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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are essential in many areas, from healthcare to environmental monitoring. However, WSNs are vulnerable to routing attacks that might jeopardize network performance and data integrity due to their inherent vulnerabilities. This work suggests a unique method for enhancing WSN security through the detection of routing threats using feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs). The proposed solution makes use of ANNs' learning capabilities to model the network's dynamic behavior and recognize routing attacks like black-hole, gray-hole, and wormhole attacks. CICIDS2017 is a heterogeneous dataset that was used to train and test the proposed system in order to guarantee its robustness and adaptability. The system's ability to recognize both known and novel attack patterns enhances its efficacy in real-world deployment. Experimental assessments using an NS2 simulator show how well the proposed method works to improve routing protocol security. The proposed system's performance was assessed using a confusion matrix. The simulation and analysis demonstrated how much better the proposed system performs compared to the existing methods for routing attack detection. With an average detection rate of 99.21% and a high accuracy of 99.49%, the proposed system minimizes the rate of false positives. The study advances secure communication in WSNs and provides a reliable means of protecting sensitive data in resource-constrained settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural symmetries exist in several processes of chemistry, physics, and biology. Symmetries possess interesting dynamical characteristics that cannot be seen in non-symmetric systems. The present paper investigates the competition between two banking systems, rural and commercial, in Indonesia, in parameterized fractional order Caputo derivative. A novel numerical method is used to discretize the competition system using the real data of rural and commercial banks in Indonesia for the period 2004–2014. The new scheme is more suitable and reliable for data fitting results and has good accuracy. The integer model is formulated in Caputo derivative and their stability results are presented. With the available parameters, the data for the model is analyzed using various scenarios. We shall compare the result with the previous method used in the literature and show that the present method is better than the previous method in the literature. It is shown that fractional order α and the parameter ρ involved in the numerical scheme provide excellent fitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to predict the COVID-19 infection fifth wave in South Africa using the Gaussian mixture model for the available data of the early four waves for March 18, 2020-April 13, 2022. The quantification data is considered, and the time unit is used in days. We give the modeling of COVID-19 in South Africa and predict the future fifth wave in the country. Initially, we use the Gaussian mixture model to characterize the coronavirus infection to fit the early reported cases of four waves and then to predict the future wave. Actual data and the statistical analysis using the Gaussian mixture model are performed which give close agreement with each other, and one can able to predict the future wave. After that, we fit and predict the fifth wave in the country and it is predicted to be started in the last week of May 2022 and end in the last week of September 2022. It is predicted that the peak may occur on the third week of July 2022 with a high number of 19383 cases. The prediction of the fifth wave can be useful for the health authorities in order to prepare themselves for medical setup and other necessary measures. Further, we use the result obtained from the Gaussian mixture model in the new model formulated in terms of differential equations. The differential equations model is simulated for various values of the model parameters in order to determine the disease's possible eliminations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study the dengue dynamics with fractal-factional Caputo–Fabrizio operator. We employ real statistical data of dengue infection cases of East Java, Indonesia, from 2018 and parameterize the dengue model. The estimated basic reduction number for this dataset is R 0 ≈ 2.2020 . We briefly show the stability results of the model for the case when the basic reproduction number is R 0 < 1 . We apply the fractal-fractional operator in the framework of Caputo–Fabrizio to the model and present its numerical solution by using a novel approach. The parameter values estimated for the model are used to compare with fractal-fractional operator, and we suggest that the fractal-fractional operator provides the best fitting for real cases of dengue infection when varying the values of both operators’ orders. We suggest some more graphical illustration for the model variables with various orders of fractal and fractional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pine wilt disease is a lethal tree disease caused by nematodes carried by pine sawyer beetles. Once affected, the trees are destroyed within a few months, resulting in significant environmental and economic losses. The role of asymptomatic carrier trees in the disease dynamics remains unclear. We developed a mathematical model to investigate the effect of asymptomatic carriers on the long-term outcome of the disease. We performed a stability and sensitivity analysis to identify key parameters and used optimal control to examine several intervention options. Our model shows that, with the application of suitable controls, the disease can be eliminated in the vector population and all tree populations except for asymptomatic carriers. Of the possible controls (tree injection, elimination of infected trees, insecticide spraying), we determined that elimination of infected trees is crucial. However, if the costs of insecticide spraying increase, it can be supplemented (although not replaced entirely) by tree injection, so long as some spraying is still undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B infection is a serious health issue and a major cause of deaths worldwide. This infection can be overcome by adopting proper treatment and control strategies. In this paper, we develop and use a mathematical model to explore the effect of treatment on the dynamics of hepatitis B infection. First, we formulate and use a model without control variables to calculate the basic reproduction number and to investigate basic properties of the model such as the existence and stability of equilibria. In the absence of control measures, we prove that the disease free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than unity. Also, using persistent theorem, it is shown that the infection is uniformly persistent, whenever the basic reproduction number is greater than unity. Using optimal control theory, we incorporate into the model three time-dependent control variables and investigate the conditions required to curtail the spread of the disease. Finally, to illustrate the effectiveness of each of the control strategies on disease control and eradication, we perform numerical simulations. Based on the numerical results, we found that the first two strategies (treatment and isolation strategy) and (vaccination and isolation strategy) are not very effective as a long term control or eradication strategy for HBV. Hence, we recommend that in order to effectively control the disease, all the control measures (isolation, vaccination and treatment) must be implemented at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we formulate a mathematical model to analyze the impact of hospitalization and vaccination on the transmission dynamics of hepatitis B infection. Initially, we evaluate the model equilibria and basic reproduction number. Further, using Lyapunov function we prove that the model has a globally asymptotically stable infection free equilibrium when the basic reproduction number is less than 1, and using geometric approach we show global asymptotic stability of endemic equilibrium, when ℛ 0 > 1. We perform sensitivity analysis of ℛ 0 to identify the dominant parameters that seriously affect the hepatitis B infection. After that, using optimal control theory and Pontryagin's maximum principle, we develop the control problem and illustrate the necessary optimality conditions. Finally, we perform the numerical simulations in order to point out the effectiveness of control interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the tuberculosis dynamics with relapse with a nonlocal conformable derivative in the Caputo sense. The real data of tuberculosis cases since 2002 to 2017 are used to the set the parameters. The numerical results with the realistic parameters are chosen and present the graphical results. Further, we assign different values to the fractional parameters α and β and discuss its effect on the system variables. The use of these two fractional operators on the model simultaneously with realistic data gives reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the main comment raised on the published manuscript [A. Atangana and K. M. Owolabi, Math. Model. Nat. Phenom. 13, 3 (2018)] by Garrappa [Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 70, 302–306 (2019)]. It was shown that the scheme proposed by Garrappa [Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 70, 302–306 (2019)] did not capture the memory and nonlocality and led to unreliable results. Therefore, we decided to highlight and validate this issue by means of a scheme where misprinting or typos were observed. Further, we propose some examples where some of them were reported by Garrappa [Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 70, 302–306 (2019)]. It is shown further by considering different examples of the nature of linear and nonlinear problems, and we show that the scheme presented by Atangana and Owolabi [Math. Model. Nat. Phenom. 13, 3 (2018)] is correct and gives 100% agreement for the case of linear problems with the other methods in the literature, while for the case of nonlinear problems, it gives a reasonable agreement and thus the claim by Garrappa [Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 70, 302–306 (2019)] is baseless. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a transmission model of hepatitis B virus by taking into account media coverage. First, we formulate the model and find the basic reproduction number R 0 by using the next generation matrix method. We show that the disease free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable for R 0 < 1 and unstable if R 0 > 1 . We also prove that the system is globally asymptotically stable for R 0 < 1 . In order to control the spread of this disease in community, we devise an optimal control problem by introducing three control functions, that is, the educational campaign, vaccination and the media coverage. To do this, we solve analytically the control problem with characterization of control variables using the Portraying’s Maximum Principle. Finally, we present some numerical illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stresses are a significant constraint to plant production globally. Identifying stress-related genes can aid in the development of stress-tolerant elite genotypes and facilitate trait and crop manipulation. The primary aim of this study was to conduct whole transcriptome analyses of the salt-tolerant faba bean genotype, Hassawi-2, under different durations of salt stress (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h) at the early vegetative stage, to better understand the molecular basis of salt tolerance. After de novo assembly, a total of 140,308 unigenes were obtained. The up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 2380, 2863, 3057, 3484, and 4820 at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of salt stress, respectively. Meanwhile, 1974, 3436, 2371, 3502, and 5958 genes were downregulated at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of salt stress, respectively. These DEGs encoded various regulatory and functional proteins, including kinases, plant hormone proteins, transcriptional factors (TFs) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), Myeloblastosis (MYB), and (WRKY), heat shock proteins (HSPs), late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, dehydrin, antioxidant enzymes, and aquaporin proteins. This suggests that the faba bean genome possesses an abundance of salinity resistance genes, which trigger different adaptive mechanisms under salt stress. Some selected DEGs validated the RNA sequencing results, thus confirming similar gene expression levels. This study represents the first transcriptome analysis of faba bean leaves subjected to salinity stress offering valuable insights into the mechanisms governing salt tolerance in faba bean during the vegetative stage. This comprehensive investigation enhances our understanding of precise gene regulatory mechanisms and holds promise for the development of novel salt-tolerant faba bean salt-tolerant cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a highly damaging pest of palm trees worldwide. The infestation is highly concealed in nature. Hence, a highly sensitive and reliable early detection technique needs to be applied in the field for identification and treatment of the infested date palms to curtail further infestation. We have recently reported the differential proteomic analysis of the date palm stem tissues associated with the red palm weevil infestation. In this study, we examine the response of date palm infested with red palm weevil based on the leaf proteome expression changes detected using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF). We observed qualitative and quantitative proteome differences between the control and weevil-infested date palm samples. The red palm weevil infestation induced specific responses attributable to weevil feeding, relative to artificially wounded trees (which were used as a control). Differential proteomics led to the identification of 32 red palm weevil infestation-specific protein spots (P = 0.05 having ≥ 1.5-fold modulation) that were further subjected to mass spectrometer analysis for identification and characterization. Proteins involved in plant stress and plant defense, photosynthesis, carbohydrate utilization, and protein degradation were affected in infested plants. The differentially expressed red palm weevil infestation-specific peptides can be used as biomarkers for the identification of early infestation with this insect in date palm trees. Moreover, our study demonstrates the potential use of proteomic strategies in diagnosing phyto-infestation caused by insect pests, diseases, and perhaps even for variety selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates the dynamics of pine wilt disease with saturated incidence rate. The proposed model is stable both locally and globally. The local stability of the disease-free equilibrium is determined by the basic reproduction . The disease-free equilibrium is stable locally and globally whenever . If , then the endemic state is stable both locally and globally. Further, a brief discussion with conclusion on the numerical results of the proposed model is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire coating process is a continuous extrusion process for primary insulation of conducting wires with molten polymers for mechanical strength and protection in aggressive environments. In the present study, radiative melt polymer satisfying third grade fluid model is used for wire coating process. The effect of magnetic parameter, thermal radiation parameter and temperature dependent viscosity on wire coating analysis has been investigated. Reynolds model and Vogel’s models have been incorporated for variable viscosity. The governing equations characterizing the flow and heat transfer phenomena are solved analytically by utilizing homotopy analysis method (HAM). The computed results are also verified by ND-Solve method (Numerical technique) and Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM). The effect of pertinent parameters is shown graphically. In addition, the instability of the flow in the flows of the wall of the extrusion die is well marked in the case of the Vogel model as pointed by Nhan-Phan-Thien. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a compartmental mathematical model of hepatitis B virus with optimal control strategies. First, we formulate the model applying the optimal control techniques which use control variables in the form of isolation, educational campaign and vaccination. We derive the conditions under which it is optimal to eradicate the disease and examine the impact of possible vaccination treatment strategies on disease transmission. When such an elimination is impossible, we use the techniques of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to derive the necessary conditions for the optimal control problem. The numerical results show that some effective vaccination and control can reduce the disease spread in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the dynamics of an SEIR epidemic model with saturated incidence, treatment function, and optimal control. Rigorous mathematical results have been established for the model. The stability analysis of the model is investigated and found that the model is locally asymptotically stable when R 0 < 1 . The model is locally as well as globally asymptotically stable at endemic equilibrium when R 0 > 1 . The proposed model may possess a backward bifurcation. The optimal control problem is designed and obtained their necessary results. Numerical results have been presented for justification of theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present and analyze an SEIR Zika epidemic model. Firstly, we investigate the model with constant controls. The steady states of the model is found to be locally and globally asymptotically stable. Thereafter, we incorporate time dependent controls into the model in order to investigate the optimal effects of bednets, treatments of infective and spray of insecticides on the disease spread. Furthermore, we used Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle to determine the necessary conditions for effective control of the disease. Also, the numerical results were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a dynamical system of a SEIQV mathematical model with nonlinear generalized incidence arising in biology is investigated. The stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibrium is discussed. The basic reproduction number of the model is obtained. We found that the disease-free and endemic equilibrium is stable locally as well as globally asymptotically stable. For , the disease-free equilibrium is stable both locally and globally and for , the endemic equilibrium is stable globally asymptotically. Finally, some numerical results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have explored double-layer-coated fiber optics using two-phase immiscible non-Newtonian fluid as a polymeric material. We have considered two layers, the first layer is assumed of soft material and the second consists of hard material. Resin flows are driven by fast-moving glass fiber and the pressurization at the coating die inlet. Two cases of temperature linearly varying at the boundaries have been discussed. The assumption of fully developed flow of non-Newtonian fluid permits an exact solution to the Navier–Stokes equations. The thickness of the secondary coating resin and the shear stress on the glass fiber, which are two basic output variables of practical concern, have been examined by several input parameters: two geometric parameters, i.e., radius of the glass fiber Rw and radius of the coating die Rd; two operational parameters, i.e., the velocity ratio U and power indices n1;2; the non-Newtonian parameter S1;2; and the nondimensional parameters H and ϕ. The comparison of the present work with published result predicts the close agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire coating process is a continuous extrusion process for primary insulation of conducting wires with molten polymers for mechanical strength and protection in aggressive environments. Nylon, polysulfide, low/high density polyethylene (LDPE/HDPE) and plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are the common and important plastic resin used for wire coating. In the current study, wire coating is performed using viscoelastic third grade fluid in the presence of applied magnetic field and porous medium. The governing equations are first modeled and then solved analytically by utilizing the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of the series solution is established. A numerical technique called ND-solve method is used for comparison and found good agreement. The effect of pertinent parameters on the velocity field and temperature profile is shown with the help of graphs. It is observed that the velocity profiles increase as the value of viscoelastic third grade parameter β increase and decrease as the magnetic parameter M and permeability parameter K increase. It is also observed that the temperature profiles increases as the Brinkman number Br, permeability parameter K, magnetic parameter M and viscoelastic third grade parameter (non-Newtonian parameter) b increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considers SEIVR epidemic model with generalized nonlinear saturated incidence rate in the host population horizontally to estimate local and global equilibriums. By using the Routh-Hurwitz criteria, it is shown that if the basic reproduction number , the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. When the basic reproduction number exceeds the unity, then the endemic equilibrium exists and is stable locally asymptotically. The system is globally asymptotically stable about the disease-free equilibrium if . The geometric approach is used to present the global stability of the endemic equilibrium. For , the endemic equilibrium is stable globally asymptotically. Finally, the numerical results are presented to justify the mathematical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct a new mathematical model to better understand the novel coronavirus (omicron variant). We briefly present the modeling of COVID-19 with the omicron variant and present their mathematical results. We study that the Omicron model is locally asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number R 0 < 1 , while for R 0 ≤ 1 , the model at the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. We extend the model to the second-order differential equations to study the possible occurrence of the layers(waves). We then extend the model to a fractional stochastic version and studied its numerical results. The real data for the period ranging from November 1, 2021, to January 23, 2022, from South Africa are considered to obtain the realistic values of the model parameters. The basic reproduction number for the suggested data is found to be approximate R 0 ≈ 2. 1107 which is very close to the actual basic reproduction in South Africa. We perform the global sensitivity analysis using the PRCC method to investigate the most influential parameters that increase or decrease R 0. We use the new numerical scheme recently reported for the solution of piecewise fractional differential equations to present the numerical simulation of the model. Some graphical results for the model with sensitive parameters are given which indicate that the infection in the population can be minimized by following the recommendations of the world health organizations (WHO), such as social distances, using facemasks, washing hands, avoiding gathering, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an SEIVR epidemic model with generalized incidence and preventive vaccination is considered. First, we formulate the model and obtain its basic properties. Then, we find the equilibrium points of the model, the disease-free and the endemic equilibrium. The stability of disease-free and endemic equilibrium is associated with the basic reproduction number . If the basic reproduction number , the disease-free equilibrium is locally as well as globally asymptotically stable. Moreover, if the basic reproduction number , the disease is uniformly persistent and the unique endemic equilibrium of the system is locally as well as globally asymptotically stable under certain conditions. Finally, the numerical results justify the analytical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A state of the art proteomic methodology using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI TOF) has been employed to characterize peptides modulated in the date palm stem subsequent to infestation with red palm weevil (RPW). Our analyses revealed 32 differentially expressed peptides associated with RPW infestation in date palm stem. To identify RPW infestation associated peptides (I), artificially wounded plants (W) were used as additional control beside uninfested plants, a conventional control (C). A constant unique pattern of differential expression in infested (I), wounded (W) stem samples compared to control (C) was observed. The upregulated proteins showed relative fold intensity in order of I > W and downregulated spots trend as W > I, a quite interesting pattern. This study also reveals that artificially wounding of date palm stem affects almost the same proteins as infestation; however, relative intensity is quite lower than in infested samples both in up and downregulated spots. All 32 differentially expressed spots were subjected to MALDI-TOF analysis for their identification and we were able to match 21 proteins in the already existing databases. Relatively significant modulated expression pattern of a number of peptides in infested plants predicts the possibility of developing a quick and reliable molecular methodology for detecting plants infested with date palm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we formulate a mathematical model to understand breast cancer in the population of Saudi Arabia. We consider a mathematical model and study its mathematical results. We show that the breast cancer model possesses a unique system of solutions. The stability results are shown for the model. We consider the reported cases in Saudi Arabia for the period 2004–2016. The data are given for the female population in Saudi Arabia that is suffering from breast cancer. The data are used to obtain the values of the parameters, and then we predict the long-term behavior with the obtained numerical results. The numerical results are obtained using the proposed parameterized approach. We present graphical results for the breast cancer model under effective parameters such as τ 1 , τ 2 , and τ 3 that cause decreasing future cases in the population of stages 3 and 4, and the disease-free condition. Chemotherapy generally increases the risk of cardiotoxicity, and, hence, our model result shows this fact. The combination of chemotherapy stages 3 and 4 and the parameters τ 1 and τ 2 together at a low-level rate and also treating the patients before the chemotherapy will decrease the population of cardiotoxicity. The findings of this study are intended to reduce the number of cardiotoxic patients and raise the number of patients who recover following chemotherapy, which will aid in public health decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 infection which is still infecting many individuals around the world and at the same time the recovered individuals after the recovery are infecting again. This reinfection of the individuals after the recovery may lead the disease to worse in the population with so many challenges to the health sectors. We study in the present work by formulating a mathematical model for SARS-CoV-2 with reinfection. We first briefly discuss the formulation of the model with the assumptions of reinfection, and then study the related qualitative properties of the model. We show that the reinfection model is stable locally asymptotically when R 0 < 1. For R 0 ≤ 1 , we show that the model is globally asymptotically stable. Further, we consider the available data of coronavirus from Pakistan to estimate the parameters involved in the model. We show that the proposed model shows good fitting to the infected data. We compute the basic reproduction number with the estimated and fitted parameters numerical value is R 0 ≈ 1.4962. Further, we simulate the model using realistic parameters and present the graphical results. We show that the infection can be minimized if the realistic parameters (that are sensitive to the basic reproduction number) are taken into account. Also, we observe the model prediction for the total infected cases in the future fifth layer of COVID-19 in Pakistan that may begin in the second week of February 2022. [Display omitted] • A new mathematical for SARS-CoV-2 with reinfection is presented. • Local and global asymptotical stability analysis of the model is presented. • Parameters estimations for the real cases in Pakistan are presented. • Numerical simulations with the predictions of future waves in Pakistan is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain legumes are important source of proteins and dietary minerals for humans. In this study, 40 faba bean and 28 chickpea genotypes were evaluated for their nutritional profile. We found that crude proteins ranged from 31.5-37.7% and 19.8-24.9% in faba bean and chickpea genotypes, respectively. Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors varied from 2.24-2.77 and 0.35-0.70 trypsin inhibitory unit (TIU) mg-1, respectively in faba bean genotypes; whereas, in chickpea genotypes, they ranged from 7.65-8.98 and 9.0-11.9 TIU mg-1, respectively. Tannins in faba bean ranged from 12.2-16.2 mg 100 g-1, while in chickpea they ranged from 4.11-4.94 mg g-1. However, phytic acid ranged from 1.2-1.5 mg 100 g-1 in faba bean, while in chickpea it ranged from 6.10-6.98 mg g-1. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents ranged from 5.8-11.3 mg galic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1 and 0.08-0.16 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) g-1, respectively in faba bean genotypes; whereas, in chickpea genotypes, these ranged from 1.5-2.5 mg GAE g-1 and 0.05-0.18 mg QE g-1, respectively. In crux, some faba bean and chickpea genotypes could be potential donors for legume genetic improvement and incorporation of such legumes in human diets may improve the nutritional value of diet and can reduce malnutrition. © 2015 Friends Science Publishers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential proteomics is considered as one of the most powerful tools for evaluating relative expression of molecular moieties either in plants or animals. The present study focuses first on optimizing a rapid and sensitive protocol for the isolation of high quality protein to be used in two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) from date palm samples, and then comparing differentially expressed peptides associated with red palm weevil (RPW) infestation of this plant using uninfested plants as control. Among the several methodologies we used for optimization, it was revealed that Phenol/ SDS extraction followed by methanolic ammonium acetate precipitation (designated as protocol 3 in this study) yielded high quality protein. Moreover, 2DE protein analysis demonstrated both qualitative and quantitative differences between control and infested date palm samples. Our differential proteomic methodologies showed 22 differential spots having modulation level ≥1.5 fold. Subsequently, these differentially expressed peptides were subjected to MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprinting analysis for their characterization. The 11 peptides identified through these methodologies fall into three major functional groups including stress/defense (5), photosynthesis (2), ion transport (1) related proteins and three with other functions. Our data revealed that proteins related to date palm defense or stress response were up-regulated in infested samples while the proteins involved in photosynthetic activities were down regulated. The present results indicated that RPW infestation of date palm plants induced molecular changes manifested through differential expression of proteins. Differentially expressed peptides besides increasing our understanding relevant to RPW infestation will help us in developing methodologies for early detection of RPW infestation beneficial for curbing this problem in economically important date palm trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are low-cost, special-purpose networks introduced to resolve various daily life domestic, industrial, and strategic problems. These networks are deployed in such places where the repairments, in most cases, become difficult. The nodes in WSNs, due to their vulnerable nature, are always prone to various potential threats. The deployed environment of WSNs is noncentral, unattended, and administrativeless; therefore, malicious attacks such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks can easily be commenced by the attackers. Most of the DDoS detection systems rely on the analysis of the flow of traffic, ultimately with a conclusion that high traffic may be due to the DDoS attack. On the other hand, legitimate users may produce a larger amount of traffic known, as the flash crowd (FC). Both DDOS and FC are considered abnormal traffic in communication networks. The detection of such abnormal traffic and then separation of DDoS attacks from FC is also a focused challenge. This paper introduces a novel mechanism based on a Bayesian model to detect abnormal data traffic and discriminate DDoS attacks from FC in it. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism, compared with the existing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major global public health issue and causes millions of deaths around the globe. The most severe phase of HIV infection is known as AIDS. In recent years, a number of mathematical models based on classical integer-order derivative have been developed to analyze the insight dynamics of HIV/AIDS. This paper presents the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS using fractional order (FO) and a fractal-fractional order compartmental model with the power-law kernel. In the first phase, the proposed model is formulated using the Caputo-type fractional derivative. The basic properties such as the solution positivity and existence as well as uniqueness of the fractional model are presented. The equilibria and the basic reproductive number ℛ 0 are evaluated. Further, using fractional stability concepts the stability of the model (both local and global) around the equilibrium is presented in the disease-free case. In addition, the fractional model is solved numerically, and the graphical results with many values of q 1 are shown. In the second phase, the concept of a fractal-fractional (FF) operator is applied to obtain a more generalized model that addresses the dynamics of HIV/AIDS. The uniqueness and existence of the solutions of the FF-based model are shown via the Picard–Lindelof approach while the modified Adams–Bashforth method is utilized to present the numerical solution. Detailed numerical simulations are presented for various values fractional as well as the fractal orders, q 1 and q 2 , respectively. The graphical results reveal that the FF-based model provides biologically more feasible results than the models in fractional and classical integer-order cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study an epidemic model of leptospirosis in fractional order numerically. The multistep generalized differential transform method is applied to find the accurate approximate solution of the epidemic model of leptospirosis disease in fractional order. A unique positive solution for the epidemic model in fractional order is presented. For the integer case derivative, the approximate solution of MGDTM is compared with the Runge-Kutta order four scheme. The numerical results are presented for the justification purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we study the COVID-19 infection through a new mathematical model using the Caputo derivative. The model has all the possible interactions that are responsible for the spread of disease in the community. We first formulate the model in classical differential equations and then extend it into fractional differential equations using the definition of the Caputo derivative. We explore in detail the stability results for the model of the disease-free case when R 0 < 1 . We show that the model is stable locally when R 0 < 1 . We give the result that the model is globally asymptotically stable whenever R 0 ≤ 1 . Further, to estimate the model parameters, we consider the real data of the fourth wave from Pakistan and provide a reasonable fitting to the data. We estimate the basic reproduction number for the proposed data to be R 0 = 1.0779 . Moreover, using the real parameters, we present the numerical solution by first giving a reliable scheme that can numerically handle the solution of the model. In our simulation, we give the graphical results for some sensitive parameters that have a large impact on disease elimination. Our results show that taking into consideration all the possible interactions can describe COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the vector-host disease with a variability in population. We assume, the disease is fatal and for some cases the infected individuals become susceptible. We first show the local and global stability of the disease-free equilibrium, for the case when R0 <1. We also show that for R0 <1, the disease free-equilibrium of the model is both locally as well as globally stable. For R0 > 1, there exists a unique positive endemic equilibrium. For R0 > 1, the disease persistence occurs. The endemic equilibrium is locally as well as globally asymptotically stable for R0 > 1. Numerical results are presented for the justifications of theoratical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B is a globally infectious disease. Mathematicalmodeling of HBV transmission is an interesting research area. In this paper, we present characteristics of HBV virus transmission in the form of a mathematical model. We analyzed the effect of immigrants in the model to study the effect of immigrants for the host population. We added the following flow parameters: "the transmission between migrated and exposed class" and "the transmission between migrated and acute class."With these newfeatures, we obtained a compartment model of six differential equations. First, we find the basic threshold quantity Ro and then find the local asymptotic stability of disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium. Furthermore, we find the global stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibria. Previous similar publications have not added the kind of information about the numerical results of themodel. In our case, from numerical simulation, a detailed discussion of the parameters and their numerical results is presented. We claim that with these assumptions and by adding the migrated class, the model informs policy for governments, to be aware of the immigrants and subject them to tests about the disease status. Immigrants for short visits and students should be subjected to tests to reduce the number of immigrants with disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural symmetry exists in several phenomena in physics, chemistry, and biology. Incorporating these symmetries in the differential equations used to characterize these processes is thus a valid modeling assumption. The present study investigates COVID-19 infection through the stochastic model. We consider the real infection data of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia and present its detailed mathematical results. We first present the existence and uniqueness of the deterministic model and later study the dynamical properties of the deterministic model and determine the global asymptotic stability of the system for R 0 ≤ 1 . We then study the dynamic properties of the stochastic model and present its global unique solution for the model. We further study the extinction of the stochastic model. Further, we use the nonlinear least-square fitting technique to fit the data to the model for the deterministic and stochastic case and the estimated basic reproduction number is R 0 ≈ 1.1367 . We show that the stochastic model provides a good fitting to the real data. We use the numerical approach to solve the stochastic system by presenting the results graphically. The sensitive parameters that significantly impact the model dynamics and reduce the number of infected cases in the future are shown graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study describes comparison between IPTG and lactose induction on expression of caprine growth hormone (cGH), enhancing cell densities of Escherichia coli cultures and refolding the recombinant cGH, produced as inclusion bodies, to biologically active state. 2–3 times higher cell densities were obtained in shake flask cultures when induction was done with lactose showing almost same level of expression as in case of IPTG induction. With lactose induction highest cell densities were achieved in TB (OD600 16.3) and M9NG (OD600 16.1) media, producing 885 and 892mg cGH per liter of the culture, respectively. Lactose induction done at mid-exponential stage resulted in a higher cell density and thus higher product yield. cGH over-expressed as inclusion bodies was solubilized in 50mM Tris–Cl buffer (pH 12.5) containing 2M urea, followed by dilution and lowering the pH in a step-wise manner to obtain the final solution in 50mM Tris–Cl (pH 9.5). The cGH was purified by Q-Sepharose chromatography followed by gel filtration with a recovery yield of 39% on the basis of total cell proteins. The product thus obtained showed a single band by SDS–PAGE analysis. MALDI-TOF analysis showed a single peak with a mass of 21,851 dalton, which is very close to its calculated molecular weight. A bioassay based on proliferation of Nb2 rat lymphoma cells showed that the purified cGH was biologically active. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study addresses the problem of poor expression of somatotropin (ST) gene in E. coli and describes expression enhancement through silent and non-silent gene modifications. A series of constructs with codon optimization, substitution, deletion or addition in the 5′-region of the sequence encoding bubaline ST (BbST) were prepared. In the native form, the BbST expression was barely discernible on SDS-gel of the total E. coli cellular proteins (TCP). Introduction of silent and non-silent mutations in +2 to +8 codons, however, raised the expression levels to varying extents. In some constructs, a single base variation, i.e., G→A or G→C led to a remarkable increase in BbST expression (up to 28% of the TCP) whereas in the case of G→T substitution the expression dropped to undetectable levels. Deletion of native GCC codon and addition of CAUCAC repeat thrice at +2 position enhanced the expression up to 48%, while insertion of NGG codons at the same position caused just a modest increase in expression. Differences in expression appeared as if related to the nature of early downstream codons (especially +2) and the stability of mRNA secondary structure although the levels of intracellular mRNA pools, as analyzed by real-time RT-PCR were quite similar. Overall, the study highlights the importance of 5′-end codon adaptations in solving the problems encountered in expressing the eukaryotic genes in E. coli. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new coronavirus mathematical with hospitalization is considered with the consideration of the real cases from March 06, 2021 till the end of April 30, 2021. The essential mathematical results for the model are presented. We show the model stability when R 0 < 1 in the absence of infection. We show that the system is stable locally asymptotically when R 0 < 1 at infection free state. We also show that the system is globally asymptotically stable in the disease absence when R 0 < 1 . Data have been used to fit accurately to the model and found the estimated basic reproduction number to be R 0 = 1.2036 . Some graphical results for the effective parameters are drawn for the disease elimination. In addition, a variable-order model is introduced, and so as to handle the outbreak effectively and efficiently, a genetic algorithm is used to produce high-quality control. Numerical simulations clearly show that decision-makers may develop helpful and practical strategies to manage future waves by implementing optimum policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-03199-3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-03199-3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silver, magnesium oxide and gyrotactic microorganism-based hybrid nanofluid flow inside the conical space between disc and cone is addressed in the perspective of thermal energy stabilization. Different cases have been discussed between the spinning of cone and disc in the same or counter wise directions. The hybrid nanofluid has been synthesized in the presence of silver Ag and magnesium oxide MgO nanoparticulate. The viscous dissipation and the magnetic field factors are introduced to the modeled equations. The parametric continuation method (PCM) is utilized to numerically handle the modeled problem. Magnesium oxide is chemically made up of Mg2+ and O2- ions that are bound by a strong ionic connection and can be made by pyrolyzing Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide) and MgCO3 (magnesium carbonate) at high temperature (700–1500 °C). For metallurgical, biomedical and electrical implementations, it is more efficient. Similarly, silver nanoparticle's antibacterial properties could be employed to control bacterial growth. It has been observed that a circulating disc with a stationary cone can achieve the optimum cooling of the cone-disk apparatus while the outer edge temperature remains fixed. The thermal energy profile remarkably upgraded with the magnetic effect, the addition of nanoparticulate in base fluid and Eckert number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of this paper is to investigate the dynamics of the competition between rural and commercial bank with in the framework of fractal–fractional Atangana–Baleanu derivative sense. Initially, we take a model from literature and then utilize the real data since 2004–2014. We estimate effectively the parameters for the competition fractal–fractional model. Then, we provide a novel numerical technique for fractal–fractional model with many graphical results. We show graphical results for data fitting with the suggested operators and show that these two operators give the same results for the data fitting but varying both the values of the fractal and fractional order we have reasonable results. The results of the data fitting with these two operators are reliable and good are shown. Moreover, we present by comparing these two operators for many values of the fractal and fractional order parameters θ and α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B infection is a serious public health issue worldwide and can be controlled through proper treatment. Mathematical models can be effectively used to explore the effect of different treatment strategies on hepatitis B patients. In this paper, we illustrate a new epidemic fractional order model of the hepatitis B virus with treatment case via Atangana–Baleanu derivative in Caputo sense. In the beginning, we investigate the non-negativity and uniqueness of the model solution. Then, we evaluate the basic reproduction number and equilibria of the model. Further, an iterative scheme is applied to calculate solution of the proposed model. Finally, to show the influence of fractional order and model parameters, we present a detail numerical simulations for different values of fractional order " γ ". The results show the importance and convincing behavior of the fractional order " γ " and ensure that by including the memory effects in the model seems very appropriate for such an investigation. • A new fractional model for Hepatitis B with treatment is presented. • A fractional derivative known as Atangana–Baleanu is considered. • Stability results are shown. • A novel numerical approach is considered. • Graphical results are provided which shows the effectiveness of the treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]