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The scarcity of water resources presents the most threatening risk and its effects are beginning to affect several regions of the planet. It cannot be denied that Morocco, due to its location in the south of the Mediterranean, has been affected by these climatic trends of which the plateau de Sais offers a good example by its location in the center of the country and by its wealth of superficial and groundwater resources. In recent decades, this plateau has experienced water stress, particularly in its groundwater reserves. It has been manifested by the decrease in flows from several springs or even total drying up in particular after successive periods of unusual drought, which marked the whole of the country after the 1980s. It is in this perspective this study aims to understand the behavior of the hydrogeological functioning of the springs located in the plain of Fez and its middle Atlas borders. Its geological complexity, as well as the abundance of carbonate rocks and the presence of volcanic basalt flowing from South to North have favored the resurgence of several springs of different flows and with a hydrological regime influenced according to the years and seasons by rainfall inputs. All these physical factors as well as human intervention on the hydrosystem through hydro-agricultural activities influence the behavior of the hydrological functioning of these springs.

Le Rif Marocain en général et la ville d’Al Hoceima et sa périphérie urbaine, plus particulièrement, connaissent fréquemment des aléas géomorphologiques, notamment les glissements de terrain qui entravent la gestion urbaine. Ce type d’aléa naturel est de grande actualité, aussi bien sur le plan scientifique que sur le plan médiatique, à cause de l’augmentation de la vulnérabilité, en raison de circonstances de changements globaux (réchauffements climatiques) et à la forte urbanisation, souvent irrationnelle. L’objectif de cet article est la mise en place d’une approche objective visant l’évaluation de la susceptibilité aux glissements de terrain dans la ville d’Al Hoceima et sa périphérie. La théorie de l’évidence, qui est une méthode probabiliste bivariée, est fondée sur les règles de Bayes qui consistent à calculer la probabilité d’occurrence spatiale de glissements de terrain, en se basant sur la notion de probabilité à priori et de probabilité à posteriori, tout en considérant les glissements de terrain comme variable à modéliser et chaque facteur causatif comme variable prédictive. Le but de ce travail est de procéder à un zonage d’aléa glissement de terrain tout en assurant une bonne prédiction de ce phénomène avec une bonne résolution spatiale. Les résultats de la courbe de ROC (receiver operating characteristic) montre que la confrontation de la carte de susceptibilité, des glissements de terrain à la carte d’inventaire, permet une capacité de prédiction considérable (area under curve, AUC = 0,889). Ceci pousse au constat selon lequel, plus de deux tiers des glissements de terrain inventoriés s’inscrivent dans des classes de susceptibilité élevée et très élevée. Ce produit cartographique peut constituer un puissant outil d’aide permettant la formulation de suggestions, dans le but d’optimiser l’évaluation du risque de glissements de terrain dans les zones exposées à ce phénomène.

Morocco in general and the Mediterranean watersheds of the Western Rif in particular, occasionally have been affected by the negative impacts of drought, as demonstrated by the drought of 1944-1945, 1980-1984, 1994-95, 1998-2000, 2004-2005, 2011-12 and 2015-2016. This study aims (1) to identify and characterize the dry winters (DJFM) recorded in the Mediterranean watersheds of theWestern Rif, and (2) to analyse the variability of precipitation in this region over the last few decades in relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The results of this study show that the years 1980- 81, 1994-95, 1999-2000 and 2011-12 recorded the most severe winter drought. In addition, the wavelet coherence values between the NAO index and the SPI winter index (DJFM) for the period (1978-79/2014-15) show a very close relationship between the two variables for all time scales (ranging from 2 to 13 years), especially since the early 1990s. The phase angle shows a negative correlation between the drought index (SPI) and the NAO index.

The Aguelmam Sidi Ali is the largest natural lake in the Middle Atlas, both in size and depth. During the last four decades, the lake has experienced very marked fluctuations in its water level, and its general trend is tending to shrink. It is the manifestation of increased climatic drought. In this context and with the aim of studying the hydroclimatic variability, a bathymetric record was made during 2017 which seems to be an arid year, in order to make comparisons with those of the hydrological year 1975/1976 when the lake reached its maximum level. We also correlated between the lake level and the climatic parameters influencing its water balance. The data analyzed reflects changes in lake level and reflects the weight of climate variability in the area and its impact on the lake's water supply. The results obtained confirm a continuous decrease in the lake's limnimmetry. The lake's extent is considerably reduced, its maximum depth was of the order of 40 m instead of 43.5 m in 1975, and the water balance (P- PET1) records a deficit of 242 mm/year throughout the observation period (1975/76 - /2016/17).

El hábitat rural tradicional constituye uno de los principales recursos territoriales y paisajísticos de Marruecos. Existen diversos paisajes rurales, producto de su variedad geográfica, climática y ambiental, entre los que destacan los de montaña. En estos paisajes montañosos el hábitat rural presenta una relevante riqueza, destacando, en especial, las viviendas que conjugan, de manera equilibrada y armoniosa, materiales autóctonos, técnicas ancestrales de construcción y las condiciones del medio geográfico del entorno. El objeto del artículo consiste en presentar dos casos del hábitat rural de las montañas del norte de Marruecos (Medio Atlas y Rif), analizando el grado de relación existente entre el hombre y las condiciones físicas y socioeconómicas de los espacios en los que se asienta. Se analizan casos de hábitat rural en espacios rurales interiores de montaña de la región administrativa norte Taza - Al Hoceima – Taounate. The traditional rural habitat constitutes one of the principal landscape and territorial resources of Morocco. In Morocco there is a diverse range of rural landscapes resulting from the geographical, climate and environmental variety. In such a montainous landscape, the rural habitat is prominently wealthy specially the dwellings combining, in a balanced and harmonious manner, native materials, ancestral construction techniques and the geographical conditions of the surrounding environment. The aim of this article consists of presenting two examples of the rural habitat in North Morocco mountains (Medium Atlas and Rif), analyzing the existing relationship between the man and the physical and socioeconomic conditions within the geographical space in question. The habitat cases in rural spaces of the Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate region are analyzed. L’habitat rural traditionnel constitue une des principales ressources du patrimoine territorial du Maroc. Au Maroc il existe un divers ensemble de paysages ruraux produit de sa variété géographique, climatique et environnementale. Dans ces paysages ruraux on affirme l’habitat rural. Ils soulignent les logements qui conjuguent, de manière équilibrée et harmonieuse, des matériaux autochtones, ancestrales techniques de construction et les conditions du moyen géographique de l’environnement. L’article présente l’habitat rural des montagnes du nord du Maroc et démontre dans quelle mesure il existe une symbiose entre l’homme et les conditions physiques et socio-économiques des espaces dans lesquels elle est affirmée. Les montagnes du nord du Maroc qui possèdent un grand potentiel, comme sont les cas étudiés qui se présentent dans cet article d’un Moyen Atlas et du Rif et du Pre-rif (region administrative de Taza - Alhoceima - Taounate).