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This study presents a cost-effective IoT-based Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system for the real-time monitoring and control of photovoltaic systems in a rural Pakistani community. The system utilizes the Blynk platform with Arduino Nano, GSM SIM800L, and ESP-32 microcontrollers. The key components include a ZMPT101B voltage sensor, ACS712 current sensors, and a Maximum Power Point Tracking module for optimizing power output. The system operates over both Global System for Mobile Communications and Wi-Fi networks, employing universal asynchronous receiver–transmitter serial communication and using the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol and hypertext transfer protocol for data exchange. Testing showed that the system consumes only 3.462 W of power, making it highly efficient. With an implementation cost of CAD 35.52, it offers an affordable solution for rural areas. The system achieved an average data transmission latency of less than 2 s over Wi-Fi and less than 5 s over GSM, ensuring timely data updates and control. The Blynk 2.0 app provides data retention capabilities, allowing users to access historical data for performance analysis and optimization. This open-source SCADA system demonstrates significant potential for improving efficiency and user engagement in renewable energy management, offering a scalable solution for global applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes dynamic modeling for rural HPS to address GHG emissions' environmental impact on floods and climate change. The aim is to integrate renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, with traditional generators to mitigate emissions and enhance energy access in rural communities in Pakistan. The system is designed using a DC-DC converter, MPPT, LCL filter, and a DC-AC inverter. Utilizing software tools like PVsyst 7.4 and HOMER Pro-3.18.1, the study evaluates system sizing, energy consumption patterns, and optimization strategies tailored to site-specific data. The expected results include a reliable, environmentally friendly hybrid power system capable of providing consistent electricity to rural areas. The analysis of a connected load of 137.48 kWh/d and a peak load of 33.54 kW demonstrates the system's promise for reliable electricity with minimal environmental impact. The estimated capital cost of USD 102,310 and energy generation at USD 0.158 per unit underscores economic feasibility. Dynamic modeling and validation using HIL examine the system's behavior in response to variations in solar irradiance and temperature, offering insights into operational efficiency and reliability. The study concludes that the hybrid power system is scalable for rural energy access, which is a practical solution achieving a 100% renewable energy fraction, significantly contributing to emission reduction and promoting sustainable energy practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]