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Background: Salmonella is a zoonotic bacterium transmitted through the food chain and is an important cause of disease in humans. The current study is aimed to characterize Salmonella isolates from broiler breeder chickens farms using, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analysis of representative isolates. Methods: S. Kentucky (n = 11), S. Enteritidis (n = 4), S. Typhimurium (n = 3), S. Breanderp (n = 1), and Sand S. Newport (n = 1), were identified from chicken farms. Antimicrobial sensitivity test among the strains were investigated using 13 antibacterial discs. The amplified fragments of fliC and sefA genes were used to characterize S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium strains. Sequence analysis of the amplified PCR products for Salmonella Kentucky, Enteritidis and Typhimurium were carried out. Results: Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed that 95% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, 85% to norfloxacin and colistin sulfate (each), 75% to gentamicin, 70% to nalidixic acid and 60% to flumequine. The obtained sequences revealed the close identity of the isolated strains with other Salmonella reference strains in different countries. Conclusion: Analysis of the selected salmonellae confirm the report of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Kentucky circulation among broiler breeder flocks and the need to determine antibacterial susceptibility pattern regularly to detect multidrug-resistant salmonellae. The present study reports the circulation of Salmonella Kentucky, Enteritidis and Typhimurium among broiler breeder farms in Egypt. Emergency control of salmonellae is a global public health concern. Keywords: Antibiotics, Broiler, S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, sefA and fliC genes, Sequencing

Seven species of Fusarium isolated from rotten bananas were studied for their mycotoxigenicity. The first pathogenicity assay revealed symptoms of Fusarium rot infection when the Fusarium isolates were inoculated to wounded banana fruits. The second pathogenicity assay, where seedlings of Nicotiana were inoculated with Fusarium isolate filtrations, revealed evidence for the pathogenicity for six of the Fusarium species. One species, Fusarium oxysporum did not display any pathogenicity symptoms on Nicotiana seedlings. It neither produced the mycotoxins fumonisin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol, which were produced by all of the other species. However, the mycotoxin concentrations did not correlate with the disease severity in the pathogenicity assay with banana fruits. We conclude that that pathogenicity is a complex issue regulated by many factors and several toxins and the pathogenicity assessment needs bioassays with a multi-mycotoxin approach. Keywords: Virulence, Toxicity, Crown rot, Mycotoxin

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections concern economically the poultry industry inducing different disease syndromes leading to high mortality and condemnations. There is tremendous diversity in O serotypes within even a limited geographic region. It has been reported previously on a live E. coli vaccine’s ability to protect against different O78 APEC in commercial broilers. Due to the diversity of APEC serotypes in the field, this study was conducted to measure that live attenuated E. coli (Poulvac® E. coli) vaccine’s ability to cross-protect against three of the heterologous (non-O78) APEC isolates; O27, O8, and O115 compared to cefotaxime treatment through experimental infections in commercial broiler chickens. While the vaccination gave significant protection against the three serotypes tested there were at least subtle differences between them based on clinical signs, post-mortem lesions and mortality rate for 14 days post-challenge (dpc), E. coli re-isolation and histopathological examination at 4, 10 and 14 dpc., final body weight and feed conversion ratio at 35 days of age.

Salmonellosis is a considerable public health problem worldwide, with high economic importance in developed countries. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella infection and antibiogram analysis of isolated strains in a cross-sectional study in Egypt 2016-2017. The study investigated twenty-eight Salmonella isolates from different areas in Egypt and different types of samples, such as human stool (9.3%), Egyptian cattle egrets and storks (28.5%) and grilled chicken from electric grills (36.6%). No isolates were detected from grilled chicken from charcoal grills or drinking water. The main Salmonella serotype detected in the isolates was S. typhimurium (86.5%). Molecular characterization of the invA gene by PCR was carried out and then confirmed by sequencing, and the results were submitted to GenBank. Antibiogram analysis of Egyptian isolates carried out on 9 antimicrobial discs reported that the routine regimes of treatment were not yet effective for recent new Salmonella generations in 2016-2017. The new isolates could be treated with levofloxacin, cefaperazone/sulbactam, chloramphenicol, imipenem or meropenem.

Abstract Background The present investigation was an endeavor into the elucidation of the disease-causing pathogen of streptococcosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Egypt affecting adult fish cultured and wild fish in the Nile river. Fish were obtained from commercial fishermen, collected as part of their routine fishing activities. The researchers observed the routine fishing process and selected fish for use in the study, at the point of purchase from the fisherman. Results Diseased fish showed exophthalmia with accumulation of purulent and haemorrhagic fluid around eyes, and ventral petechial haemorrhages. The Post mortem examination revealed, abdominal fat haemorrhage, pericarditis and enlargement of the liver, spleen and kidney. Gram-stained smears revealed the presence of Gram-positive cocci, β-hemolytic, oxidase and catalase negative. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed that the 17 tilapia isolates studied were 6/17 Enterococcus faecalis, 2/17 Enterococcus gallinarum, 3/17 Streptococcus pluranimalium, 2/17 Aerococcus viridans, 1/17 isolate of each Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus, Lactococcus garvieae and Granulicetella elegans/Leuconostoc mesenteroides cremoris. It should be noted that there was no mixed infection. Multiple resistance was observed and the most frequent antibiotic combination was penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, ofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline representing eight classes. Conclusions Consequently, we concluded that Streptococcus species are an emerging pathogen for Nile tilapia aquaculture in Egypt and to be considered as a new candidate in the warm water fish diseases in Egypt with special reference to L. garvieae, S. dysgalactiae in addition to L. mesenteroides cremoris which was not reported before from tilapia and taking into consideration their zoonotic implications for public health.

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to characterize the diversity and magnitude of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus species recovered from imported beef meat sold in the Egyptian market and the potential mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes including harboring of resistance genes (mecA, cfr, gyrA, gyrB, and grlA) and biofilm formation. Results The resistance gene mecA was detected in 50% of methicillin-resistant non-Staphylococcus aureus isolates (4/8). Interestingly, our results showed that: (i) resistance genes mecA, gyrA, gyrB, grlA, and cfr were absent in Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus hemolyticus isolates, although S. hominis was phenotypically resistant to methicillin (MR-non-S. aureus) while S. hemolyticus was resistant to vancomycin only; (ii) S. aureus isolates did not carry the mecA gene (100%) and were phenotypically characterized as methicillin- susceptible S. aureus (MSS); and (iii) the resistance gene mecA was present in one isolate (1/3) of Staphylococcus lugdunensis that was phenotypically characterized as methicillin-susceptible non-S. aureus (MSNSA). Conclusions Our findings highlight the potential risk for consumers, in the absence of actionable risk management information systems, of imported foods and advice a strict implementation of international standards by different venues such as CODEX to avoid the increase in prevalence of coagulase positive and coagulase negative Staphylococcus isolates and their antibiotic resistance genes in imported beef meat at the Egyptian market.