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The underlying investigation reports the impact of surface roughness on the mechanism of ciliary transport of Carreau–Yasuda (C–Y) liquid through a horizontal passage. The considered equations are further simplified with the help of a low Reynolds number and large wavelength approximation. The resulting boundary value problem is numerically tackled with the MATLAB built-in function bvp5c. The impact of sundry parameters on physical quantities is examined through graphical representation. The results indicate that the influence of roughness cannot be ignored during the cilia-driven channel flow, as a significant impact of roughness is observed on velocity, pressure, pressure rise, and streamlines. For several non-Newtonian pumping analysis with rough surface, this evaluation will serve as a benchmark. The current findings will also be applied to the creation of new medical pumps for transportation phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation emphasizes the influence of viscous dissipation in laminar forced convection internal flow for horizontal conduit using the non-Newtonian fluid. A Carreau fluid model is taken into account. The hydrodynamically developed velocity profile is obtained by employing a perturbation approach. A classical Graetz approach is utilized to achieve the solution of the developed energy equation while the MATLAB built-in command bvp4c is taken into account for the solution of the Eigenvalue problem. The negligible axial conduction and uniform physical characteristics are presumed. The influence of the viscous dissipation and model parameters on non-dimensional bulk temperature and Nusselt number is deliberated for both cooling and heating situations. The current analysis is valid for small values of Weissenberg number $\left({We \le 1} \right)$We≤1. The findings reveal that viscous dissipation has a significant impact on temperature distribution in both developing and fully established regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with gliding motion of bacteria over a non-Newtonian slime layer attached to a solid substrate. The surface of a glider is approximated with a simple wavy two-dimensional sheet while the sticky slime is modeled as Carreau–Yasuda fluid. The classical Navier–Stokes equations are transformed by using Galilean transformation and dimensionless variables. Flow beneath the organism is creeping and the lubrication assumption is also valid in this scenario, hence the equation is reduced to fourth-order BVP in terms of stream function. The basic purpose is to compute the gliding speed and flow rate of the slime which are present in the boundary conditions. MATLAB built-in bvp5c solver is utilized to calculate the numerical solution of the stream function. Further, unknowns (flow rate and cell speed) are refined by using modified Newton–Raphson method (MNRT). Further, these pairs are employed in the formula of energy expended. Velocity and stream function is also plotted for these computed pairs. This study is motivated by scientific interest and the desire to understand the dynamics of gliding bacteria. The findings of this study are thought to be beneficial in the development of artificial crawlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to investigate the factors associated with mental health problems to draw the attention of the health experts to design interventions to improve the migrant father–adolescent relationship and their mental health. A quantitative design was utilized to investigate the mental health of left-behind adolescents in relation to paternal attachment, self-esteem, and maternal nurturance. Standardized instruments were administered to 400 left-behind adolescents (LBAs) from two districts in Pakistan using a survey methodology. The results revealed that self-esteem mediated the influence of paternal attachment on LBAs' mental health problems. Furthermore, maternal nurturance moderated the first part of the mediation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying intention of the present work is to elaborate the boundary layer flow of Carreau fluid over a non‐linear stretching curved surface. Firstly, we derived the equation of motion for a two‐dimensional curved surface using the Carreau constitutive relation. Employing the well‐known approximations of the boundary layer theory (order of magnitude analysis), the terms of higher and next order have been neglected. We developed an appropriate similarity transformation that reduced the considered partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation (self‐similar formulation). The MATLAB built‐in function usually known as bvp5c is utilized to get the numerical solution of the considered problem. The impact of the power‐law index (n), Weissenberg number (We)$({We})$ and curvature parameter (k) on velocity profile and skin friction are analyzed through several graphs and tables. The obtained results are also verified by employing the shooting method through Maple software. The results reveal that both boundary layer thickness and velocity profile increase by enlarging the dimensionless curvature parameter of the curved surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mother nature utilizes an assembly of beating cilia to transport liquid in various circumstances. The arrays of these hair-like cellular appendages also aid in propelling microorganisms like spermatozoa and paramecium. In our implicit finite difference analysis, we present a pumping performance of a curved channel comprising mucus flow induced via active cilium. The non-Newtonian mucus is modelled as Carreau fluid model. The undulating cilia attached with curved walls are assumed to be complex wavy. The tips of these cilia form a complex wavy peristaltic curved passage with porous medium effects. Well-known continuity and momentum equations (in curvilinear coordinates) are utilized to model the flow problem. Cilia-driven flow is creeping which is based on low Reynolds number assumption. Moreover, long wavelength assumption is also employed in this analysis. The reduced fourth-order BVP is solved via implicit finite difference method (IFDM). The computed results are plotted by using MATLAB (2021a). The mucus velocity is plotted at three different cross-sections and flow rates. Moreover, velocity of mucus, pressure gradient, pressure rise, and level curves are also expounded for various rheological, porous and cilia-based parameters. A special case of straight passage is also presented in the graphical result section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global environment is gradually deteriorating, and the construction sector is commonly considered as most influential to such issues extending from non-renewable resource depletion to global warming. Developing countries in Asia produce more than 60% of the CO2 emissions and this increases from year to year in the real estate industries. Traditional building materials experience low environmental performance; furthermore, they can lead to several risks related to the environment which consists of the construction process and building operation, such as the diverse emission of hazardous waste. Therefore, green procurement has been considered as a gateway approach for enhancing the environmental performance in the building industry. Since the procurement phase is the early stage of the project lifecycle, it is the most noteworthy to ensure a sustainable future perspective. Therefore, this paper intends to establish a theoretical outlook to exploit the enablers and barriers for promoting green procurement in the construction industry.

Land degradation caused by soil erosion remains an important global issue due to its adverse consequences on food security and environment. Geospatial prediction of erosion through susceptibility analysis is very crucial to sustainable watershed management. Previous susceptibility studies devoid of some crucial conditioning factors (CFs) termed dynamic CFs whose impacts on the accuracy have not been investigated. Thus, this study evaluates erosion susceptibility under the influence of both non-redundant static and dynamic CFs using support vector machine (SVM), remote sensing and GIS. The CFs considered include drainage density, lineament density, length-slope and soil erodibility as non-redundant static factors, and land surface temperature, soil moisture index, vegetation index and rainfall erosivity as the dynamic factors. The study implements four kernel tricks of SVM with sequential minimal optimization algorithm as a classifier for soil erosion susceptibility modeling. Using area under the curve (AUC) and Cohen’s kappa index (k) as the validation criteria, the results showed that polynomial function had the highest performance followed by linear and radial basis function. However, sigmoid SVM underperformed having the lowest AUC and k values coupled with higher classification errors. The CFs’ weights were implemented for the development of soil erosion susceptibility map. The map would assist planners and decision makers in optimal land-use planning, prevention of soil erosion and its related hazards leading to sustainable watershed management.