Search

Cytokines affect lipid and glucose metabolism and also alter the body's habitus. They play a role in the development of lipodystrophy syndrome. Adipocytes secrete the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1, TNF‐α and IL‐6. The plasma cytokine concentration is associated with the percentage and distribution of fat tissue in the body. The metabolic disturbances are strongly associated with increased levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1, IL‐6 and TNF‐α). Plasma levels of cytokines such as TNF‐α, IL‐6 and leptin were found to be increased while plasma resistin levels were found to be variable in patients suffering from obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. Until now, limited information has been available on the polymorphism of cytokine and adipokine genes in patients of HIV‐associated lipodystrophy (HIVLD), which can contribute to individual variations in susceptibility to metabolic diseases, especially to HIVLD. Hence, we studied the association of cytokine and adipokine gene polymorphisms in various diseases and their impact on HIVLD. We carry out an extensive search using several databases, including PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar. The distribution of cytokine and adipokine gene polymorphisms and their expression levels varied among various populations. We examined the variants of cytokine and adipokine genes, which can contribute to individual variations in susceptibility to metabolic diseases, especially to HIVLD. In the current review, we present a brief account of the risk factors of HIVLD, the pathogenesis of HIVLD and the polymorphism of cytokine and adipokine genes in various diseases with special reference to their impact on HIVLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipocytes play a crucial role in the metabolism of lipids and sugars. Their response varies depending on the circumstances or other factors influenced by physiological and metabolic stresses. People living with HIV (PLWH) experience different effects of HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on their body fat. Some patients respond well to antiretroviral therapy (ART), while others taking similar regimens do not. The genetic makeup of patients has been strongly linked to the variable responses to HAART among PLWH. The cause of HIV‐associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) is not well understood, but it may be influenced by genetic variations in the host. The metabolism of lipid effectively modulates plasma triglyceride and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in PLWH. Genes related to drug metabolism and transport play an important role in the transportation and metabolism of ART drugs. Genetic variation in metabolizing enzyme genes of antiretroviral drugs, lipid transport and transcription factor‐related genes could interfere with fat storage and metabolism, contributing to the development of HALS. Hence we examined the impact of genes associated with transport, metabolism and various transcription factors in metabolic complications, and their impact on HALS. A study using databases such as PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar was conducted to understand the impact of these genes on metabolic complications and HALS. The present article discuss the changes in the expression and regulation of genes and their involvement in the lipid metabolism, lipolysis and lipogenesis pathways. Moreover, alteration of the drug transporter, metabolizing enzyme and various transcription factors can lead to HALS. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that play an essential role in drug metabolism and drug and lipid transportation may also contribute to individual differences in the emergence of metabolic and morphological alterations during HAART treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]