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Table eggs are consumed worldwide and are considered the most nutritious inexpensive source of protein that makes part of a healthy diet. Mistreated eggs have the ability to carry microorganisms or microbial toxins causing disease. The objective of this study is to determine how safe eggs are by identifying the bacterial load and pathogens resident on eggshells. Method: This study was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Technology Sabratha. Shells of One hundred and fifty of chicken eggs collected from different poultry farms in region of Alzawia-Libya. Each egg shell membrane was swabbed and immediately transferred to appropriate broth media and incubated at 37°C° for 18 hours. After incubation period a loop-full of broth media was transferred to agar media and incubated at 37°C for 48 hrs. Results: The result obtained showed microbial contamination was present on 135 (90%) of all eggshells. Of the microorganisms present 43% was bacteria and 47% was fungi. Conclusion: It can be concluded that eggs got from the Libyan farm-hens can be contaminated and need for optimum hygienic conditions at the farm level to decrease the bacterial load.

Caudal duplication syndrome is a very rare anomaly and poses a major challenge for surgeons. The term caudal duplication syndrome is used to describe the association between hindgut duplication, duplication of the genitourinary, and malformations of the spinal cord and vertebrae. A 5-year-old girl is reported with complete duplication of the entire large bowel, cecum, appendix, about 2 cm of the terminal ileum, bladder, urethra, vagina, uterus, and vertebral body deformities. After an extensive evaluation phase, a laparotomy was performed and the duplicated colon was excised completely without removing the adjacent native colon.

Background: Osteoarthritis is a major cause of musculoskeletal disability. Nonpharmacological and nonsurgical treatment is preferred for the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, evidences are lacking regarding the effectiveness of multimodal physiotherapy program including, combination of various physical modalities (TENS, IR, US etc.) with therapeutic exercises, for the management of knee OA. Objectives: To determine recent research evidences for the effectiveness of TENS interventions for treatment of knee OA patients. Methods: This systematic review mainly includes randomized controlled trails. Searching done by Google Scholar, PubMed and PEDro from 2010 to 2019. We used terms like-knee pain, OA, TENS, and physiotherapy management. Results: Present outcomes shows that TENS intervention is effective technique in reducing pain in patients with Knee OA without adverse effects. After implementing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 50 articles were retrieved using the keywords, but only 05 articles were selected for the study. Conclusion: Electrotherapy modalities in conjunction with exercise therapy program designed for treating knee OA patients proved to be more superior to exercise alone at improving quadriceps muscle activation by reducing pain and increasing function during exercise.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19-is the 3rd coronavirus infectious disease happening in 20 years was initially defined in Asia, later Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), & Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). COVID-19 illness expands globally, intensive care unit (ICU) specialists, health care management, authority, plan creators, and researchers need to brace for sudden increase of high volume in critical patients. Physiotherapists (PTs), mostly respiratory PTs, are healthcare specialists involved in managing and caring for the population of these patients, & play important part in conservative care and treatment, changes in posture, functional mobility and while invasive mechanical ventilator support is being weaned. Objective: To determine the recent research evidences for the importance of physiotherapist during COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This recommendation includes all COVID-19 related articles to physiotherapy to provide the role of physiotherapy as evidence. Searching done by Google scholar, PEDro. We used terms like- COVID-19, Physiotherapy, Role of physiotherapy, and physiotherapy management. Conclusion: This recommendation to provide a quick respiratory physiotherapist reference guide to set up treatments for the management in acute stages of patients suffering from severe COVID-19.&nbsp

Background: Osteoarthritis is a major cause of musculoskeletal disability. Nonpharmacological and nonsurgical treatment is preferred for the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, evidences are lacking regarding the effectiveness of multimodal physiotherapy program including, combination of various physical modalities (TENS, IR, US etc.) with therapeutic exercises, for the management of knee OA. Objectives: To determine recent research evidences for the effectiveness of combination of physical therapy interventions for treatment of knee OA patients. Methods: This systematic review mainly includes randomized controlled trails. Searching done by Google scholar, Pub med and PEDro from 2010 to 2019. We used terms like-knee pain, OA, TENS, exercise, and physiotherapy management. Results: Present outcomes shows that physiotherapy treatment is effective technique in reducing pain in patients with Knee OA without adverse effects. After implementing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 100 articles were retrieved using the key words, but only 10 articles were selected for the study. Conclusion: Electrotherapy modalities in conjunction with exercise therapy program designed for treating knee OA patients proved to be more superior to exercise alone at improving quadriceps muscle activation by reducing pain and increasing function during exercise.