Steinberg & Monahan, 2007), Life Orientation Test-Revised (Scheier, Carver & Bridges, 1994), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Arslan, 2020) and Index of Self Actualization (Faracia & Cannistraci, 2015). The statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS 20. Regression analysis revealed resistance to peer influence, optimism, and self-esteem served as strong predictors of personal growth, being positively correlated with each other. In terms of gender differences, females tended to be more resistant to peer influence and personal growth whereas males had a higher level of optimism and self-esteem. In essence, the present study embraces beneficial inclusion for the current pool of research as it offers important implications for students, professors, psychologists and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being social animals, human being always strive to interact with others, which needs social competence. However, they need to manage their emotions also. This particular research was carried out to find the relationship between social competence and different affective styles of emotion regulation of university students. Moreover, the gender difference on social competence and affective styles of emotion regulation were also checked. Correlation research design was used and data were collected through survey technique from male and female students of Foundation University, COMSATS University, Quaid-i-Azam University, Capital University and International Islamic University. Social Competence Scale and Affective Style Questionnaire were administered on university students for data collection which were analysed using mean, Standard Deviation, t-Test and Pearson correlation. A significant correlation between social competence and affective styles of emotional regulation (adjusting, tolerating and concealing styles) were found. It was also observed that gender difference between university students on social competence was significant. On the other hand, gender difference on emotional regulation was non-significant. Using positive affective styles of emotional regulation can help to reduce stress, tension, anxiety and depression among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the moderating effect of social support during COVID-19, on psychological vulnerability and resilience among medical health care professionals of Pakistan and United States. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: In Islamic Republic of Pakistan and United States, from Apr to Jun 2020. Methodology: The cross-sectional survey was conducted for responses from Health Care Professionals from Pakistan and United States. These health care professionals included medical and para medical staff who were serving during the pandemic period and were willing to participate. Convenient sampling was used and consent was obtained from each subject through google form. All participants evaluated using standardized questionnaires; Psychological Vulnerability, Resilience and Social Support. Results: Results indicated non-significant differences between Pakistani and US health care professionals on psychological vulnerability. Pakistani health care professional are more resilient (M=32.26, SD= 5.39) and have more social support (M=35.37, SD=5.49) than US health care professional on resilience (M=29.47, SD=6.23) and social support (M=31.23, SD=4.35). Conclusion: Results confirmed psychological vulnerability to be higher in health care professionals of both countries while resilience & social support have been estimated higher in Pakistani professionals with social support having a moderating effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to discover prevalence rate of 29 mood regulatory strategies and demographic differences in mood regulation strategies through music. Selfregulating Strategies of Mood Questionnaire (Thayer, Newman & McClain, 1994), and Music in Mood Regulation Scale (Saarikallio & Erkkila, 2007) were administered (N=600) on adolescents (n=300; age range 13- 20 years) and aduts (n=300; age range 21-35 years). The results indicated music listening and watching TV as most preferred mood regulatory strategy; the most preferred mood regulatory strategies through music were entertainment, revival, and strong sensation. The findings also indicated a significant age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status difference based on music as mood regulation strategies. The findings of the current study can be used for developing different mood regulatory strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the relationship between Life Orientation (optimism/pessimism) and Mental Health. Study Design: Cross-sectional study design. Place and Duration of Study: The clinical sample was taken from Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health, Rawalpindi and Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. The sample of non-clinical individuals was selected from the areas of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, from Jan 2016 to Sep 2016. Methodology: The researcher used translated versions of the two instruments, Life Orientation Test (LOT), and Mental Health Inventory (MHI). Sample comprised of 90 adults (n=45 for both men and women) ranging from 18-50 years of age. Sample was further divided into clinical (n=45) and normal population (n=45). The clinical population comprised of patients with the diagnosis of mood (n=22) and anxiety disorders (n=23). Results: The results revealed that life orientation and mental health were significantly correlated to each' other (r=0.78). For confirming the relationship of life orientation with mental health further covariance of age, gender and education was controlled through Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results revealed that life orientation explained 97% of the variance in mental health initially but after partialling out the covariance of demographic variables, life orientation still significantly accounted for 55% of variance in mental health scores. Conclusion: The manner through which one orients his or her life optimistically or pessimistically can have deterministic effects on one's mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to examine the role of teaching styles as moderator between meta-cognitive awareness and study habits among male and female university students. Sample comprised of 400 university students (200 male and 200 female) of age ranging from 18-25 years taken from different universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The questionnaires used to assess study variables consisted of the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (Schraw & Dennison, 1994) which measured two-component model of meta-cognition including knowledge and regulation of cognition, Study Habits Inventory (Wrenn, 1941) which measures the study habits displayed by the students and Teaching Style Questionnaire (Chen, 2008) measuring authoritarian style, democratic style, laissez faire and indifferent teaching styles. Results showed that meta-cognitive awareness was positively related with teaching styles and study habits in university student. Results also indicated that metacognitive awareness positively predicted the study habits in university students. Hierarchical regression analysis suggested that teaching styles significantly moderates the relationship between meta-cognitive awareness and study habits. Future implications of the study were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to study the role of peer pressure towards the tendency of juvenile delinquency among male and female adolescent. It was completed in three phases, Phase-I involved the construction of Peer Pressure and Tendency of Juvenile Delinquency Scale. As a result, Peer Pressure and Tendency of Juvenile Delinquency Scale was developed comprising of 15 items. Phase II aimed at determining the Psychometric analysis of the measure. For this purpose, sample consisting of400 adolescents (200 male students, 200 female students) with age ranging between 13 to 18 years was taken from different schools and colleges of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Factor analysis determined two factors namely peer pressure in academic setting and peer pressure in social setting. Results showed that peer pressure in academic setting was positively correlated with peer pressure in social setting. Peer Pressure and Tendency of Juvenile Delinquency Scale was validated in Phase III by applying on large number of individuals. Sample consisted of 600 adolescents with equal number of male and female students. Results indicated significant gender differences on peer pressure in academic setting and peer pressure in social setting, as male adolescents reflected more peer pressure in academic and social setting as compared to female students. It was also specified that students in early adolescence phase have more peer pressure in academic and social setting as compared to students in late adolescence phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess nature of family relations, quality of life and post-traumatic stress among amputees and prosthetics. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Artificial Limb Centers and hospitals of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Duration of the study was from Jan 2015 to Sep 2015. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 160 trauma patients (N=160, n=80 amputees, n=80 prosthetics) from different hospitals of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to collect data. Three questionnaires were administered to assess the family relations (IFR), Quality of life (WHO Quality of life scale -BREF) and Post-traumatic Stress (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, PCL). Results: The results of the study indicated that quality of life and family relations were negatively associated with Post-traumatic stress(r=-66** r=-20**) respectively for amputees and also negatively correlated for prosthetics (r=62** r=-31**) respectively. There were significant positive relationship between family relations and quality of life for amputees and prosthetics (r=11** r=21**) respectively. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that Posttraumatic stress is a significant negative predictor of quality of life. There were significant differences between amputees and prosthetics on family relations, quality of life and post-traumatic stress. Conclusion: Present study demonstrated high prevalence of post-traumatic stress, low quality of life and less positive family relations in amputees than prosthetics, who had less PTSD, positive family relations and high quality of life. This high level of post-traumatic stress leads to low quality of life among amputees. The study would be helpful for rehabilitation professionals to make plan regarding therapeutic interventions to reduce post traumatic stress and increase their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research examines the level of aggression among athletes and non- athletes males and females. Sample consists of 100 athletes and 100 non- athletes, among these 100 athletes, 50 are male and 50 are female and among 100 non-athletes 50 are male and 50 are female, taken from National University of Computers and Emerging Sciences (FASTNUCES) (25 athletes, 25 non-athletes), International Islamic University Islamabad, IIUI (25 athletes, 25 non-athletes), National University of Science and Technology, NUST (25 athletes, 25 non-athletes) and Bahria University (25 athletes, 25 non-athletes). Buss and Perry's Aggression scale (1992) was used to measure the level of aggression and its different types like physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility. It was hypothesized that male athletes have more aggression including physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility as compared to female athletes, male non-athletes have more aggression including physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility as compared to female non-athletes and athletes have more aggression including physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility as compared to nonathletes. It was found that male non-athletes are more aggressive than female non-athletes. There was non-significant difference between athletes and non-athletes and male and female athletes on Buss and Perry's Aggression scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was intended: first to measure the predictive association between procrastination and self-compassion among first born and last born university students; second to assess the differences on the variable of procrastination between first born and last born university students. A sample of 200 students (100 boys and 100 girls) was taken from different universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The Procrastination Scale (Lay, 1986) and Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003) were used. The data was analyzed using Regression Analyses and t-test. The results showed that self-compassion and its sub-scales of isolation and mindfulness significantly predicted procrastination in first born university students. Further, self-compassion is found to be insignificant predictor of procrastination in last born university students whereas its sub-scale of kindness significantly predicted procrastination in last born university students. Furthermore, differences between the first born and last born university students on the variable of procrastination are found to be insignificant. Implications of the findings and avenues for future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between tokophobia, neuroticism and mental health; and to examine the role of neuroticism as a moderator between tokophobia and mental health. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September, 2019, to January, 2020, at different hospitals. Three instruments Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS), and The Wajima Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire (WDEQ) were administered on 100 women along with a demographic sheet to collect data and were analyzed using SPSS V 23. RESULTS: Results showed that tokophobia had a significant positive relationship with neuroticism and significant negative relationship with mental health ({β = - 0.23, t =-2.20, p = 0.030}). Neuroticism also predicted Mental health {β = - 0.51, t = 5.45, p = 0.001} and create 22% in it {△R2 = 0.22, △F (1,97) = 29.72, p = 0.001}. The interaction of tokophobia and neuroticism significantly predicted mental health {β =-0.17, t = 2.85, p = 0.48} and about 30% change {△R2 = 0.30, △F (1,96) = 3.42, p = 0.048} in mental health. Neuroticism significantly moderates the relationship between tokophobia and mental health in negative direction. Residential areas do not have significant differences on neuroticism, tokophobia and mental health among primigravidas. CONCLUSION: Primigravida women with neuroticism personality have higher tendency to develop tokophobia and both significantly affect mental health of pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is aimed to investigate the academic procrastination among male and female university and college students. Effect of some demographic variables like gender, age and education were also explored. Sample consisted of 200 students (100 college students and 100 university students) from different colleges and universities of Islamabad. Their age ranged between 16 to 27 years. Tuckman Procrastination Scale (TPS) (Tuckman, 1991) was used to collect data. Results indicate significant difference on demographic variables of age, gender and education. Specifically, a significant difference is found among males and females on academic procrastination. The results further show that college students tend to procrastinate more than university students. Moreover, there is a significant difference found on academic procrastination between students of age below and above 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to examine the relationship of parental mental health with children's behavioral problems and role of social support and resilience as moderating factors. The sample comprised of 80 parents (35 mothers and 45 fathers) and their children (N = 80, 44 boys and 36 girls) aged 12-16 years. Forty parents had mental health issues and 40 were mentally healthy. Translated versions of Mental Health Inventory, Provisions of Social Relations, Ego-Resiliency Scale and indigenously developed parent rated Child Problem Checklist (CPCL) were used for assessment. The findings indicated that parental mental illness had positive relationship with child behavioral problems. Significant differences were observed between the children of mentally ill mothers, and mentally ill fathers, children of mentally ill mothers reporting significantly more behavioral problems. Social support moderated between parental mental illness and child behavioral problems, but resilience did not. Findings can be implemented in counseling, developmental, educational and clinical research and can help develop prevention or intervention plans for children of mentally ill parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to investigate the correlation between mother's depression and risk of depression and behavioral problems in children (n=60). A Childhood Depression Scale was constructed to discover the possibility of depression in children of high risk (depressed) and low risk (non-depressed) mothers which comprises 43 items. It has five factors e.g., emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive and physical subscale. The Siddiqui Shah Depression Scale (Siddiqui.1992), which comprises 37 items, was used to recognize high (depressed) and low risk (non-depressed) mothers. It was hypothesized that offspring of high risk (depressed) mothers will be at elevated risk for depression than offspring of low risk (non-depressed) mothers. Outcomes indicated that total and all the subscales of Childhood Depression Scale were quite reliable. Construct validity (Convergent validity) was established by correlating it with Child Problem Checklist (CPCL) (Tariq & Hanif, 2007). Children of elevated risk (depressed) mothers were found at higher risk of depression than children of low risk (non-depressed) mothers. There was a non-significant difference among male and female children on depression. Children of high risk (depressed) mothers rated higher on all the factors of depression than children of low risk (non-depressed) mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study explored the effect of academic stress on students' performance and the impact of demographic variables like gender, age and educational level. A sample of one hundred and fifty students was taken from different universities located in Islamabad. Seventy-five respondents were males and the remaining seventy-five were females. The results showed significant effect of academic stress on student's performance. There was a non-significant difference between male and female university students on scores on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). A significant difference between junior and senior students was found on the PSS. Academic stress was found to be higher in younger students than older students. There was a non-significant difference on PSS scores among students when stress was measured at the beginning and at the end of the semester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted to examine the impact of video games on changing the levels of aggression and loneliness in adolescents. It was hypothesized that the adolescent and male pathological gamers are more aggressive and lonely than non-pathological and female gamers. In this study three scales were used, the first one was to measure the pathological video gaming by Video Game Addiction Scale of Gentile (2006); the second scale was to measure loneliness by R-UCLA Scale of Russell (1996 ), the third scale was Aggression Scale of Pamela Orpinas (Orpinas, 2001). The sample consisted of 150 adolescents, divided into 76 male and 74 female, age ranged from 12 to 20 years. Results indicated a significant variation between males and females on Video Game Addiction scale. There is also a significant difference between males and females in the loneliness scale, and there is a significant difference between males and females on the aggression scale. It was concluded that pathological video gaming can induce aggression and create feelings of loneliness among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]