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1. Pion and kaon fragmentation functions at next-to-next-to-leading order

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Bertone, Valerio, Khoudli, Alice, and Nocera, Emanuele R.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We present a new determination of unpolarised charged pion and kaon fragmentation functions from a set of single-inclusive electron-positron annihilation and lepton-nucleon semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering data. The determination includes next-to-next-to-leading order QCD corrections to both processes, and is carried out in a framework that combines a neural-network parametrisation of fragmentation functions with a Monte Carlo representation of their uncertainties. We discuss the quality of the determination, in particular its dependence on higher order corrections., Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

Published
2022
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2. NNNPDF3.0: Evidence for a modified partonic structure in heavy nuclei

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Gauld, Rhorry, Giani, Tommaso, Nocera, Emanuele R., Rabemananjara, Tanjona R., and Rojo, Juan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We present an updated determination of nuclear parton distributions (nPDFs) from a global NLO QCD analysis of hard processes in fixed-target lepton-nucleus and proton-nucleus together with collider proton-nucleus experiments. In addition to neutral- and charged-current deep-inelastic and Drell-Yan measurements on nuclear targets, we consider the information provided by the production of electroweak gauge bosons, isolated photons, jet pairs, and charmed mesons in proton-lead collisions at the LHC across centre-of-mass energies of 5.02 TeV (Run I) and 8.16 TeV (Run II). For the first time in a global nPDF analysis, the constraints from these various processes are accounted for both in the nuclear PDFs and in the free-proton PDF baseline. The extensive dataset underlying the nNNPDF3.0 determination, combined with its model-independent parametrisation, reveals strong evidence for nuclear-induced modifications of the partonic structure of heavy nuclei, specifically for the small-$x$ shadowing of gluons and sea quarks, as well as the large-$x$ anti-shadowing of gluons. As a representative phenomenological application, we provide predictions for ultra-high-energy neutrino-nucleon cross-sections, relevant for data interpretation at neutrino observatories. Our results provide key input for ongoing and future experimental programs, from that of heavy-ion collisions in controlled collider environments to the study of high-energy astrophysical processes., Comment: 61 pages, 38 figures

Published
2022

3. Impact of LHC dijet production in pp and pPb collisions on the nNNPDF2.0 nuclear PDFs

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We quantify the impact of LHC dijet production measurements on the nNNPDF2.0 nuclear PDFs in twofold. First, from a proton baseline based on NNPDF3.1 and augmented by pp dijet production measurements from ATLAS and CMS at 7 and 8 TeV. Second, from a new nNNPDF2.0 global analysis including the ratio of pPb to pp dijet spectra from CMS at 5 TeV. We show that as opposed to the CMS at 5 TeV absolute pp and pPb dijet spectra, the pPb/pp ratio is well described in a nPDFs fit and provides strong constraints on the gluon of lead., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, Proceedings for the XXVIII International Workshop on Deep-Inelastic Scattering and Related Subjects

Published
2021

4. Exploring the substructure of nucleons and nuclei with machine learning

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

Perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD) ceases to be applicable at low interaction energies due to the rapid increase of the strong coupling. In that limit, the non-perturbative regime determines the properties of quarks and gluons (partons) in terms of parton distribution functions (PDFs) or nuclear PDFs, based on whether they are confined within nucleons or nuclei respectively. Related non-perturbative dynamics describe the hadronisation of partons into hadrons and are encoded by the fragmentation functions (FFs). This thesis focuses on the detailed study of PDFs in protons and nuclei as well as the charged pions FFs by means of a statistical framework based on machine learning algorithms. The key ingredients are the Monte Carlo method for error propagation as well as artificial neural networks that act as universal unbiased interpolators. The main topics addressed are the inference of proton PDFs with theoretical uncertainties and the impact on the gluon PDF from dijet cross-sections; a global determination of nuclear PDFs exploiting the constraints from proton-lead collisions at the LHC and using for the first time NNLO calculations; a new determination of FFs from single-inclusive annihilation and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering data; and a quantitative assessment of the impact of future colliders such as the High-Luminosity LHC and the Electron-Ion Collider on the proton and nuclear PDFs., Comment: 305 pages, PhD thesis submitted to Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, For the university library published version: https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/exploring-the-substructure-of-nucleons-and-nuclei-with-machine-le

Published
2021

5. A determination of unpolarised pion fragmentation functions using semi-inclusive deep-inelastic-scattering data: MAPFF1.0

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Bertone, Valerio, and Nocera, Emanuele R.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We present MAPFF1.0, a determination of unpolarised charged-pion fragmentation functions (FFs) from a set of single-inclusive $e^+e^-$ annihilation and lepton-nucleon semi-inclusive deep-inelastic-scattering (SIDIS) data. FFs are parametrised in terms of a neural network (NN) and fitted to data exploiting the knowledge of the analytic derivative of the NN itself w.r.t. its free parameters. Uncertainties on the FFs are determined by means of the Monte Carlo sampling method properly accounting for all sources of experimental uncertainties, including that of parton distribution functions. Theoretical predictions for the relevant observables, as well as evolution effects, are computed to next-to-leading order (NLO) accuracy in perturbative QCD. We exploit the flavour sensitivity of the SIDIS measurements delivered by the HERMES and COMPASS experiments to determine a minimally-biased set of seven independent FF combinations. Moreover, we discuss the quality of the fit to the SIDIS data with low virtuality $Q^2$ showing that, as expected, low-$Q^2$ SIDIS measurements are generally harder to describe within a NLO-accurate perturbative framework., Comment: MAP is an acronym that stands for "Multi-dimensional Analyses of Partonic distributions" and that we adopted as a name for a collaboration of people engaged in the study of the three-dimensional structure of hadrons. Visit https://github.com/MapCollaboration for more information and https://github.com/MapCollaboration/MontBlanc for access to the public code used in this analysis

Published
2021
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6. Self-consistent determination of proton and nuclear PDFs at the Electron Ion Collider

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Ethier, Jacob J., Nocera, Emanuele R., and Rojo, Juan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We quantify the impact of unpolarized lepton-proton and lepton-nucleus inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) cross section measurements from the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) on the proton and nuclear parton distribution functions (PDFs). To this purpose we include neutral- and charged-current DIS pseudodata in a self-consistent set of proton and nuclear global PDF determinations based on the NNPDF methodology. We demonstrate that the EIC measurements will reduce the uncertainty of the light quark PDFs of the proton at large values of the momentum fraction $x$, and, more significantly, of the quark and gluon PDFs of heavy nuclei, especially at small and large $x$. We illustrate the implications of the improved precision of nuclear PDFs for the interaction of ultra-high energy cosmic neutrinos with matter., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, In the context of the Electron-Ion collider yellow report

Published
2021
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7. nNNPDF2.0: Quark Flavor Separation in Nuclei from LHC Data

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Ethier, Jacob J., Rojo, Juan, and van Weelden, Gijs

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We present a model-independent determination of the nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) using machine learning methods and Monte Carlo techniques based on the NNPDF framework. The neutral-current deep-inelastic nuclear structure functions used in our previous analysis, nNNPDF1.0, are complemented by inclusive and charm-tagged cross-sections from charged-current scattering. Furthermore, we include all available measurements of W and Z leptonic rapidity distributions in proton-lead collisions from ATLAS and CMS at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV and 8.16 TeV. The resulting nPDF determination, nNNPDF2.0, achieves a good description of all datasets. In addition to quantifying the nuclear modifications affecting individual quarks and antiquarks, we examine the implications for strangeness, assess the role that the momentum and valence sum rules play in nPDF extractions, and present predictions for representative phenomenological applications. Our results, made available via the LHAPDF library, highlight the potential of high-energy collider measurements to probe nuclear dynamics in a robust manner., Comment: 65 pages, 26 figures. The nNNPDF2.0 sets are available from http://nnpdf.mi.infn.it/for-users/nuclear-pdfs/

Published
2020
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8. Phenomenology of NNLO jet production at the LHC and its impact on parton distributions

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Forte, Stefano, Gehrmann, Thomas, Ridder, Aude Gehrmann-De, Giani, Tommaso, Glover, Nigel, Huss, Alexander, Nocera, Emanuele R., Pires, Joao, Rojo, Juan, and Stagnitto, Giovanni

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We present a systematic investigation of jet production at hadron colliders from a phenomenological point of view, with the dual aim of providing a validation of theoretical calculations and guidance to future determinations of parton distributions (PDFs). We account for all available inclusive jet and dijet production measurements from ATLAS and CMS at 7 and 8 TeV by including them in a global PDF determination, and comparing to theoretical predictions at NNLO QCD supplemented by electroweak (EW) corrections. We assess the compatibility of the PDFs, specifically the gluon, obtained before and after inclusion of the jet data. We compare the single-inclusive jet and dijet observables in terms of perturbative behaviour upon inclusion of QCD and EW corrections, impact on the PDFs, and global fit quality. In the single-inclusive case, we also investigate the role played by different scale choices and the stability of the results upon changes in modelling of the correlated experimental systematics., Comment: 34 pages, 7 figures. Extended discussion of the impact of decorrelation models for the ATLAS jet data, version accepted for publication in EPJC

Published
2020
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9. On the derivatives of feed-forward neural networks

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul and Bertone, Valerio

Subjects
Physics - Computational Physics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

In this paper we present a C++ implementation of the analytic derivative of a feed-forward neural network with respect to its free parameters for an arbitrary architecture, known as back-propagation. We dubbed this code NNAD (Neural Network Analytic Derivatives) and interfaced it with the widely-used ceres-solver minimiser to fit neural networks to pseudodata in two different least-squares problems. The first is a direct fit of Legendre polynomials. The second is a somewhat more involved minimisation problem where the function to be fitted takes part in an integral. Finally, using a consistent framework, we assess the efficiency of our analytic derivative formula as compared to numerical and automatic differentiation as provided by ceres-solver. We thus demonstrate the advantage of using NNAD in problems involving both deep or shallow neural networks.

Published
2020

10. Parton Distributions with Theory Uncertainties: General Formalism and First Phenomenological Studies

Author

The NNPDF Collaboration, Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Ball, Richard D., Carrazza, Stefano, Forte, Stefano, Giani, Tommaso, Kassabov, Zahari, Pearson, Rosalyn L., Nocera, Emanuele R., Rojo, Juan, Rottoli, Luca, Ubiali, Maria, Voisey, Cameron, and Wilson, Michael

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We formulate a general approach to the inclusion of theoretical uncertainties, specifically those related to the missing higher order uncertainty (MHOU), in the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs). We demonstrate how, under quite generic assumptions, theory uncertainties can be included as an extra contribution to the covariance matrix when determining PDFs from data. We then review, clarify, and systematize the use of renormalization and factorization scale variations as a means to estimate MHOUs consistently in deep inelastic and hadronic processes. We define a set of prescriptions for constructing a theory covariance matrix using scale variations, which can be used in global fits of data from a wide range of different processes, based on choosing a set of independent scale variations suitably correlated within and across processes. We set up an algebraic framework for the choice and validation of an optimal prescription by comparing the estimate of MHOU encoded in the next-to-leading order (NLO) theory covariance matrix to the observed shifts between NLO and NNLO predictions. We perform a NLO PDF determination which includes the MHOU, assess the impact of the inclusion of MHOUs on the PDF central values and uncertainties, and validate the results by comparison to the known shift between NLO and NNLO PDFs. We finally study the impact of the inclusion of MHOUs in a global PDF determination on LHC cross-sections, and provide guidelines for their use in precision phenomenology. In addition, we also compare the results based on the theory covariance matrix formalism to those obtained by performing PDF determinations based on different scale choices., Comment: 73 pages, 27 figures. Final version, to be published in EPJC. Numerous changes and improvements including: discussion of phi added, Eq.s 6.3-6.5 and revised Tab 6.2 & 6.4; improved Figs 7.1-7.3; revised Sect. 81; revised Figs. B.1-B.4

Published
2019

11. Probing Proton Structure at the Large Hadron electron Collider

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Bailey, Shaun, Gao, Jun, Harland-Lang, Lucian, and Rojo, Juan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

For the foreseeable future, the exploration of the high-energy frontier will be the domain of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Of particular significance will be its high-luminosity upgrade (HL-LHC), which will operate until the mid-2030s. In this endeavour, for the full exploitation of the HL-LHC physics potential an improved understanding of the parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton is critical. The HL-LHC program would be uniquely complemented by the proposed Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC), a high-energy lepton-proton and lepton-nucleus collider based at CERN. In this work, we build on our recent PDF projections for the HL-LHC to assess the constraining power of the LHeC measurements of inclusive and heavy quark structure functions. We find that the impact of the LHeC would be significant, reducing PDF uncertainties by up to an order of magnitude in comparison to state-of-the-art global fits. In comparison to the HL-LHC projections, the PDF constraints from the LHeC are in general more significant for small and intermediate values of the momentum fraction x. At higher values of x, the impact of the LHeC and HL-LHC data is expected to be of a comparable size, with the HL-LHC constraints being more competitive in some cases, and the LHeC ones in others. Our results illustrate the encouraging complementarity of the HL-LHC and the LHeC in terms of charting the quark and gluon structure of the proton., Comment: 27 pages, 13 figures. PDF projections for the LHeC and the HL-LHC available from Zenodo at https://zenodo.org/record/3250580. v2: extended discussion on methodological choices. v3 further cross-checks added

Published
2019
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12. A First Determination of Parton Distributions with Theoretical Uncertainties

Author

The NNPDF Collaboration, Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Ball, Richard D., Carrazza, Stefano, Forte, Stefano, Giani, Tommaso, Kassabov, Zahari, Nocera, Emanuele R., Pearson, Rosalyn L., Rojo, Juan, Rottoli, Luca, Ubiali, Maria, Voisey, Cameron, and Wilson, Michael

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

The parton distribution functions (PDFs) which characterize the structure of the proton are currently one of the dominant sources of uncertainty in the predictions for most processes measured at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Here we present the first extraction of the proton PDFs that accounts for the missing higher order uncertainty (MHOU) in the fixed-order QCD calculations used in PDF determinations. We demonstrate that the MHOU can be included as a contribution to the covariance matrix used for the PDF fit, and then introduce prescriptions for the computation of this covariance matrix using scale variations. We validate our results at next-to-leading order (NLO) by comparison to the known next order (NNLO) corrections. We then construct variants of the NNPDF3.1 NLO PDF set that include the effect of the MHOU, and assess their impact on the central values and uncertainties of the resulting PDFs., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, PDF sets available from https://data.nnpdf.science/nnpdf31_th/. Final Version, to be published in EPJC letters. Appendix removed, several small improvements including brief discussion of usage

Published
2019

13. Nuclear Parton Distributions from Lepton-Nucleus Scattering and the Impact of an Electron-Ion Collider

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Ethier, Jacob J., and Rojo, Juan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We present a first determination of the nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDF) based on the NNPDF methodology: nNNPDF1.0. This analysis is based on neutral-current deep-inelastic structure function data and is performed up to NNLO in QCD calculations with heavy quark mass effects. For the first time in the NNPDF fits, the $\chi^2$ minimization is achieved using stochastic gradient descent with reverse-mode automatic differentiation (backpropagation). We validate the robustness of the fitting methodology through closure tests, assess the perturbative stability of the resulting nPDFs, and compare them with other recent analyses. The nNNPDF1.0 distributions satisfy the boundary condition whereby the NNPDF3.1 proton PDF central values and uncertainties are reproduced at $A=1$, which introduces important constraints particularly for low-$A$ nuclei. We also investigate the information that would be provided by an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), finding that EIC measurements would significantly constrain the nPDFs down to $x\simeq 5\times 10^{-4}$. Our results represent the first-ever nPDF determination obtained using a Monte Carlo methodology consistent with that of state-of-the-art proton PDF fits, and provide the foundation for a subsequent global nPDF analyses including also proton-nucleus data., Comment: 50 pages, 24 figures

Published
2019
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14. Nuclear Parton Distributions from Neural Networks

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Ethier, Jacob J., and Rojo, Juan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

In this contribution we present a status report on the recent progress towards an analysis of nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) using the NNPDF methodology. We discuss how the NNPDF fitting approach can be extended to account for the dependence on the atomic mass number $A$, and introduce novel algorithms to improve the training of the neural network parameters within the NNPDF framework. Finally, we present preliminary results of a nPDF fit to neutral current deep-inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering data, and demonstrate how one can validate the new fitting methodology by means of closure tests., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, to appear in the proceedings of Diffraction and Low-x 2018

Published
2018

15. Towards Ultimate Parton Distributions at the High-Luminosity LHC

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Bailey, Shaun, Gao, Jun, Harland-Lang, Lucian, and Rojo, Juan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Since its start of data taking, the LHC has provided an impressive wealth of information on the quark and gluon structure of the proton. Indeed, modern global analyses of parton distribution functions (PDFs) include a wide range of LHC measurements of processes such as the production of jets, electroweak gauge bosons, and top quark pairs. In this work, we assess the ultimate constraining power of LHC data on the PDFs that can be expected from the complete dataset, in particular after the High-Luminosity (HL) phase, starting in around 2025. The huge statistics of the HL-LHC, delivering $\mathcal{L}=3$ ab$^{-1}$ to ATLAS and CMS and $\mathcal{L}=0.3$ ab$^{-1}$ to LHCb, will lead to an extension of the kinematic coverage of PDF-sensitive measurements as well as to an improvement in their statistical and systematic uncertainties. Here we generate HL-LHC pseudo-data for different projections of the experimental uncertainties, and then quantify the resulting constraints on the PDF4LHC15 set by means of the Hessian profiling method. We find that HL-LHC measurements can reduce PDF uncertainties by up to a factor of 2 to 4 in comparison to state-of-the-art fits, leading to few-percent uncertainties for important observables such as the Higgs boson transverse momentum distribution via gluon-fusion. Our results illustrate the significant improvement in the precision of PDF fits achievable from hadron collider data alone, and motivate the continuation of the ongoing successful program of PDF-sensitive measurements by the LHC collaborations., Comment: 30 pages, 20 figures

Published
2018
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19. Parton Distributions with Theory Uncertainties: General Formalism and First Phenomenological Studies

Author

Collaboration, The NNPDF, Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Ball, Richard D, Carrazza, Stefano, Forte, Stefano, Giani, Tommaso, Kassabov, Zahari, Pearson, Rosalyn L, Nocera, Emanuele R, Rojo, Juan, Rottoli, Luca, Ubiali, Maria, Voisey, Cameron, Wilson, Michael, Ubiali, Maria [0000-0001-7243-4439], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), hep-ex, FOS: Physical sciences, hep-ph, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We formulate a general approach to the inclusion of theoretical uncertainties, specifically those related to the missing higher order uncertainty (MHOU), in the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs). We demonstrate how, under quite generic assumptions, theory uncertainties can be included as an extra contribution to the covariance matrix when determining PDFs from data. We then review, clarify, and systematize the use of renormalization and factorization scale variations as a means to estimate MHOUs consistently in deep inelastic and hadronic processes. We define a set of prescriptions for constructing a theory covariance matrix using scale variations, which can be used in global fits of data from a wide range of different processes, based on choosing a set of independent scale variations suitably correlated within and across processes. We set up an algebraic framework for the choice and validation of an optimal prescription by comparing the estimate of MHOU encoded in the next-to-leading order (NLO) theory covariance matrix to the observed shifts between NLO and NNLO predictions. We perform a NLO PDF determination which includes the MHOU, assess the impact of the inclusion of MHOUs on the PDF central values and uncertainties, and validate the results by comparison to the known shift between NLO and NNLO PDFs. We finally study the impact of the inclusion of MHOUs in a global PDF determination on LHC cross-sections, and provide guidelines for their use in precision phenomenology. In addition, we also compare the results based on the theory covariance matrix formalism to those obtained by performing PDF determinations based on different scale choices., Comment: 73 pages, 27 figures. Final version, to be published in EPJC. Numerous changes and improvements including: discussion of phi added, Eq.s 6.3-6.5 and revised Tab 6.2 & 6.4; improved Figs 7.1-7.3; revised Sect. 81; revised Figs. B.1-B.4

Published
2019
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22. Nuclear parton distributions from neural networks

Author

Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Ethier, Jacob J., Rojo, Juan, Khalek, Rabah Abdul, Ethier, Jacob J., and Rojo, Juan

Abstract

In this contribution, we present a status report on the recent progress towards an analysis of nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) using the NNPDF methodology. We discuss how the NNPDF fitting approach can be extended to account for the dependence on the atomic mass number A, and introduce novel algorithms to improve the training of the neural network parameters within the NNPDF framework. Finally, we present preliminary results of an nPDF fit to neutral current deep-inelastic lepton–nucleus scattering data, and demonstrate how one can validate the new fitting methodology by means of closure tests.

Published
2019
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24. The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC

Author

Feng, Jonathan L., Kling, Felix, Reno, Mary Hall, Rojo, Juan, Soldin, Dennis, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Boyd, Jamie, Ismail, Ahmed, Harland-Lang, Lucian, Kelly, Kevin J., Pandey, Vishvas, Trojanowski, Sebastian, Tsai, Yu-Dai, Alameddine, Jean-Marco, Araki, Takeshi, Ariga, Akitaka, Ariga, Tomoko, Asai, Kento, Bacchetta, Alessandro, Balazs, Kincso, Barr, Alan J., Battistin, Michele, Bian, Jianming, Bertone, Caterina, Bai, Weidong, Bakhti, Pouya, Balantekin, A. Baha, Barman, Basabendu, Batell, Brian, Bauer, Martin, Bauer, Brian, Becker, Mathias, Berlin, Asher, Bertuzzo, Enrico, Bhattacharya, Atri, Bonvini, Marco, Boogert, Stewart T., Boyarsky, Alexey, Bramante, Joseph, Brdar, Vedran, Carmona, Adrian, Casper, David W., Celiberto, Francesco Giovanni, Cerutti, Francesco, Chachamis, Grigorios, Chauhan, Garv, Citron, Matthew, Copello, Emanuele, Corso, Jean-Pierre, Darmé, Luc, d'Agnolo, Raffaele Tito, Darvishi, Neda, Das, Arindam, de Lellis, Giovanni, de Roeck, Albert, de Vries, Jordy, Dembinski, Hans P., Demidov, Sergey, Deniverville, Patrick, Denton, Peter B., Deppisch, Frank F., Dev, P.S. Bhupal, Di Crescenzo, Antonia, Dienes, Keith R., Diwan, Milind V., Dreiner, Herbi K., Du, Yong, Dutta, Bhaskar, Duwentäster, Pit, Elie, Lucie, Ellis, Sebastian A.R., Enberg, Rikard, Farzan, Yasaman, Fieg, Max, Foguel, Ana Luisa, Foldenauer, Patrick, Foroughi-Abari, Saeid, Fortin, Jean-François, Friedland, Alexander, Fuchs, Elina, Fucilla, Michael, Gallmeister, Kai, Garcia, Alfonso, García Canal, Carlos A., Garzelli, Maria Vittoria, Gauld, Rhorry, Ghosh, Sumit, Ghoshal, Anish, Gibson, Stephen, Giuli, Francesco, Gonçalves, Victor P., Gorbunov, Dmitry, Goswami, Srubabati, Grau, Silvia, Günther, Julian Y., Guzzi, Marco, Haas, Andrew, Hakulinen, Timo, Harris, Steven P., Harz, Julia, Herrera, Juan Carlos Helo, Hill, Christopher S., Hirsch, Martin, Hobbs, Timothy J., Höche, Stefan, Hryczuk, Andrzej, Huang, Fei, Inada, Tomohiro, Infantino, Angelo, Ismail, Ameen, Jacobsson, Richard, Jana, Sudip, Jeong, Yu Seon, Ježo, Tomas, Jho, Yongsoo, Jodłowski, Krzysztof, Lowski, Krzysztof Jod, Kalashnikov, Dmitry, Kärkkäinen, Timo J., Keppel, Cynthia, Kim, Jongkuk, Klasen, Michael, Klein, Spencer R., Ko, Pyungwon, Köhler, Dominik, Komatsu, Masahiro, Kovaˇrík, Karol, Kulkarni, Suchita, Kumar, Jason, Kumar, Karan, Kuo, Jui-Lin, Krauss, Frank, Kusina, Aleksander, Laletin, Maxim, Le Roux, Chiara, Lee, Seung J., Lee, Hye-Sung, Lefebvre, Helena, Li, Jinmian, Li, Shuailong, Li, Yichen, Liu, Wei, Liu, Zhen, Lonjon, Mickael, Lyu, Kun-Feng, Maciula, Rafal, Mammen Abraham, Roshan, Masouminia, Mohammad R., Mcfayden, Josh, Mikulenko, Oleksii, Mohammed, Mohammed M.A., Mohan, Kirtimaan A., Morfín, Jorge G., Mosel, Ulrich, Mosny, Martin, Muzakka, Khoirul F., Nadolsky, Pavel, Nakano, Toshiyuki, Nangia, Saurabh, Cornago, Angel Navascues, Nevay, Laurence J., Ninin, Pierre, Nocera, Emanuele R., Nomura, Takaaki, Nunes, Rui, Okada, Nobuchika, Olness, Fred, Osborne, John, Otono, Hidetoshi, Ovchynnikov, Maksym, Papa, Alessandro, Pei, Junle, Peon, Guillermo, Perez, Gilad, Pickering, Luke, Plätzer, Simon, Plestid, Ryan, Poddar, Tanmay Kumar, Quílez, Pablo, Rai, Mudit, Rajaee, Meshkat, Raut, Digesh, Reimitz, Peter, Resnati, Filippo, Rhode, Wolfgang, Richardson, Peter, Ritz, Adam, Rokujo, Hiroki, Roszkowski, Leszek, Ruhe, Tim, Ruiz, Richard, Sabate-Gilarte, Marta, Sandrock, Alexander, Sarcevic, Ina, Sarkar, Subir, Sato, Osamu, Scherb, Christiane, Schienbein, Ingo, Schulz, Holger, Schwaller, Pedro, Sciutto, Sergio J., Sengupta, Dipan, Shchutska, Lesya, Shimomura, Takashi, Silvetti, Federico, Sinha, Kuver, Sjöstrand, Torbjörn, Sobczyk, Jan T., Song, Huayang, Soriano, Jorge F., Soreq, Yotam, Stasto, Anna, Stuart, David, Su, Shufang, Su, Wei, Szczurek, Antoni, Tabrizi, Zahra, Takubo, Yosuke, Taoso, Marco, Thomas, Brooks, Thonet, Pierre, Tuckler, Douglas, Sabio Vera, Agustin, Vincke, Heinz, Vishnudath, K.N., Wang, Zeren Simon, Winkler, Martin W., Wu, Wenjie, Xie, Keping, Xu, Xun-Jie, You, Tevong, Yu, Ji-Young, Yu, Jiang-Hao, Zapp, Korinna, Zhang, Yongchao, Zhang, Yue, Zhou, Guanghui, Funchal, Renata Zukanovich, Abdul Khalek, Rabah, An, Di, Arakawa, Jason, Arduini, Gianluigi, Barman, Rahool Kumar, Beacom, John F., Bernlochner, Florian, Bishai, Mary, Boeckh, Tobias, Bortoletto, Daniela, Boveia, Antonio, Brenner, Lydia, Brodsky, Stanley J., Burgard, Carsten, Camargo-Molina, José Eliel, Carli, Tancredi, Chang, Spencer, Charitonidis, Nikolaos, Chen, Xin, Chen, Thomas Y., Chiang, Cheng-Wei, Coccaro, Andrea, Cohen, Timothy, Coleman, Alan, Conceição, Ruben, Cooper-Sarkar, Amanda, d'Onofrio, Monica, Davoudiasl, Hooman, Di Matteo, Armando, Di Valentino, Eleonora, Dmitrievsky, Sergey, Dobre, Radu, Doglioni, Caterina, Mendes, Luis M. Domingues, Dova, María Teresa, Duvernois, Michael A., Ekstedt, Andreas, Elsen, Eckhard, Escalante del Valle, Alberto, Essig, Rouven, Farrar, Glennys R., Fedynitch, Anatoli, Fellers, Deion, Firu, Elena, Galon, Iftah, Garcia Garcia, Isabel, da Silveira, Gustavo Gil, Giunti, Carlo, Gornushkin, Yury, Goldfarb, Steven, Goncalves, Dorival, Sevilla, Sergio Gonzalez, Gonzalez Suarez, Rebeca, Guler, A. Murat, Gwenlan, Claire, Gwilliam, Carl, Halzen, Francis, Han, Tao, Haungs, Andreas, Heeck, Julian, Hentschinski, Martin, Hsu, Shih-Chieh, Hu, Zhen, Huffman, B. Todd, Iacobucci, Giuseppe, Illana, Jose I., Insolia, Antonio, Ishak, Mustapha, Jaeckel, Joerg, Kabat, Daniel, Ken, Enrique Kajomovitz, Kanai, Takumi, Katori, Teppei, Khoze, Valery, Kotko, Piotr, Kribs, Graham D., Kuehn, Susanne, Kundu, Saumyen, Lee, Claire, Lek, Rafa L. Mase, Leszczynska, Agnieszka, Li, Lingfeng, Lie, Ki, Lillard, Benjamin, Lin, Huey-Wen, Lowette, Steven, Marfatia, Danny, López, Francisco Martínez, Masełek, Rafał, Masip, Manuel, Matchev, Konstantin, Mccauley, Thomas, Medina-Tanco, Gustavo, Menjo, Hiroaki, Miloi, Mˇadˇalina Mihaela, Miramonti, Lino, Mohlabeng, Gopolang, Moretti, Stefano, Moretti, Théo, Nath, Pran, Navarria, Francesco L., Neagu, Alina Tania, Nelles, Anna, Neuhaus, Friedemann, Nunez, Carlos, Ochoa-Ricoux, J. Pedro, Okui, Kazuaki, Olinto, Angela V., Onel, Yasar, de los Heros, Carlos Pérez, Pandini, Carlo, Pasechnik, Roman, Paul, Thomas C., Petersen, Brian A., Pierog, Tanguy, Plehn, Tilman, Plum, Matthias, Potamianos, Karolos, Preda, Titi, Prim, Markus, Queitsch-Maitland, Michaela, Reina, Laura, Reininghaus, Maximilian, Rizzo, Thomas G., Robens, Tania, Ruiz-Chóliz, Elisa, Schmieden, Kristof, Schnell, Gunar, Schott, Matthias, Schroeder, Frank G., Sfyrla, Anna, Shadmi, Yael, Shipsey, Ian, Shively, Savannah R., Shoemaker, Ian M., Vasina, Svetlana, Singh, Rajeev, Sousa, A., Muzio, Marco Stein, Stupak, John, Suarez, Indara, Tait, Tim M.P., Tata, Xerxes, Thottoli, Shafeeq Rahman, Toranosuke, Okumura, Torrence, Eric, Torres, Diego F., Trócsányi, Zoltán, Tricoli, Alessandro, Unger, Michael, Vázquez Sierra, Carlos, Valli, Mauro, Venters, Tonia, Verpoest, Stef, Vilela, Cristovao, Vormwald, Benedikt, Wang, Lian-Tao, Waterbury, Michael, Watts, Gordon, West, Stephen M., Xu, Tao, Yüksel, Emin, Yaeggy, Barbara, Yoon, Chun Sil, Yuan, Tianlu, Zgura, Ion Sorin, Groups, Snowmass Working, (Astro)-Particles Physics, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Théorique - UMR CNRS 3681 (IPHT), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Feng, Jonathan L, Kling, Felix, Reno, Mary Hall, Rojo, Juan, Soldin, Denni, Anchordoqui, Luis A, Boyd, Jamie, Ismail, Ahmed, Harland-Lang, Lucian, Kelly, Kevin J, Pandey, Vishva, Trojanowski, Sebastian, Tsai, Yu-Dai, Alameddine, Jean-Marco, Araki, Takeshi, Ariga, Akitaka, Ariga, Tomoko, Asai, Kento, Bacchetta, Alessandro, Balazs, Kincso, Barr, Alan J, Battistin, Michele, Bian, Jianming, Bertone, Caterina, Bai, Weidong, Bakhti, Pouya, Balantekin, A Baha, Barman, Basabendu, Batell, Brian, Bauer, Martin, Bauer, Brian, Becker, Mathia, Berlin, Asher, Bertuzzo, Enrico, Bhattacharya, Atri, Bonvini, Marco, Boogert, Stewart T, Boyarsky, Alexey, Bramante, Joseph, Brdar, Vedran, Carmona, Adrian, Casper, David W, Celiberto, Francesco Giovanni, Cerutti, Francesco, Chachamis, Grigorio, Chauhan, Garv, Citron, Matthew, Copello, Emanuele, Corso, Jean-Pierre, Darmé, Luc, D’Agnolo, Raffaele Tito, Darvishi, Neda, Das, Arindam, De Lellis, Giovanni, De Roeck, Albert, de Vries, Jordy, Dembinski, Hans P, Demidov, Sergey, Deniverville, Patrick, Denton, Peter B, Deppisch, Frank F, Dev, P S Bhupal, Di Crescenzo, Antonia, Dienes, Keith R, Diwan, Milind V, Dreiner, Herbi K, Du, Yong, Dutta, Bhaskar, Duwentäster, Pit, Elie, Lucie, Ellis, Sebastian A R, Enberg, Rikard, Farzan, Yasaman, Fieg, Max, Foguel, Ana Luisa, Foldenauer, Patrick, Foroughi-Abari, Saeid, Fortin, Jean-Françoi, Friedland, Alexander, Fuchs, Elina, Fucilla, Michael, Gallmeister, Kai, Garcia, Alfonso, García Canal, Carlos A, Garzelli, Maria Vittoria, Gauld, Rhorry, Ghosh, Sumit, Ghoshal, Anish, Gibson, Stephen, Giuli, Francesco, Gonçalves, Victor P, Gorbunov, Dmitry, Goswami, Srubabati, Grau, Silvia, Günther, Julian Y, Guzzi, Marco, Haas, Andrew, Hakulinen, Timo, Harris, Steven P, Harz, Julia, Helo Herrera, Juan Carlo, Hill, Christopher S, Hirsch, Martin, Hobbs, Timothy J, Höche, Stefan, Hryczuk, Andrzej, Huang, Fei, Inada, Tomohiro, Infantino, Angelo, Ismail, Ameen, Jacobsson, Richard, Jana, Sudip, Jeong, Yu Seon, Ježo, Toma, Jho, Yongsoo, Jodłowski, Krzysztof, Kalashnikov, Dmitry, Kärkkäinen, Timo J, Keppel, Cynthia, Kim, Jongkuk, Klasen, Michael, Klein, Spencer R, Ko, Pyungwon, Köhler, Dominik, Komatsu, Masahiro, Kovařík, Karol, Kulkarni, Suchita, Kumar, Jason, Kumar, Karan, Kuo, Jui-Lin, Krauss, Frank, Kusina, Aleksander, Laletin, Maxim, Le Roux, Chiara, Lee, Seung J, Lee, Hye-Sung, Lefebvre, Helena, Li, Jinmian, Li, Shuailong, Li, Yichen, Liu, Wei, Liu, Zhen, Lonjon, Mickael, Lyu, Kun-Feng, Maciula, Rafal, Abraham, Roshan Mammen, Masouminia, Mohammad R, Mcfayden, Josh, Mikulenko, Oleksii, Mohammed, Mohammed M A, Mohan, Kirtimaan A, Morfín, Jorge G, Mosel, Ulrich, Mosny, Martin, Muzakka, Khoirul F, Nadolsky, Pavel, Nakano, Toshiyuki, Nangia, Saurabh, Cornago, Angel Navascue, Nevay, Laurence J, Ninin, Pierre, Nocera, Emanuele R, Nomura, Takaaki, Nunes, Rui, Okada, Nobuchika, Olness, Fred, Osborne, John, Otono, Hidetoshi, Ovchynnikov, Maksym, Papa, Alessandro, Pei, Junle, Peon, Guillermo, Perez, Gilad, Pickering, Luke, Plätzer, Simon, Plestid, Ryan, Poddar, Tanmay Kumar, Quílez, Pablo, Rai, Mudit, Rajaee, Meshkat, Raut, Digesh, Reimitz, Peter, Resnati, Filippo, Rhode, Wolfgang, Richardson, Peter, Ritz, Adam, Rokujo, Hiroki, Roszkowski, Leszek, Ruhe, Tim, Ruiz, Richard, Sabate-Gilarte, Marta, Sandrock, Alexander, Sarcevic, Ina, Sarkar, Subir, Sato, Osamu, Scherb, Christiane, Schienbein, Ingo, Schulz, Holger, Schwaller, Pedro, Sciutto, Sergio J, Sengupta, Dipan, Shchutska, Lesya, Shimomura, Takashi, Silvetti, Federico, Sinha, Kuver, Sjöstrand, Torbjörn, Sobczyk, Jan T, Song, Huayang, Soriano, Jorge F, Soreq, Yotam, Stasto, Anna, Stuart, David, Su, Shufang, Su, Wei, Szczurek, Antoni, Tabrizi, Zahra, Takubo, Yosuke, Taoso, Marco, Thomas, Brook, Thonet, Pierre, Tuckler, Dougla, Sabio Vera, Agustin, Vincke, Heinz, Vishnudath, K N, Wang, Zeren Simon, Winkler, Martin W, Wu, Wenjie, Xie, Keping, Xu, Xun-Jie, You, Tevong, Yu, Ji-Young, Yu, Jiang-Hao, Zapp, Korinna, Zhang, Yongchao, Zhang, Yue, Zhou, Guanghui, Funchal, Renata Zukanovich, Khalek, Rabah Abdul, An, Di, Arakawa, Jason, Arduini, Gianluigi, Barman, Rahool Kumar, Beacom, John F, Bernlochner, Florian, Bishai, Mary, Boeckh, Tobia, Bortoletto, Daniela, Boveia, Antonio, Brenner, Lydia, Brodsky, Stanley J, Burgard, Carsten, Camargo-Molina, José Eliel, Carli, Tancredi, Chang, Spencer, Charitonidis, Nikolao, Chen, Xin, Chen, Thomas Y, Chiang, Cheng-Wei, Coccaro, Andrea, Cohen, Timothy, Coleman, Alan, Conceição, Ruben, Cooper-Sarkar, Amanda, D’Onofrio, Monica, Davoudiasl, Hooman, Di Matteo, Armando, Di Valentino, Eleonora, Dobre, Radu, Doglioni, Caterina, Domingues Mendes, Luis M, Dova, María Teresa, Duvernois, Michael A, Ekstedt, Andrea, Elsen, Eckhard, Escalante del Valle, Alberto, Essig, Rouven, Farrar, Glennys R, Fedynitch, Anatoli, Fellers, Deion, Firu, Elena, Galon, Iftah, Garcia, Isabel Garcia, Gil da Silveira, Gustavo, Giunti, Carlo, Goldfarb, Steven, Goncalves, Dorival, Sevilla, Sergio Gonzalez, Suarez, Rebeca Gonzalez, Guler, A Murat, Gwenlan, Claire, Gwilliam, Carl, Halzen, Franci, Han, Tao, Haungs, Andrea, Heeck, Julian, Hentschinski, Martin, Hsu, Shih-Chieh, Hu, Zhen, Huffman, B Todd, Iacobucci, Giuseppe, Illana, Jose I, Insolia, Antonio, Ishak, Mustapha, Jaeckel, Joerg, Kabat, Daniel, Ken, Enrique Kajomovitz, Kanai, Takumi, Katori, Teppei, Khoze, Valery, Kotko, Piotr, Kribs, Graham D, Kuehn, Susanne, Kundu, Saumyen, Lee, Claire, Leszczynska, Agnieszka, Li, Lingfeng, Lie, Ki, Lillard, Benjamin, Lin, Huey-Wen, Lowette, Steven, Marfatia, Danny, López, Francisco Martínez, Masełek, Rafał, Masip, Manuel, Matchev, Konstantin, Mccauley, Thoma, Medina-Tanco, Gustavo, Menjo, Hiroaki, Miloi, Mǎadǎlina Mihaela, Miramonti, Lino, Mohlabeng, Gopolang, Moretti, Stefano, Moretti, Théo, Nath, Pran, Navarria, Francesco L, Neagu, Alina Tania, Nelles, Anna, Neuhaus, Friedemann, Nunez, Carlo, Ochoa-Ricoux, J Pedro, Okui, Kazuaki, Olinto, Angela V, Onel, Yasar, Pérez de los Heros, Carlo, Pandini, Carlo, Pasechnik, Roman, Paul, Thomas C, Petersen, Brian A, Pierog, Tanguy, Plehn, Tilman, Plum, Matthia, Potamianos, Karolo, Preda, Titi, Prim, Marku, Queitsch-Maitland, Michaela, Reina, Laura, Reininghaus, Maximilian, Rizzo, Thomas G, Robens, Tania, Ruiz-Chóliz, Elisa, Schmieden, Kristof, Schnell, Gunar, Schott, Matthia, Schroeder, Frank G, Sfyrla, Anna, Shadmi, Yael, Shipsey, Ian, Shively, Savannah R, Shoemaker, Ian M, Singh, Rajeev, Sousa, A, Muzio, Marco Stein, Stupak, John, Suarez, Indara, Tait, Tim M P, Tata, Xerxe, Thottoli, Shafeeq Rahman, Toranosuke, Okumura, Torrence, Eric, Torres, Diego F, Trócsányi, Zoltán, Tricoli, Alessandro, Unger, Michael, Sierra, Carlos Vázquez, Valli, Mauro, Venters, Tonia, Verpoest, Stef, Vilela, Cristovao, Vormwald, Benedikt, Wang, Lian-Tao, Waterbury, Michael, Watts, Gordon, West, Stephen M, Xu, Tao, Yüksel, Emin, Yaeggy, Barbara, Yoon, Chun Sil, Yuan, Tianlu, and Zgura, Ion Sorin

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, engineering, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Subatomär fysik, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Subatomic Physics, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, quantum chromodynamics, nonperturbative, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), neutrino, statistics, energy: high, new physics, new physics: search for, Physics, neutrino: statistics, neutrinos, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), ATLAS, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, CERN LHC Coll, Large Hadron Collider, energy, high, astroparticle physics, vertex: primary, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, numerical calculations: Monte Carlo, Particle Physics - Experiment, Forward Physics Facility, signature, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics and Astronomy, p p: scattering, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), quantum chromodynamics: nonperturbative, FOS: Physical sciences, dark matter, weak interaction, neutrino: energy, TeV, ddc:530, new particle searches, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, Particle Physics - Phenomenology, scattering, Accelerators and Storage Rings, QCD, forward production, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], vertex, primary, p p: colliding beams, acceptance, new particle
Abstract

Acknowledgments We thank the participants of the FPF meetings and the Snowmass working groups for discussions that have contributed both directly and indirectly to this study. We gratefully acknowledge the invaluable support of the CERN Physics Beyond Colliders study group and the work of CERN technical teams related to civil engineering studies (SCE-DOD), safety discussions (HSE-OHS, HSE-RP, EP-DI-SO), integration (EN-ACE), and discussions on services (EN-CV, EN-EL, EN-AA) and simulations (SY-STI). The work by J Alameddine, W Rhode, T Ruhe, and A Sandrock has been supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), Collaborative Research Center SFB 876 and SFB 1491. L A Anchordoqui is supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant PHY-2112527. T Araki is supported by JP18H01210. A Ariga is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant JP20K23373 and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant 101002690). T Ariga acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI Grant JP19H01909. K Asai is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant JP19J13812 and JP21K20365. A Bacchetta and F G Celiberto acknowledge support from the INFN/NINPHA project. P Bakhti and M Rajaee are supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020R1I1A3072747). B Barman received funding from the Patrimonio Autónomo—Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación Francisco José de Caldas (MinCiencias—Colombia) Grant 80740-465-2020 and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 860881-HIDDeN. The work of B Batell is supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Grant DE–SC0007914. The work of A Berlin, T J Hobbs, S Hoeche, and J G Morfín was supported by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a US DOE, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359. M Becker, E Copello and J Harz acknowledge support from the DFG Emmy Noether Grant HA 8555/1-1. E Copello acknowledges also support from the DFG Collaborative Research Centre 'Neutrinos and Dark Matter in Astro- and Particle Physics' (SFB 1258). E Bertuzzo acknowledges financial support from FAPESP Contracts 2015/25884-4 and 2019/15149-6 and is indebted to the Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology group at King's College London for hospitality. The work of J Bian and W Wu is supported in part by US DOE Grant DE-SC0009920 and Heising-Simons Foundation Grant 2022-3319. The work of A Boyarsky and M Ovchynnikov is supported by the ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (GA 694896). A Carmona acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 754446 and UGR Research and Knowledge Transfer Found—Athenea3i. A Carmona also acknowledges partial support by the Ministry of Science and Innovation and SRA (10.13039/501100011033) Grant PID2019-106087GB-C22 and by the Junta de Andalucía Grant A-FQM-472-UGR20. F G Celiberto thanks the Università degli Studi di Pavia for the warm hospitality. The work of G Chachamis was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) under Project CERN/FIS-PAR/0024/2019 and Contract 'Investigador auxiliar FCT—Individual Call/03216/2017'. The work of M Citron and D Stuart is supported by US DOE Grant DE-SC0011702. The work of L Darme is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 101028626. P B Denton acknowledges support from the US DOE Grant Contract DE-SC0012704. The work of P S Bhupal Dev was supported in part by the US DOE Grant DE-SC0017987. The research activities of K R Dienes were supported in part by the US DOE Grant DE-FG02-13ER41976/DE-SC0009913 and also by the US NSF through its employee IR/D program. M V Diwan acknowledges support from the US DOE Grant Contract DE-SC0012704. Y Du and J H Yu are supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China Grant 2020YFC2201501, and the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grants 12022514, 11875003 and 12047503, and CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research YSBR-006, and the Key Research Program of the CAS Grant XDPB15. The work of B Dutta and S Ghosh are supported in part by the US DOE Grant DE-SC0010813. The work of S Ghosh is also supported in part by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)'s Grants, Grant 6N021413. Y Farzan has received financial support from Saramadan Contract ISEF/M/400279 as well as from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 860881-HIDDeN. The work of J L Feng is supported in part by US NSF Grants PHY-1915005 and PHY-2111427, Simons Investigator Award #376204, Simons Foundation Grant 623683, and Heising-Simons Foundation Grants 2019-1179 and 2020-1840. M Fieg is supported in part by US NSF Grant PHY-1915005 and by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Award DGE-1839285. A L Foguel is supported by FAPESP Contract 2020/00174-2. The work of P Foldenauer is supported by the UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship DARKMAP. The work of S Foroughi-Abari and A Ritz is supported in part by NSERC, Canada. The work of J-F Fortin is supported in part by NSERC, Canada. A Friedland is supported by the US DOE Grant DE-AC02-76SF00515. E Fuchs acknowledges support by the DFG Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC-2123 'QuantumFrontiers'—390837967. M Fucilla, M M A Mohammed, and A Papa acknowledge support from the INFN/QFT@COLLIDERS project. A Garcia acknowledges support from the European Union's H2020-MSCA Grant Agreement 101025085. C A García Canal and S J Sciutto acknowledge support from CONICET and ANPCyT M V Garzelli acknowledges support the from German BMBF Contract 05H21GUCCA. V P Goncalves was partially financed by the Brazilian funding agencies CNPq, CAPES, FAPERGS and INCT-FNA (Process Number 464898/2014-5). S Goswami acknowledges the J C Bose Fellowship (JCB/2020/000011) of Science and Engineering Research Board of Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. The work of M Guzzi is supported by US NSF Grant PHY-2112025. L Harland-Lang thanks the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) for support via Grant Award ST/L000377/1. The work of S P Harris is supported by the US DOE Grant DE-FG02-00ER41132 as well as the US NSF Grant PHY-1430152 (JINA Center for the Evolution of the Elements). J C Helo acknowledge support from Grant ANID FONDECYT-Chile 1201673 and ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program ICN2019-044. The work of M Hirsch is supported by the Spanish Grants PID2020-113775GB-I00 (AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and PROMETEO/2018/165 (Generalitat Valenciana). The work of A Hryczuk and M Laletin is supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, research Grant 2018/31/D/ST2/00813. The research activities of F Huang are supported by the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program and in part by US NSF Grant PHY-1915005. A Ismail is supported by NSERC (Reference Number 557763) and by US NSF Grant PHY-2014071. Y S Jeong acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government through Ministry of Science and ICT Grant 2021R1A2C1009296. K Jodlowski and L Roszkowski are supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, research Grant 2015/18/A/ST2/00748. S R Klein is supported in part by the US NSF Grant PHY-1307472 and the US DOE Contract DE-AC-76SF00098. F Kling and P Quílez are supported by the DFG under Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC 2121 Quantum Universe—390833306. P Ko is supported in part by KIAS Individual Grant PG021403 and by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant NRF-2019R1A2C3005009. S Kulkarni is supported by the Austrian Science Fund Elise-Richter Grant V592-N27. The work of J Kumar is supported in part by US DOE Grant DE-SC0010504. J-L Kuo is supported by US NSF Theoretical Physics Program, Grant PHY-1915005. The work of C Le Roux and K Zapp is part of a project that has received funding from the ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant Agreement 803183, collectiveQCD). The work of H-S Lee was supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1A2C2009718). S J Lee was supported by the Samsung Science and Technology Foundation. Ji Li is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 11905149. K-F Lyu and Z Liu are supported in part by the US DOE Grant DE-SC0022345. The work of R Maciula and A Szczurek was partially supported by the Polish National Science Centre under Grant 2018/31/B/ST2/03537. R Mammen Abraham and A Ismail acknowledge support from the US DOE Grant DE-SC0016013. M R Masouminia is supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (Grant ST/P001246/1). The work of J McFayden was supported by the Royal Society Fellowship Grant URF R1 201519. The work of O Mikulenko is supported by the NWO Physics Vrij Programme 'The Hidden Universe of Weakly Inter-acting Particles' with Project Number 680.92.18.03 (NWO Vrije Programma), which is (partly) financed by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). P Nadolsky and F Olness acknowledge support through US DOE Grant DE-SC0010129. E R Nocera thanks the STFC for support by the Grant Awards ST/P000630/1and ST/T000600/1. The work of N Okada is supported by the US DOE Grant DE-SC0012447. V Pandey acknowledges the support from US DOE Grant DE-SC0009824. The work of D Raut is supported by the US DOE Grant DE-SC0013880. P Reimitz acknowledges financial support from FAPESP Contract 2020/10004-7. M H Reno is supported in part by US DOE Grant DE-SC-0010113. The work of J Rojo is partly supported by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). L Roszkowski and S Trojanowski are supported by the grant 'AstroCeNT: Particle Astrophysics Science and Technology Centre' carried out within the International Research Agendas programme of the Foundation for Polish Science financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund. S Trojanowski is also supported in part by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education through its scholarship for young and outstanding scientists (Decision No. 1190/E-78/STYP/14/2019). S Trojanowski is also supported in part from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 952480 (DarkWave 24 project). I Sarcevic is supported by US DOE Grant DOE DE-SC-0009913. The work of L Shchutska is supported by the ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (GA 758316). The work of T Shimomura is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grants JP18H01210, JP18K03651, and MEXT KAKENHI Grant JP18H05543. The work of K Sinha is supported in part by US DOE Grant DE-SC0009956. The work of T Sjöstrand is supported by the Swedish Research Council, Contract 2016-05996. J T Sobczyk acknowledges support from NCN Grant UMO-2021/41/B/ST2/02778. D Soldin acknowledges support from the US NSF Grant PHY-1913607. H Song is supported by the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program. Y Soreq is supported by grants from the NSF-BSF, BSF, the ISF and by the Azrieli foundation. A Stasto acknowledges support from US DOE Grant DE-SC-0002145. S Su is supported by the US DOE Grant DE-FG02-13ER41976/DE-SC0009913. W Su is supported by a KIAS Individual Grant (PG084201) at Korea Institute for Advanced Study. Y Takubo is supported by JP20K04004. M Taoso acknowledges support from the INFN Grant 'LINDARK', the research grant 'The Dark Universe: A Synergic Multimessenger Approach 2017X7X85' funded by MIUR, and the project 'Theoretical Astroparticle Physics (TAsP)' funded by the INFN. The research activities of B Thomas are supported in part by US NSF Grant PHY-2014104. The work of Y-D Tsai is supported in part by US NSF Grant PHY-1915005. The work of A Sabio Vera has been supported by the Spanish Research Agency (Agencia Estatal de Investigación) through the Grant IFT Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa SEV-2016-0597, by the Spanish Government Grant FPA2016-78022-P and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement 824093. The work of Yongchao Zhang is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 12175039, the 2021 Jiangsu Shuangchuang (Mass Innovation and Entrepreneurship) Talent Program JSSCBS20210144, and the 'Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities'. Yue Zhang is supported by the Arthur B McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute. R Zukanovich Funchal is partially supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Conselho Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq). The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not represent any funding agencies., High energy collisions at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a large number of particles along the beam collision axis, outside of the acceptance of existing LHC experiments. The proposed Forward Physics Facility (FPF), to be located several hundred meters from the ATLAS interaction point and shielded by concrete and rock, will host a suite of experiments to probe standard model (SM) processes and search for physics beyond the standard model (BSM). In this report, we review the status of the civil engineering plans and the experiments to explore the diverse physics signals that can be uniquely probed in the forward region. FPF experiments will be sensitive to a broad range of BSM physics through searches for new particle scattering or decay signatures and deviations from SM expectations in high statistics analyses with TeV neutrinos in this low-background environment. High statistics neutrino detection will also provide valuable data for fundamental topics in perturbative and non-perturbative QCD and in weak interactions. Experiments at the FPF will enable synergies between forward particle production at the LHC and astroparticle physics to be exploited. We report here on these physics topics, on infrastructure, detector, and simulation studies, and on future directions to realize the FPF's physics potential., German Research Foundation (DFG) SFB 876 SFB 1491, National Science Foundation (NSF) PHY2112527, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP18H01210 JSPS KAKENHI JP20K23373 JP19H01909 JSPS KAKENHI JP19J13812 JP21K20365 JSPS KAKENHI JP18K03651, European Research Council (ERC) 101002690, National Research Foundation of Korea NRF-2020R1I1A3072747, Patrimonio Autónomo-Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para la Ciencia Tecnología y la Innovación Francisco José de Caldas (MinCiencias-Colombia) 80740-465-2020, European Commission Joint Research Centre 860881-HIDDeN European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant 754446, United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-SC0007914, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a US DOE, Office of Science, HEP User Facility, Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA) DE-AC02-07CH11359, German Research Foundation (DFG) HA 8555/1-1, DFG Collaborative Research Centre 'Neutrinos and Dark Matter in Astro-and Particle Physics' SFB 1258, Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2015/25884-4 2019/15149-6, United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-SC0009920, Heising-Simons Foundation 2022-3319 2019-1179 2020-1840, ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme 694896 803183, UGR Research and Knowledge Transfer Found-Athenea3i, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN) Spanish Government, SRA Grant PID2019-106087GB-C22, Junta de Andalucía A-FQM-472-UGR20, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) CERN/FIS-PAR/0024/2019 03216/2017, United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-SC0011702 DE-SC0017987 DE-FG02-13ER41976/DE-SC0009913 DE-SC0012704 DE-SC0010813 DE-AC02-76SF00515 DE-FG02-00ER41132 DE-AC-76SF00098 DE-SC0010504 DE-SC0022345 DE-SC0010129, US NSF through its employee IR/D program, National Key Research and Development Program of China 2020YFC2201501, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 12022514 11875003 12047503, CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research YSBR-006, Key Research Program of the CAS XDPB15, National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)'s Grants 6N021413, Saramadan Contract ISEF/M/400279, National Science Foundation (NSF) PHY-1915005 PHY-2111427 PHY1430152 PHY-2014071 PHY-1307472 PHY-2014104, Simons Investigator Award 376204, Simons Foundation 623683, National Science Foundation (NSF) DGE-1839285, FAPESP Contract 2020/00174-2, UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship DARKMAP, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), German Research Foundation (DFG) EXC-2123 390837967, INFN/QFT@COLLIDERS project, European Union's H2020-MSCA Grant Agreement 101025085, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), ANPCyT, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) 05H21GUCCA, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ), Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS), INCT-FNA 464898/2014-5, J C Bose Fellowship of Science and Engineering Research Board of Department of Science and Technology, Government of India JCB/2020/000011, National Science Foundation (NSF) PHY-2112025, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) ST/L000377/1, Grant ANID FONDECYT-Chile 1201673, ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program ICN2019-044, Spanish Grant (AEI) PID2020-113775GBI00, Center for Forestry Research & Experimentation (CIEF) PROMETEO/2018/165, National Science Centre, Poland 2018/31/D/ST2/00813, International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program, KIAS Individual Grant PG021403, National Research Foundation of Korea NRF-2019R1A2C3005009, Austrian Science Fund Elise-Richter Grant V592-N27, US NSF Theoretical Physics Program PHY-1915005, Samsung, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 11905149, Polish National Science Centre 2018/31/B/ST2/03537, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/P001246/1, Royal Society of London URF R1 201519, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) 680.92.18.03 Physics Vrij Programme .The Hidden Universe of Weakly Inter-acting Particles' - Dutch Research Council (NWO), UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/T000600/1 ST/P000630/1, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), European Union under the European Regional Development Fund, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education through its scholarship for young and outstanding scientists 1190/E-78/STYP/14/2019, European Commission 952480, ERC under the European Union 758316, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP18H05543 MEXT KAKENHI, Swedish Research Council 2016-05996, NCN UMO-2021/41/B/ST2/02778, NSF-BSF, US-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Israel Science Foundation, Azrieli foundation, KIAS Individual Grant at Korea Institute for Advanced Study PG084201, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) 2017X7X85', Spanish Government SEV-2016-0597 Spanish Research Agency (Agencia Estatal de Investigacion) through the Grant IFT Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa FPA2016-78022-P, European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme 824093, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 12175039, 2021 Jiangsu Shuangchuang (Mass Innovation and Entrepreneurship) Talent Program JSSCBS20210144, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Arthur B McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-SC0012447 DE-SC0009824 DE-SC0013880 :The US DOE DE-SC-0010113 DOE DE-SC-0009913 US DOE DE-SC0009956 DE-FG02-13ER41976/DESC0009913 US DOE JP20K04004

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2023
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