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Utilizing weeds as a source of organic fertilizers greatly contribute to the vegetables production, particularly in organic farming. This study aimed to explore the potential of weeds as organic fertilizers in okra crop. The hypothesis was that it could effectively substitute synthetic fertilizers and be integrated into ecological farming. A pot experiment was carried out during kharif season (2020) at district Charsadda (34° 14' 18.67" N, 71° 43' 28.12" E), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Aqueous extracts (250 ml) from 10 different weeds were prepared and Tape water was considered as control for comparison. The experiment was implemented in completely randomized design (CRD) replicated four times having 11 treatments viz; T1 (Parthenium hysterophorus), T2 (Urtica dioca), T3 (Convolvulos arvensis); T4 (Taraxicum officinale), T5 (Euphorbia helioscopia), T6 (Cynodon dactylon), T7 (Cyperus rotunus), T8 (Cannabis sativa), T9 (Silybum marianum) T10 (Rumex crispus), T11 Tape water (control). Aqueous extract of each weed was applied to polythene bags containing 4 kg soil. Okra seeds of „Sabz Pari? variety were sowed in polythene bags in April 2021. The results indicated that E. helioscopia and C. arvensis increased plant height of okra by 45% and 46% as compared to tape water. R. crispus and C. sativa increased number of leaves by 52% and U. dioica by 50%. Moreover, U. dioica increased the number of pods plant-1 by 19%, 28% and 36% as compared to tape water, C. rotundus and C. arvensis respectively. Similarly, U. dioica increased pod length by 30% and 34% compared to tap water and C. arvensis respectively and increased pod weight by 42%, 48% and 53% compared to Tap water, C. arvensis and C. rotundus respectively. Consequently, the effect of U. dioca was significant on increasing okra growth attributes and yield. The results of present study contribute considerably to new knowledge on weeds-based organic fertilizer. Furthermore, field trials are needed to evaluate weeds aqueous extract as a source of organic manure in okra at different ecological zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming whereas, using herbicides not only creates hazardous impacts on agricultural products but also enhances environmental pollution. Therefore, allelopathic approaches have been considered to suppress weeds in agricultural systems. Field experiments were conducted during the Fall season of 2011 and were repeated during Fall 2012 at the experimental field of Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The treatments were sprayed as post-emergence and the weedy check was maintained as a control treatment for comparison. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the allelopathic effect of plant water extracts in combination with reduced doses of herbicides had a significant effect on fresh and dry weed biomass (kg ha-1), plant height (cm) and yield attributes. However, the improvement in leaf area plant-1of wheat was found insignificant. Lower fresh weeds biomass (253 kg ha-1) and dry weeds biomass (87.5 kg ha-1) was noted in Parthenium hysterophorus + ½ Buctril super treated plots. Both the fresh and dry biomass was almost 80% lower than the control treatment. During the instant studies, it was observed that taller plants were observed in plots treated with Datura alba + ½ Puma super and Datura alba + ½ Buctril super as compared to untreated plants that produced short stature plants. D. alba + ½ Puma super and D. alba + ½ Buctril super gave a maximum (400 and 396) number of spikes compared to control plots that produced 244 spikes. The treatment combination of allelopathic plant water extract with a reduced dose of herbicides produced 63.46 and 63.20 grain spike-1 in Phragmites australis + ½ Puma super and Phragmites australis + ½ Buctril super, respectively. Biological treatment with highly allelopathic plants like P. australis, P. hysterophorus, D. alba and Oryza sativa seems to be environment friendly, and economical in many cases. In this way, we can manage the weed problem in our fields as well as could be used as a bio-fertilizer because some allelopathic plants have a positive effect on crop vegetative parameters, yields and yield components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern Pakistan is known for its rich medicinal flora however, more than 150 species are at a greater risk of becoming endangered; mainly due to natural disaster, climate change, nomadic grazing and over harvesting for its ethno-botanical uses. Proper domestication and conservation measures are necessary to conserve the medicinal flora. Experimental trials were conducted to examine the growth of medicinal plants in Swat and Chitral. Plants were studied in wild habitats by using fertilizers. Data showed that various treatments significantly affected plant height (cm), plant density m-2, root yield (kg ha-1) and net income in both the locations. The analysis of the data revealed that maximum income for Glycyrrhiza glabra (840,000 PKR ha-1) and Trillium govanianum (481,325 PKR ha-1) was recorded in NPK treated plots. Simlalry, minimum (220,000 PKR ha-1) for Glycyrrhiza glabra and (104,854 PKR ha-1) was recorded for Trillium govanianum in their wild habitats. Growth and yield of the medicinal plants grown in Swat valley was higher than Chitral. Furthermore, the production of the medicinal plants in wild habitat was comparatively lower and thus improved production technology is suggested to get higher yield. The findings revealed that Swat valley is most suitable and productive for the cultivation of medicinal plants as compared to Chitral. In addition, growing medicinal plants need to be popularized among the farming communities of the area and the gerplasm of these endangered species should be conserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at the New Developmental Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar during rabi season 2016-17. A wheat variety Ata-Habib was selected to check its performance by adopting methods of sowing and mixed tank herbicides application. The experiment was arranged in split-plot with randomized complete block (RCB) design with 4 replications. For practical adaptation of the experiment, the sowing methods were allotted as the main plots, while tank mixed herbicides were kept in the subplots to get prominent results for the possible positive differences among the treatments. The sub-plot size measured as 1.5 X 3 m while row to row distance was kept 30 cm. Data were recorded on weed density m-2, fresh and dry weed biomass (kg), plant height (cm), spike length (cm), leaf area (cm), number of tillers (m-2), number of grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight (g), biological yield (kg ha-1) and grain yield (kg ha-1), Harvest index (%). These data parameters were formally observed with great care to avoid any repetition or error of the data. Noxious weeds were observed and recorded in the field viz. Avena fatua, Anagallis arvensis, Euphorbia helioscopia, Phalaris minor, Poa annua, Medicago denticulata, Convolvulus arvensis, Coronopus didymus, Fumaria polymorpha, Melilotus parviflora, Chenopodium album and Rumex crispus. The obtained results indicated that sowing methods were statistically significant for plant height, grains spike-1,1000grain weight and biological yield that showed a clear effectiveness of the recorded data parameters. In addition to this, herbicides applications were also statistically significant for all the parameters except grains spike-1, while the interaction of sowing methods and herbicides application were also non-significant. In sowing methods, line sowing provided satisfactory results. As general understandings various weeds were managed significantly through tank mixed herbicide applications with a ratio of 60-72% for broad leaf and grassy weeds respectively. Consequently the instant results provided 54% increased yield compared to the untreated treatments. Hence it is concluded that, line sowing in combination with tank mixed herbicides are more suitable for management of weeds in the wheat field and increased yield in the agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar-Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical weed control method may cause environmental hazards and residual effects in crops and soil. Alternate approach to control weeds is getting attentions in sustainable production system. Use of aqueous extracts of crops is getting scientific attention as eco-friendly alternative to synthetic herbicides especially under scenario of fast increasing herbicide resistance in weeds. To investigate the herbicidal potential of aqueous extract of winter crop Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower) on summer weed Oryza punctata L. (red rice) seed emergence and initial seedling growth, a study was planned. In this study, seeds of Oryza punctata were incubated in seven concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) of different parts i.e. leaves, stem and fruit of C. tinctorius. All the tested concentrations of various plant parts of C. tinctorius significantly inhibited the mean emergence time, emergence index, emergence percentage (%), time taken to 50% emergence as well as growth of O. punctata weed. However, maximum mean emergence time (4.73 days), time taken to 50% emergence (4.19 days) was noted at 8% concentration and emergence index of O. punctata was noted at 0.25% concentration when fruit extract was applied. Leaf aqueous extract at the concentration of 8% caused the lowest root length (1.53 cm), shoot length (4.51 cm) and fresh weight (54.72 g) of O. punctata. Results suggested leaf and flower extract of C. tinctorius at 8%concentration can be used potential bio-herbicide for the control of red rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phytochemical screening is a chief phase, which results in the isolation of novel and new compounds. In the current study, Lepidium didymum roots, stems and leaves extracts in N-hexane, ethanol and water were examined for phytochemicals in order to investigate various groups of phytochemicals. Secondary metabolites like cardiac glycosides, phlobatannins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, proteins and carbohydrates in Lepidium didymum were investigated. N-hexane, ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of stems revealed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, anthra-glycosides and saponins. Likewise, the N-hexane ethanolic, and aqueous extracts of roots revealed the existance of carbohydrates, terpenoids, anthraglycosides, cardiac glycosides and saponins. Phlobatannins and Hager were not present from the given extracts in the plant. Hence, it was concluded that Lepidium didymum may be employed in medicinal purposes as it is rich in secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possible ill effects of herbicides usage in agriculture have increased the interest of farming and researchers community to explore new ways of weed control. Bioherbicides (Allelochemicals) are considered as an available option for weed management. In order to test the potential of some allelopathic plant water extracts as a weed management tool in wheat crop, a field trial was carried out during winter 2011-12 at NDF, The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan. The experimental design was RCBD having split plot arrangement. The main plots assigned to time of treatment application (pre emergence and post emergence) of plant extracts, while there were eight sub plots consisting of different weed control measures i.e. sorghum water extract {Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench}, sunflower extract (Helianthus annuus L.), Parthenium extract (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), common reed extract {Phragmites australis (Cav) Trin}, Johnson grass extract {Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers}, Rice straw extract (Oryza sativa L.), herbicide (Logran Extra) and control. The results demonstrated that the pre emergence application of all the plant water extracts proved to be superior in action to their post application regarding weed control. Among the plant water extracts (treatments) the pre emergence application of both P. australis and H. annuus gave the minimum weed density of 89.50 and 113.50 m2 respectively compared to control plot (280.0 m2). Tallest (113.9 cm) plant height and outmost grains spike-1 (64) was computed for H. annuus. In addition, the P. australis and herbicide (Logran extra) both proved superior for 1000 grain weight, however the leaf area of wheat remained non-significant under all examined treatments. The present results suggest that P. australis and H. annuus could be successfully incorporated in weed management approaches in wheat. Currently allelopathy is passing through experimental stages. Thus, furthercomprehensive studies are suggested to explore the possibility and feasibility for commercializing the extracts of these two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reveals antimicrobial potentials and phytochemical analysis of A. javanica and L. ustitatissimum. Phytochemical analysis indicated that the tested plants contained a substantial amount of flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids while saponins and tannins were absent in L. ustitatissimum, however, tannins were present in A. javanica. L. ustitatissimum contained maximum total phenolic content of 166.36mg/g in methylated spirit fraction while its ethyl acetate fraction contained highest quantity of flavonoids 27.6mg/g in case of Aerva javanica. Antimicrobial potentials of the subject plants revealed that L. ustitatissimum had maximum antibacterial activity (MIC=4.33μg/ml) while A. javanica was most effective against fungal strains (MIC=2.66μg/ml). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

District Malakand lies on the northern side of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The landscape represents both plain and hilly regions. Various kinds of crops are grown among which wheat is cultivated on large scale. In order to explore weed species diversity in the region, a phytosociological survey was conducted in the summer 2014. Such study was required as there has been no such record of weeds diversity of the region. Different fields were selected at various localities of the district. The total number of fields selected was 120 and in each field 10, 1x1m2 quadrats were laid. A questionnaire was also circulated to investigate about the farming practices and most dangerous species of weeds having greater effect on production and post harvest losses of wheat. Plants were collected from various localities, voucher numbers were given to specimens and other relevant data pertaining to locality i.e., habitat, habit, family, scientific and local names of each species. Mounted copy of each voucher specimen was deposited to the Herbarium of Hazara University Mansehra. This study not only provided first inventory of weed plants but it also helped point out most dangerous species related to wheat yield losses. Results of this study revealed a total of 132 weeds plant species belonging to 110 genera and 42 families. Most of the species investigated were Angiosperms. Family Asteraceae was the richest family related to species diversity with 18 species and 17 genera. It is followed by Poaceae having 16 species and 16 genera. Next in succession are family Brasicaceae with 10 genera and 16 species and family Boraginaceae with 5 genera and 7 species. Other families like Caryophyllaceae, Papilionaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Umbilliferae have 6,6,4,5,4 and 3 species and 6,3,4,3,3 and 3 genera respectively. Species like Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), Emex spinosa (Polygonaceae) and Circium arvense (Asteraceae) are considered to be the most threatening species during the time of harvesting the crop. Further study along this line is the basic part of the on-going project which will provide a base line for the development of agricultural crops in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of Hirschsprung's Disease associated enterocolitis in pre and post operative patients. Place and Duration of Study: Nishtar Hospital and Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Multan from January 2008 to June 2012. Methodology: A total number of 114 patients aged from less than 6 months to more than 5 years were diagnosed and treated for Hirschsprung's Disease after rectal biopsy and internal sphinterotomy. Results: In total of 114 patients 32 (28%) developed enterocolitis before and 5 (18.5%) after definite surgery. Conclusions: The results of this study implicates that the early diagnosis and to make measures to decrease the post pull-through anastomostic anorectal stenosis can reduce the frequency of pre and post operative Hirschsprung's disease associated enterocolitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exploratory weed survey of four districts of the Peshawar valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa viz. Swabi, Mardan, Charsadda and Peshawar were carried out during 2009-11 to study distribution, socioeconomic, environmental and health impacts of Parthenium. Various impacts of the weed were studied by interviewing the farmers. The parthenium weed is well established in Swabi, Mardan and Charsadda districts while in Peshawar it has a little and isolated infestation. The survey depicts that P. hysterophorus is the most frequent and dominant species on road sides, waste lands, grazing lands, crops margins and crop lands with 41%, 18%, 15%, 14% and 12%, respectively. According to the farmers there are several ways for spreading of parthenium weed in which two are prominent i.e. water 37% and vehicles-machinery 26% responsible for its rapid spread. The tiny size and light weight of parthenium seeds help them spread through wind and water easily. Farmers are generally aware of the losses caused by parthenium weed to agriculture productivity. These losses are yield reduction (40%), lack of labor (21%) and quality reductions (16%). Ten percent of the respondents reported that this weed has infested grazing lands, thus causing forage shortage. Moreover, 6% of farmers mentioned that parthenium causes allergy and dermatitis. This weed has been reported infesting sorghum crop (by 35% of the farmers), maize (29%), vegetables (27%) and tobacco (6%). As a result it has caused 30% yield losses in sorghum (45% of respondents) and 20% in maize crop (42% respondents). Most of the farmers in the survey area began to take control parthenium weed since 2005, while still large numbers do not control it. Parthenium weed in the valley is mostly controled through hand weeding (64%) and tillage (17%) which are labor intensive practices. Herbicides and burning methods are also used by some of the farmers. Parthenium weed is also used as a source of fire wood. The findings of study revealed that parthenium weed not only causes problems in crop and fodder productivity but also poses serious threat to biodiversity, animal production and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment entitled "Weed control efficiency of intercropping legume in maize" was conducted at New Developmental Farm, Agricultural University Peshawar during Kharif 2009. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications comprising of 13 different treatments viz; Maize+1 row and with 2 rows of soybean simultaneously seeded, Maize+1 row of soybean delayed seeding by 3 weeks, Maize+ 2 rows of soybean delayed seeding by 3 weeks, Maize+1 row of mungbean and, Maize+2 rows of mungbean simultaneously seeded and Maize+1 row of mungbean delayed seeding by 3 weeks, Maize+ 2 rows of mungbean delayed seeding by 3 weeks. Remaining five treatments were three control treatments (sole maize) viz; an unweeded, a hand weeded and one with herbicide use for weed control, along with sole treatments of mungbean and soybean each. Our findings showed that weed density m-2 and biological yield of maize were significantly affected by intercropping of both mungbean and soybean seeded in one-one and two-two rows simultaneously seeded and delayed seeded by three weeks. In case of legume crops pods plant-1 and biological yield of mungbean as well as soybean were significantly affected by maize intercropping with mungbean and soybean seeded in one-one and two-two rows simultaneously and delayed seeded by three weeks. Weeds density m-2 was significantly reduced by hand weeding and maize-mungbean simultaneous seeding in two rows as compared to weedy check and sole maize with herbicide use. In case of maize, maximum biological yield was recorded in hand weeded plots, followed by maize intercropped with 1 row of soybean seeded 3 weeks later. Higher number of pods plant-1 were recorded in plots where sole mungbean was sown, followed by plots where maize was intercropped with one row of mungbean simultaneously seeded. Greater biological yield of mungbean was produced by sole mungbean treatments followed by plots where maize was intercropped with one row of mungbean seeded simultaneously. Higher number of pods plant-1 was observed when soybean was grown alone. It was concluded that maize intercropping with mungbean and soybean is useful for efficient land use without affecting maize yield and also providing additional yield of mungbean. Thus intercropping of legumes in maize should be encouraged in the maize growing belt under agroclimatic condition of Peshawar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of weeding interval on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Horticultural Research Area, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, during winter 2010-11, Using RCB design with seven treatments viz. no weeding (control) and manual weeding at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days interval. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The data recorded in different plots, was compared with control plot. Onion bulb yield and related parameters (bulb diameter, bulb height and bulb weight) were significantly (p≤0.01) affected by different weeding intervals as compared to control (no weeding). The maximum bulb yield was found in plots with 15 days weeding interval whereas, minimum bulb yield was recorded in control. Similarly weed density and weed biomass (fresh and dry) were reduced significantly (p≤0.01) with decrease in weeding intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out to study the relationship between manual weeds removal timings and garlic production during winter 2007-08 at Government Seed Farm, Rakh Manghan, Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan. Randomized complete block design, having five replications, was used in the experiment. The treatments were; No weeding (weedy check), Two weedings (75 days interval), Three weedings (60 days interval), Four weedings (45 days interval), Six weedings (30 days interval), and Twelve weedings (15 days interval). Garlic yield (t ha-1) and yield components (bulb diameter, height and weight) increased significantly (P≤0.001) with increase in manual weeds removal timings, whereas, weeds density, fresh and dry weeds biomass decreased significantly (P≤0.001) with increase in manual weeds removal timings. Negative linear relationship between bulb yield and weeds fresh and dry biomass (t ha-1) and positive linear relationship between bulb fresh weight and bulb diameter were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A laboratory based trial using water extract was conducted to investigate the allelopathic potential of Silybum marianum L. on kidneybean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) during April 2011, in the Weed Science Research Laboratory, Department of Weed Science, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Fresh plants of S. marianum were collected, dried and ground. Then the powder was soaked in tap water @ 55g/liter and 110g/liter. Ten seeds each of kidneybeans, mungbean, chickpea and soybean were placed in Petri dishes separately and different concentrations of extracts were applied according to the requirements. A control treatment (0 g/liter) was also included for comparison. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and treatments. The results showed that with increasing the leaves extract concentration of S. marianum, a significant decrease was noted in the germination percentage, mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI) and seed vigor index (SVI) of the test species. The tolerance order of the mungbean and soybean against the extract concentration of S. marianum was higher than the other two species, while the chickpea was more susceptible to the toxicity of S. marianum. Therefore, it was noted that the infestation of S. marianum can pollute the soil by accumulating toxic chemicals and affect the agro-biodiversity. Our findings suggest that preventing spread of S. marianum is the better weed management method in legume crops in order to avoid any post germination problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds compete with garlic crop for nutrients, moisture, space, and light, ultimately decreasing the bulb yield. Proper weed management is considered a key to get higher yields. A field experimental trial was conducted to compare the effect of different weeding intervals on garlic yield and yield related components. Randomized complete block design, having six treatments and five replications was used in the experiment. The data recorded in different plots, where weeds were uprooted manually at intervals of 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days, were compared with control, where weeds were left free to grow through out the crop season. The major weeds were Avena fatua, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, Convolvulus arvensis, Coronopus didymus, Euphorbia helioscopia, Medicago denticulata, Phalaris minor, Rumex dentatus, and Melilotus indica. Garlic bulb yield and yield related parameters i.e. bulb diameter, bulb height and bulb weight were highly significantly (p=0.01) influenced by different weeding intervals as compared to control (no weeding). The maximum bulb yield was found in plot with 15 days weeding interval whereas, minimum bulb yield was recorded in control. Similarly weed density, weed fresh and dry biomass reduced significantly (p=0.01) with decrease in weeding intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study control of noxious weed (A. tenuifolius) in chickpea cv. Shinghar through different weed management practices, an adaptive research trial was conducted at farmer's field in village Mela Mandra Khel, District Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during winter 2007-08, using RCB design having four replications. The experiment comprised of five treatments viz., two herbicides, hand weeding (thrice), weeds free and weedy check. The herbicides included were Topik @ 0.2 kg a.i ha-1, and Puma super @ 2 kg a.i ha-1. The data were recorded on weed density m-2, number of pods plant-1, plant height (cm) and grain yield (kg ha-1), which were significantly affected by different weed management practices. Maximum grain yield and its components (plant height and number of pods plant-1) were obtained in weeds free plots, followed by plots, where noxious weeds were uprooted three times during crop growing period. Minimum grain yield and its components were recorded in weedy check, where noxious weed was left free to grow. Both herbicides showed no significant effect on number of pods plant-1 and grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy is now recognized as an interesting aspect of biological science and is gaining popularity worldwide. To investigate the allelopathic potential of weeds, an experiment was undertaken at the Department of Weed Science, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan during September 2010. Water extracts of Poa annua, Imperata cylindrica, Cirsium arvense, Datura alba and Phragmites australis were tested for their allelopathic effects against Zea mays, Avena fatua, Convolvulus arvensis, Ammi visnaga, Rumex crispus and Asphodelus tenuifolius. Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Data were recorded on germination, shoot weight and shoot length of the tested species. Differential response was recorded for different weeds extracts. Maize seeds produced maximum (100%) germination and consequently maximum shoot length and weight, while the weeds germination and other parameter were significantly reduced by the weeds extracts. Phragmites totally inhibited the weeds seeds germination. A. tenuifolius seeds were totally inhibited by the all the weeds extract. These results showed that allelopathic chemicals should be adapted on large scale for better management of weeds suppression in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]