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The goal of this paper is to find exact solutions to the improved modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation with a conformable derivative using the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. The improved mKdV equation is a prominent mathematical model in the realm of nonlinear partial differential equations, with widespread applicability in diverse scientific and engineering domains. This study leverages the well-known effectiveness of the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method in solving nonlinear differential equations, specifically focusing on the intricacies of the improved mKdV problem. The investigation reveals innovative and explicit solutions, providing insight into the dynamics of the related physical processes. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of these solutions, emphasizing their distinct features and depictions using Jacobi elliptic functions. These findings are especially advantageous for specialists in the fields of nonlinear science and mathematical physics, providing significant insights into the behavior and development of nonlinear waves in various physical situations. This work also contributes to our knowledge of the improved mKdV equation and shows that the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method is a useful tool for solving complex nonlinear situations. The study is enhanced with graphical illustrations of various solutions, which further enhance its analytical complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an innovative approach to acquire the exact solutions of the Shynaray-IIA equations (S-IIAE), by using the improved modified Sardar sub-equation method (IMSSEM). The S-IIAE are nonlinear and coupled partial differential equations that arise in various fields of physics and engineering such as optical fibers and ferromagnetic materials. The IMSSEM is applied to S-IIAE; we successfully derived exact solutions that accurately described the wave propagation behavior of the system under consideration. The obtained solutions include rational, trigonometric, and trigonometric hyperbolic function solutions. The obtained solutions are concise and offer a deeper insight into the dynamics and characteristics of the S-IIAE. Moreover, some of the new solutions to S-IIAE are plotted in different dimensions through which bright, anti-kink and bright solitary wave structures are established. The results of the study also indicated that the proposed method is a valuable approach for achieving analytical solutions to a wide range of nonlinear partial differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Cress seeds release allelochemicals that over-stimulate the elongation of hypocotyls of neighbouring (potentially competing) seedlings and inhibit their root growth. The hypocotyl promoter is potassium, but the root inhibitor was unidentified; its nature is investigated here. Methods Low-molecular-weight cress-seed exudate (LCSE) from imbibed Lepidium sativum seeds was fractionated by phase partitioning, paper chromatography, high-voltage electrophoresis and gel-permeation chromatography (on Bio-Gel P-2). Fractions, compared with pure potassium salts, were bioassayed for effects on Amaranthus caudatus seedling growth in the dark for 4 days. Key Results The LCSE robustly promoted amaranth hypocotyl elongation and inhibited root growth. The hypocotyl inhibitor was non-volatile, hot acid stable, hydrophilic and resistant to incineration, as expected for K+. The root inhibitor(s) had similar properties but were organic (activity lost on incineration). The root inhibitor(s) remained in the aqueous phase (at pH 2.0, 6.5 and 9.0) when partitioned against butan-1-ol or toluene, and were thus hydrophilic. Activity was diminished after electrophoresis, but the remaining root inhibitors were neutral. They became undetectable after paper chromatography; therefore, they probably comprised multiple compounds, which separated from each other, in part, during fractionation. On gel-permeation chromatography, the root inhibitor co-eluted with hexoses. Conclusions Cress-seed allelochemicals inhibiting root growth are different from the agent (K+) that over-stimulates hypocotyl elongation and the former probably comprise a mixture of small, non-volatile, hydrophilic, organic substances. Abundant components identified chromatographically and by electrophoresis in cress-seed exudate fitting this description include glucose, fructose, sucrose and galacturonic acid. However, none of these sugars co-chromatographed and co-electrophoresed with the root-inhibitory principle of LCSE, and none of them (in pure form at naturally occurring concentrations) inhibited root growth. We conclude that the root-inhibiting allelochemicals of cress-seed exudate remain unidentified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster Management Program plays a critical role in coordinating and implementing strategies to address emergencies and disasters, ranging from natural events like hurricanes, earthquakes, and wildfire to human-made incidents such as industrial accidents or terrorist attacks. Simultaneously, it is widely studied as a typical multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) problem. This paper investigates the concept of complex picture fuzzy sets (CPFS), an extension of picture fuzzy sets (PFS), achieved by the inclusion of a phase term. The existence of phase terms expand the scope of CPFS from real line to a complex plane of unit disc and highlight its originality by demonstrating its capacity to handle both vagueness and periodicity simultaneously. In this paper, the complex picture fuzzy Hamy mean operator (CPFHM) and complex picture fuzzy dual Hamy mean operator (CPFDHM) is studied. The reason of selecting complex picture fuzzy Hamy mean operator (CPFHMO) is that it can find interrelationship among multi-input variables. Then the various properties of CPFHM and CPFDHM operator are described in depth. A multi-attributes group decision-making (MAGDM) technique for solving group decision-making problems is proposed based on these operators. The validity of the present technique is demonstrated by analyzing a disaster management problem. Furthermore we check the sensitivity of parameter k and apply the validity test on our proposed technique. Finally, a comprehensive comparison is provided between the proposed model and specific existing approaches, illustrating that the suggested decision model is superior and more advantageous than the existing employed methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Jacobi elliptic function expansion technique is put forward for the first time to build the exact solution of the improved modified Kortwedge-de varies (mKdV) equation. The goal of this work is to explore more new exact solutions to the improved mKdV equation by using a finite series of degree n in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions. More Jacobi elliptic function solutions are obtained including the single function solutions and the combined function solutions. Jacobi elliptic function expansion (JEFE) method is an effective method, and it is extensively used for the exact analytical solution of nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs). Moreover, this technique has multiple versions depending on its intrinsic and essential qualities, therefore, they provided exact solutions to such types of nonlinear problems. This method is based on the Jacobi elliptic functions. We use the traveling wave variable to transform the NPDEs into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with integer order. After adopting, the most general and explicit form of the JEFE method is suggested to produce the exact and more accurate solution to the improved mKdV equation. It is also confirmed that the solutions of periodic nature obtained by the JEFE method comprise certain solitary and shock wave solutions. Additionally, direct-viewing analysis is explicated by showing some figures of partial solutions. It is concluded from the results that the suggested technique is quite a helpful technique for solving a large variety of NPDEs analytically. In mathematical physics, many other kinds of nonlinear evaluation equations can be solved by this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was conducted in laboratory conditions at Department of Weed Science, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan during 2013 to evaluate wheat biotypes against the allelopathy of three problematic weeds. Wheat biotypes were collected from six districts viz, Peshawar, Kohat, Mardan, Mansehra, Swat and Chitral and were evaluated against the allelopathy of three problematic weeds of wheat crop including Ammi visnaga, arvensis and Galium aparine. A control treatment was also settled for the Convolvulus comparison in laboratory conditions. The results revealed that the wheat seeds collected from the area having cooler climatic conditions of Chitral, Swat and Mansehra were more sensitive to the toxicity of weeds giving a germination percentage in the range of 30-45 percent as compared to those of the hot climatic areas like Peshawar, Kohat and Mardan which exhibited 50-59 percent germination. In case of weeds toxicity the extract of Convolvulus arvensis caused more suppression in all wheat biotypes and restricted the seed germination to 8.33 percent compared to other weed species. The study suggested that the C. arvensis extract should be used against the weeds of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the allelopathic effects of Cyperus rotundus, Datura alba and Silybwn marianum through their seed priming effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during October 2011, in the Weed Science Research Laboratory, Department of Weed Science, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Fresh weeds were collected, dried and ground and soaked in tap water 25, 50 and 75 g/liter. Ten seeds of each wheat and chickpea were soaked in the respective concentration of each weed for 24 hours. After that the seeds were planted in pots and watered the pots with their respective concentrations according to their requirement. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design with three replications. The results revealed that with increasing the extracts concentration inhibition was noted in germination %, fresh biomass, dry biomass and plant height. Therefore it was concluded that the infestation of these weeds in soil can pollute the soil environment by accumulating toxic chemicals which affect the agro-biodiversity. Our findings suggest that preventing the spread of these weeds in wheat and chickpea will avoid any post-germination problem and yield losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine dose requirements of herbicides for controlling A. tenuifolius on farmer's field in chickpea during 2005-06 and 2006-07. Five herbicides: pendimethalin, s-metolachlor, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, MCPA and isoproturon with four doses were studied in the trials. MCPA produced phytotoxic effect on weed and crop and completely inhibited crop and weed growth. Isoproturon was less effective on A. tenuifolius with less phytoxicity on crop. Best seed yield was recorded in pre-emergence herbicides (1164 and 1150 kg ha-1) at high dose as compared to fenoxaproppethyl (1088 kg ha-1) . Next year (2006-2007) again the same herbicides were tested while MCPA due to its phytotoxicity on crop was replaced by clodinafop propargyl (post-emergence). Almost similar results were recorded with the only difference of herbicides clodinafop propargyl. The best seed yield of 1109 kg ha-1 was recorded each for pendimethalin and s-metolachlor which was however, statistically similar with fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (1107 kg ha-1). Lower (½X) and 1X doses of post-emergence herbicides produced good results as compared to 1.5X, while pre-emergence herbicide was effective at 1.5X dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the impact of spirituality on the psychological well-being of the consumers involved in reusing as sustainable consumption behavior (SCB). In addition to this, the study also investigates the mediating effect of reusing as SCB between spirituality and psychological well-being. The moderating effect of religiosity has also been taken into account while studying the relationship between spirituality and reusing. A survey was conducted to collect the data from clothing industry consumers using a structured questionnaire and employing a convenience sampling approach. PLS-SEM was used to analyze the useable data of 286 respondents. Results validate that spirituality has a positive and significant effect on psychological well-being. Further, reusing (SCB) was found to be a significant mediator, also the moderating effect of religiosity on the relationship between spirituality and reusing was significant and high. This study contributes to the existing literature by concentrating on predictors that undermine psychological well-being. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the early studies to contribute to the literature by investigating the impact of spirituality on consumer psychological well-being specifically reusing (SCB) as a mediator between the two constructs. Further, it also investigated the moderating impact of religiosity on the relationship between spirituality and reusing. Research findings have implications for researchers, policymakers, marketers, ecologists, social activists, and practitioners. For research students, such contribution will bring a new avenue to consider further research. Managers will find help to control such factors which induce reusing and increase psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is a major environmental concern that limits crop growth on a large scale around the world. Significant efforts are required to overcome this issue in order to improve crop production. Therefore, the exciting role of beneficial microorganisms under stress conditions needs to be deeply explored. In this study, the role of two biotic entities, i.e., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomus versiforme) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR, Bacillus methylotrophicus) inoculation in drought tolerance of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), was investigated. The present results showed that drought stress considerably reduced tobacco plant's growth and their physiological attributes. However, the plants co-inoculated with AMF and PGPR showed higher drought tolerance by bringing up significant improvement in the growth and biomass of tobacco plants. Moreover, the co-inoculation of AMF and PGPR considerably increased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophylls, carotenoids, photosynthesis, and PSII efficiency by 96.99%, 76.90%, and 67.96% and 56.88%, 53.22%, and 33.43% under drought stress conditions, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that drought stress enhanced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. However, the co-inoculation of AMF and PGPR reduced the electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation and significantly enhanced the accumulation of phenols and flavonoids by 57.85% and 71.74%. Similarly, the antioxidant enzymatic activity and the plant nutrition status were also considerably improved in co-inoculated plants under drought stress. Additionally, the AMF and PGPR inoculation also enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations by 67.71% and 54.41% in the shoots of tobacco plants. The current findings depicted that inoculation of AMF and PGPR (alone or in combination) enhanced the growth and mitigated the photosynthetic alteration with the consequent up-regulation of secondary metabolism, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of wild oat (Avena fatua) densities on wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield, its components and protein content under varying nitrogen regimes, at the Agricultural Research Farm, North West Frontier Province Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan, during winter 2004-5. The experiment comprised 3 nitrogen levels (75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1) assigned to main plots and 5 wild oat densities (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 plants m-2) kept in sub-plots. The data were recorded on some agronomic and physiological parameters of wheat and wild oats. The statistical analyses of the data exhibited nonsignificant differences for nitrogen levels in all the parameters studied, while oat density and the interaction of density with nitrogen levels were significant for all the parameters studied. Less than 1 wild oat plant m-2 inflicted a 1% reduction in wheat yield, while a 30% reduction in yield was predicted with the infestation of 15, 17, and 16 plants m-2 under 75, 100, and 125 N kg ha-1 fertiliser regimes. We also discovered a wild oat density related reduction in grain protein content, which is a cause for further alarm. About 16 wild oat plants m-2 reduced protein content by 1%, which is alarming for countries with vegetable-based diets, like Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies of metal oxides in environmental remediation of chemical and biological pollutants are gaining colossal importance. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of multifunctional copper oxide nanosheets (CuO NS) using an aqueous extract of Rhazya stricta. The phytochemical investigation of R. stricta indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, and reducing sugars, responsible for the reduction and stabilization of CuO NS. A UV–Visible spectrophotometer initially confirmed the fabrication of CuO NS with specific Surface Plasmon Resonance at 294 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR, and XRD were further used to characterize the CuO NS. The obtained CuO NS were poly-dispersed with an average size of 20 nm. Interestingly these particles were aligned together in 3D cubical sheets layered above each other via self-assembly. The as-synthesized CuO NS showed enhanced antibacterial potential (17.63 mm, overall mean inhibition zone) in comparison to the known antibiotics (11.51 mm, overall mean inhibition zone) against both Solanaceous crop's wilt-causing bacteria (Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis). Furthermore, the appreciable photocatalytic potential of CuO NS has also been observed, causing 83% degradation of methylene blue (MB) upon solar irradiation. The synthesis methodology is devoid of any toxic waste or by-products. It could be used to produce eco-friendly CuO nanomaterial for industrial uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies of metal oxides in environmental remediation of chemical and biological pollutants are gaining colossal importance. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of multifunctional copper oxide nanosheets (CuO NS) using an aqueous extract of Rhazya stricta. The phytochemical investigation of R. stricta indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, and reducing sugars, responsible for the reduction and stabilization of CuO NS. A UV–Visible spectrophotometer initially confirmed the fabrication of CuO NS with specific Surface Plasmon Resonance at 294 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR, and XRD were further used to characterize the CuO NS. The obtained CuO NS were poly-dispersed with an average size of 20 nm. Interestingly these particles were aligned together in 3D cubical sheets layered above each other via self-assembly. The as-synthesized CuO NS showed enhanced antibacterial potential (17.63 mm, overall mean inhibition zone) in comparison to the known antibiotics (11.51 mm, overall mean inhibition zone) against both Solanaceous crop's wilt-causing bacteria (Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis). Furthermore, the appreciable photocatalytic potential of CuO NS has also been observed, causing 83% degradation of methylene blue (MB) upon solar irradiation. The synthesis methodology is devoid of any toxic waste or by-products. It could be used to produce eco-friendly CuO nanomaterial for industrial uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]