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Over the past several decades, there has been an extreme increase in high temperatures across the global ocean, termed Marine Heatwaves (MHW). MHWs have devastating impacts on human life and ecological systems, affecting biodiversity, fisheries, and aquaculture. Due to extreme heat, mass extinctions of various species and marine habitats such as seagrass and coral reefs are occurring. It is crucial to investigate how the dynamics and trends of MHWs might change using available data from models and satellites to better mitigate future predicaments. This study presents a detailed analysis of MHWs, including an examination from 2001 to June 2024 in a low-lying country like Bangladesh. A step-by-step procedure is shown to calculate MHWs using a computer program (MATLAB). This study also shows a recent increasing trend in MHW, predicting an increased amount of land loss for low-lying countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritive components such as crude protein, crude fibre, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, of important fodder plant species in successional grassland in Manipur have been evaluated throughout the year. The amount of crude protein and fibre varied from 2.38% (January) to 25.75% (May) and 25.20% (January) to 69.87% (July), respectively in different species. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents also ranged from 37.19% (March) to 60.42% (May), 19.89% (March) to 44.59% (September) and 4.28% (March) to 28.21% (January), respectively, in different species across the months. The highest nutritive value of plant species i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content was found to be during the rainy months of July/September. Out of 13 fodder plant species, Desmodium triflorum exhibited highest content for crude protein and nitrogen, Fimbristylis dichotoma for crude fibre, and potassium, Arundinella setosa for cellulose, Bothriochloa intermedia for Hemicellulose, Dichanthium annulatum for lignin, Andropogon ascinodes for phosphorus during the study period. These species are more palatable in early vegetative stage and considered excellent nutritious fodders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifting cultivation, also referred to as slash and burnt agriculture, was a rather extensive farming system that incorporates both cropping and fallow periods in its land rotation. Changes in land use have a marked effect the soil fertility, soil nutrient dynamics and long term sustainability and for their influence in the atmospheric CO2 concentration and global warming. Physico-chemical characteristics of soil in slash and burnt site, fallow land and protected forest have been studied. Soil temperature was maximum in slash and burnt site 20.97°C followed by fallow lands 19.60°C and minimum in protected forest site 19.55°C. However, this trend was reversed for soil moisture which was minimum in slash and burnt site 17.46% followed by fallow land 18.57% and maximum in protected forest 19.26%. In the present study the nutrient status, i.e. soil organic C, nitrogen and total phosphorous, of soil in slash and burnt site was higher than other sites which may be attributed due to addition of ash and partly burnt material. The C/N ratio in slash and burnt site, fallow land and protected forest sites were 8.06, 4.89 and 5.22, respectively. The rate of ammonification, nitrification and N-mineralisation was maximum in rainy season in all the four study sites and minimum in winter season except in site I. There was significant correlation between the rates of ammonification, nitrification and N-mineralisation with soil parameters such as moisture, organic carbon, total nitrogen, temperature and pH. High amounts of nutrient in soil under shifting cultivation are lost through leaching, runoff and soil erosion if not uptaken by the crops. Thus, the stability of shifting cultivation system depends upon recovery and maintenance of soil fertility. If the nutrients lost or displaced during the cropping phase are restored during the fallow phase, the system could continue sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Prevalence of mastitis and their antimicrobial resistance in Amtali (sub-district) area of Barguna District were studied. Mastitis was diagnosed by examining the udder and milk of 300 dairy cows. The bacteria were cultured and biochemical tests and antimicrobial profiling were done. The overall prevalence of mastitis was 5.0%, and cross-bred and local cows had 6.4% and 3.8%, respectively. The prevalence was higher in animals 7 - 8 years old (5.9%) and in cows of 3rd - 4th parity (8.8%). Cows with peri-parturient diseases and 1st - 2nd lactation had prevalence of 6.8% (P<0.05) and 5.7%, respectively. The prevalence in dry and wet seasons was 33.3% and 66.7% (P<0.10), respectively, and 53.3% of cows were affected with mastitis when the floor was wet and soiled. The prevalence was 73.3% (P<0.05) in unhygienic conditions. The prevalence of E. coli and S. aureus in mastitis milk samples was 73.3% and 66.7%, respectively. E. coli was sensitive to amoxicillin (36.4%), ampicillin (36.4%), tetracycline (54.6%), streptomycin and co-trimoxazole (81.8%), gentamicin & ceftriaxone (90.9%), cefuroxime and cefixime (100%). S. aureus was sensitive to co-trimoxazole (60%), tetracycline (70%), amoxicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin (80%), gentamicin, ceftriaxone (90%), cefuroxime and cefixime (100%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates that exist naturally, and they are the most common mineral in sedimentary rocks. These minerals are called tectosilicates, and they have an open, three-dimensional structure with the cations required to maintain equilibrium of electrostatic charge between the aluminum framework and silicon tetrahedral units. Most common zeolites are chabazite, clinoptilolite, phillipsite, erionite, stilbite, heulandite, and mordenite. Zeolites are harmless for the environment and living things. Their multipurpose application in agriculture is mainly due to their high porosity, sorption-ion-exchange capability, and welldeveloped specific surface area. Applying zeolites directly to the soil improves its sorption capacity while simultaneously decreasing acidity and boosting nutrient uptake efficiency. Increased yields and less nutrient dispersion in the environment are achieved through better nitrogen utilization from fertilizers. This contributes to the closed-loop economy, the depletion of environmental resources, and the principles of sustainable development. Thus, zeolites have the potential to directly enhance agricultural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acorus calamus is a medicinal plant with several ethno-medicinal properties. The present study was carried to screen the presence of major phytochemical groups. Phytochemical screening of methanolic and ethanolic rhizome extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenolic compound, protein, amino acid flavanoids and tannins. The total phenolic content in methanolic and ethanolic rhizome extracts in terms of gallic acid equivalent was 4.77.50 and 7.5 mg/g of extract powder respectively whereas the total flavonoid content of methanolic and ethanolic extract was 12.02 and 12.89 mg QE/g of extract respectively. Total antioxidant activity was found highest in ethanol extract (75.6 μg AAE/mg of extract) than methanol extract (37.2 μg AAE/mg of extract). Reducing power is also found highest in ethanol extract than methanol extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of order Orthoptera are considered one of the most important groups of phytophagous insects. Indeed, many members of this group are considered serious pests of row and forage crops and often are in direct competition with vertebrate grazers. The present study was conducted to explore the species diversity, composition and spatiotemporal behavior of subfamily Hemiacridinae from different areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Specimens were collected with the help of ariel insect net. Six species of subfamily Hemiacridinae of two genera i.e. Parahieroglyphus and Hieroglyphus were described. Three species, H. banian, H. annulicornis, and P. bilineatus have a new distributional record from study area. In the case of spatiotemporal behavior, the maximum temporally population was observed in September from district Kotli. Hieroglyphus banian, H. nigrorepletus, and H. concolor were found abundantly in September while P. bilineatus and H. oryzivorus population were maximum in October from the study area. Overall, results suggest a potential of acridid grasshoppers to contribute to the native communities and provides information about the ecology and population dynamics of grasshoppers for future research to enhance the sustainable management of this major diverse pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heat stress has a considerable effect both on animal welfare and production. Animals in heat stressreduceproductivity and reproductive performances and in extreme cases, it causes death. Methods: The experiment was carried out in Satkhira, a South-Western part of Bangladesh from July 2019 to June 2020 for 12 months period to investigate the year-round heat stress experienced by cattle raised in a Deep Bedded Pack System (DBP) compared to that raised on a concrete floor (CF) system in an open barn. A total of six dry cows (2.5 to 3 yearsold, Holstein-Friesian crossbred) were allotted into two groups with three replications. The deep bedded pack was prepared with rice husk. The heat stress was calculated by following an equation using temperature and humidity data. Result: Animals raised on a concrete floor were suffered moderate to severe heat stress for eight months in a year from March to October. Otherwise, animals on the DBP floor were suffered from moderate heat stress only for five months, from June to October in a year. No severe case was found on the DBP floor but severe heat stress was shown by animals on the concrete floor from July to September. Therefore, animals feel more comfortable in the DBP management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the biochemical parameters of household chickens at crop and blood levels and measure the body weight. For this purpose, 350 Deshi (local) and 27 Fayoumi day old chicks were reared in 2 separate brooders within a house for 15 days. Body weight, serum total protein and calcium levels of these chicks were evaluated on day 0 and 15. After control house trial, birds were distributed among the selected households. Again, body weights and certain biochemical parameters were assessed from randomly selected birds at 60, 120 and 180 days of age. Fayoumi birds gained higher weight (P

Native chickens (Gallus domesticus) of Bangladesh are scavenging in nature. Data regarding morphology of lymphoid organs in prenatal stages are lacking. H&E staining method was performed to study the development of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and cecal tonsil from embryonic day (ED) 10 to 20. The budding of thymus was seen on ED 10. At ED 12, fiber network of thymus was formed to create a basement of cells of thymus and on ED 14 these cells began to organize to form cortex and medulla. But the cortex and medulla of thymus could not be differentiated before ED 20. The plicae of bursa Fabricius started to develop on ED 10. From ED 12 the plicae became shorter and wider to form bursal follicles and these follicles were clearly organized into cortex and medulla on ED 20. At ED 10, very thin capsule was seen in embryonic spleen. During ED 12, only a few white pulps were observed, while on ED 14, purple colored white pulp and pinkish red pulp were easily visible. At ED 20, the thickness of capsule was increased and pulps were more distinguishable. All the lymphoid organs showed major development during the later incubation period, indicating that the immune system in that period is being prepared to face the scavenging environment after hatching.