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The endocrine condition known as Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is becoming more common in the local areas of Pakistan. Concerningly, the prevalence of PCOS among women who are fertile has been increasing. It plays a significant role in the worldwide population's infertility and subfertility. PCOS patients frequently exhibit a variety of symptoms, including ovarian cysts, hyperandrogenism, irregular menstruation, and ovulatory abnormalities. The symptoms are frequently misdiagnosed or disregarded, and they take longer to manifest. Due to PCOS's complex nature, its cause is yet unknown. Several scientific associations have developed diagnostic standards for PCOS and have identified three distinct phenotypes. The primary symptom of PCOS in all phenotypes is hyperandrogenism, or an excess of androgen production. This review focuses on hyperandrogenism and the several variables that cause hyperandrogenic states in Pakistani women with PCOS. Additionally, this review addresses and summarises new and prior research on the connection between hyperandrogenism and PC This review's objective is to evaluate the evidence-based relationship between hyperandrogenism and PCOS critically in Pakistan. The PRISMA flowchart approach was used to document the study selection process. The research from the last six years that exclusively addressed hyperandrogenism and PCOS met the inclusion criteria. Studies that do not concentrate on PCOS or hyperandrogenism are among the exclusion criteria. 34 of the first 50 studies that were found were included in the final evaluation following screening. Information was taken from Pakistani locals. Using qualitative methodologies, data was synthesised so that similar themes and patterns from several studies could be found. In the future, additional research into the fundamental causes of PCOS may open the door to more specialised and efficient therapies in the local areas of Pakistan. Patients with PCOS frequently have extra testosterone, which can have negative effects. However, more long-term research is needed to fully understand its implications for the treatment of this illness in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: The oval-shaped canals are challenging to clean as the cross-section of the canals is oval and the file is triangular making cleaning and shaping a challenge. This enables bacteria and organic debris to cause pathogenesis of apical periodontitis in root canal treated teeth. The TruShape 3D and Xp Endo Shaper have improved metallurgy that imparts greater flexibility. The present study has focused on the ability to disinfect root filled teeth. METHODOLOGY: Based on the radiographic criteria the teeth with oval-shaped canals were selected and using the E faecalis strain 29212 they were inoculated with using BHI in tubes placed in an incubator. After 4 weeks the teeth were divided into 3 groups: Group 1: TruShape 3D, Group 2: Xp Endo Shaper and Group 3: Protaper Gold. Baseline sampling S1 was done, after instrumentation S2 sampling was done. The paper points were used that were plated on Columbia agar with sheep blood and then the colonies were counted. RESULTS: The One Way Anova, Tuckeys post Hoc tests were used. The results were statistically significant. Protaper had 60% percentage decrease in CFU, TruShape 3D showed 57% decrease and 55% decrease was reported for XP Endo Shaper. CONCLUSION: TruShape 3D is more suitable for oval-shaped canals than XP Endo Shaper, However more studies are required on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Luxation is a common traumatic dental injury treated with a wire composite (WC) splint. However, bulk‐fill flowable composite and conventional packable composite have not been compared for retaining these splints. Therefore, the objectives of this randomized controlled trial were (1) to compare retention of WC splints, and (2) to compare adhesive point dimension, application and removal time, and effect on tooth mobility between the two WC splints. Materials and Methods: In this parallel group, non‐inferiority double blind randomized controlled trial, a total of 90 patients, aged 16–50 years participated. They were randomly allocated into two groups, the packable composite group (PC) n = 45 and the bulk‐fill flowable composite group (BF‐FC) n = 45 by lottery method. Following measurements were taken at the splint application appointment. Horizontal tooth mobility measured via Periotest, splint application time, and frontal images of splinted teeth to measure the percentage composite adhesive point area. After 2 weeks, splints were visually inspected for retention, whereas mobility and removal times were also recorded. Statistically, comparisons were made using independent samples sample T‐test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann–Whitney U at p ≤.05. Results: A total of 88 patients with 156 luxated teeth completed the trial, as two patients were lost to follow‐up. Two patients in the PC group reported with completely de‐bonded splints while none de‐bonded in the BF‐FC group. Both groups were similar in terms of splint retention (p =.352), reduction of mobility (p =.426), and splint removal times (p =.372). The BF‐FC group performed significantly better in adhesive point dimension percentages (p <.001) and splint application time (p <.001). Conclusion: Both groups were comparable in most parameters of the study. However, for BF‐FC group application time and adhesive point dimension were significantly less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Candida albicans is linked to persistent endodontic lesions. However, the recognition receptor that identifies it is not explored previously. Objectives: The aim of this study was to (1) establish a zymosan‐induced model of apical periodontitis in mouse, (2) observe the expression of Dectin‐1 and its possible relationship with toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 and (3) observe relationship between Osteopontin (OPN) and inflammatory cytokines. Methods: A total of 138 Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice were randomly divided into; Experimental Group n = 69 and Zymosan Group n = 69. Periapical periodontitis was developed in right maxillary molar. The animals were sacrificed at 7, 21 and 42 days. Bone blocks containing the mesial root (n = 15 for qRT‐PCR, n = 45 for enzyme‐linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA)) were collected for mRNA expression and ELISA. While whole maxilla (n = 3 from each time interval) were used for histology and immunohistochemical analysis. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey's posthoc was used for statistical analysis at p ≤.05. Results: TLR‐2, Dectin‐1 and TLR4‐positive cells was detected at all time intervals in both groups. A strong positive correlation was observed between TLR‐2 and Dectin‐1 in both lesions (regular r =.680, p =.015, zymosan (r =.861, p <.001)). A significant correlation was found between OPN and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in zymosan lesion (r =.827, p =.001). Conclusions: Immune cells of inflamed periapical tissue expressed Dectin‐1 receptor in response to the microbial challenge from infected root canals and showed positive correlation with TLR‐2 and OPN suggesting a possible receptor collaboration mediated by OPN. The expression of OPN and TNF‐α showed positive correlation in response to fungal antigen, indicating a possible relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]