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Aims and Objectives: To compare the ultrasonographic findings of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with that of cytopathology to asses the diagnostic validity of transabdominal ultrasonography (USG). Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study in Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of radiology and imaging of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, during July, Dhaka, during July 2009–March 2011 to evaluate the transabdominal USG in the detection of HCC and its validity by determining sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values. For this purpose, a total of fifty patients were enrolled in the study. Cytopathology was done in all these patients. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analyses of the results were obtained using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-13) (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy was done using online OpenEpi, Version 3, an open-source calculator. Results: The current study found that the mean age of patients was 49.14 ± 13.79 years, ranging from 20 to 79 years. The USG detected HCC in 31 (62%) cases, of which 27 (87.1%) were cytopathologically proven. USG diagnosed 19 (38%) cases as lesions other than HCC, of which 4 (21.1%) cases were diagnosed as HCC cytopathologically (false negative). The rest of the 15 (78.9%) cases were diagnosed as other lesions including metastasis, by both USG and cytopathologically (true negative). The validity of USG was studied by calculating sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV, which were 87.1%, 78.95%, 87.1%, 78.95%, and 84%, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, the USG findings and the validity tests were found almost identical as observed by other investigators compared with cytopathological findings. Hence, it can be concluded that the USG is a useful diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of HCC.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common during pregnancy. Untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) during pregnancy may cause serious complications including pyelonephritis and delivery of premature or low-birth-weight infants. This study aimed to assess the risk factors for asymptomatic bacteriuria, bacterial agents and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in pregnant women attending in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 1540 pregnant women with no signs and symptoms of UTI from October 2013 to March 2015. Clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected from all study participants using sterile containers. Urine samples were cultured using standard bacteriological methods. Identification of suspected colonies and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done. Patients having ASB were further evaluated to find out associated risk factors.Results: Out of 1540 pregnant women, 254 (16.5%) had asymptomatic bacteriuria (Colony forming unit >105/mL).The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (E. coli) (50.4%), followed by Klebsiella (24.0%). The antibiotic sensitivity rate of bacterial isolates were highest for imipenem and amikacin. Among different associated conditions, anemia (16.5%), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (10%) and past history of UTI (5.1%) were found to be the most frequent factors associated with increased prevalence of ASB.Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of ASB was high among pregnant women with anemia, GDM and past history of UTI. E. coli was the most common organism causing ASB, which is less susceptible to conventional oral antibiotics but more susceptible to imipenem and amikacin. So, careful drug selection is required for successful outcome in ASB.Birdem Med J 2016; 6(2): 79-83

Pregnancy in women with chronic liver disease (CLD) or cirrhosis is rare as CLD usually causes infertility. With improved management of CLD, pregnancy in patients with CLD is likely to become more common. Pregnancy in a CLD patient is likely to be associated with increased fetal and maternal mortality & morbidity. Pregnancy outcome may be influenced by the underlying etiology and extent of liver disease. Here we describe the case of a pregnancy in a young woman with CLD first time detected during pregnancy that ultimately resulted in fetal death, but the mother survived after delivery.Birdem Med J 2015; 5(2): 107-110

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome is a rare and acute neuro-radiological entity, characterized by several symptoms of different aetiologies. The main etiologies of PRES are HTN, Pre-eclampsia, Eclampsia, Immunosuppressive therapy etc, but there are many unexplained causes too. Here we report a case of post-partum woman who developed PRES in post-operative period, who was complicated by the postdural puncture headache following spinal anesthesia- a rare and uncommon etiology.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2017; 35(1): 43-45

not availableNorthern International Medical College Journal Vol.7(2) Jan 2016: 153-155

Background : Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have chronic anovulation and androgen excess not attributable to another cause. The fundamental pathophysiologic defect is unknown. Defects in LH secretion, LH/FSH ratio, amplitude of LH pulsations have been described; but the prevalence of these defects is not still clearly determined. Objective : To review the variable clinical presentations of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Materials and Methods : This observational study was carried out in Combined Military Hospitals of Jessore, Rangpur and Ghatail during November 2008 to June 2013. One hundred patients attending Gynaecology Outpatient Department (GOPD) having at least two of the following criteria ––hyperandrogenism, chronic oligo- or anovulation and ultrasonographic findings were selected. In all selected women LH and FSH serum levels were determined and LH/FSH ratios were calculated. Body mass index (BMI) was measured and was scored to classify their state of obesity. The collected data were compiled and arranged in tables and were subjected to analysis. Results : Most of the patients (92%) were 20–30 years old. Chief complaint of the patients was infertility, either primary (72%) or secondary (28%). Eighty percent women had menstrual irregularities, 30% were hirsute, 71% cases were overweight and 17% were obese. On pelvic ultrasonogram polycystic ovaries were found in 20% cases and 80% had normal ovaries. Thirty percent patients had LH/FSH ratio between 2.1–2.9, 32% had >3 and it was found normal in 38% of cases. Conclusion : PCOS cannot be diagnosed by a single clinical or laboratory finding. The diagnostic approach should be based largely on history and physical examination. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i3.20944 J Enam Med Col 2014; 4(3): 156-160

Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant and has a central role in the regulation of coagulation. The mechanism of action of protein S has been one of the least understood amongst the vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins. A deficiency of protein S predisposes to recurrent thromboembolism and fetal loss. Here we report a case of protein S deficiency in a 28- year-old pregnant woman, who had a history of complete abortion at 22 of weeks of gestation and her 2nd pregnancy was managed properly with a successful fetal outcome.Birdem Med J 2016; 6(2): 134-135