Search

In this paper, the generalized (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear wave equation in fluid with gas bubbles is studied in soliton theory and produced by taking the Hirota bilinear operators. The first- to third rogue wave solutions through numerous rogue wave strategy by Maple typical estimations are recovered. The made conditions for the analyticity and positively of the gotten arrangements can be effectively accomplished by utilizing the specific determinations of the included values. The most merits of this plot are to recoup the Hirota bilinear models and their generalized equivalences. Also, the rational tan(Π(ξ)) technique on the generalized nonlinear wave equation is examined. The perturbed solution of the generalized nonlinear wave equation through the way of Modulational stability is studied. Finally, the graphical reenactments of the precise arrangements are portrayed. By selecting suitable values for the parameters involved in the solutions, 3D graphs, 2D contour graphs and line graphs are presented to provide graphical demonstration of the results. The reported results will be helpful to design new and better optical devices. The findings of this work may also help in problems arising in ocean engineering.

Hydrogen energy storage systems are becoming increasingly accepted owing to their environmental friendliness. The efficiency and performance of these systems largely depend on the attributes of their power electronic interface systems. Among the promising solutions is a multiport-isolated DC-DC converter with characteristics of reduced component count, fewer conversion stages, and galvanic isolation. However, this system presents a challenge due to its inherent cross-coupling effect, complicating precise control. To address this, linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) is a viable option, leveraging dynamic/disturbance properties observed by linear extended state observers. LADRC serves as a decoupling controller, mitigating the cross-coupling effect. However, LADRC has several gains, and selecting them can be a difficult task, often requiring manual tuning. To streamline this process, this paper proposes utilising particle swarm optimisation to determine the optimum gains of LADRC. By employing this approach, the implementation of LADRC is facilitated with reduced design efforts while ensuring effective decoupling control within the system. Simulations are conducted to validate the performance of the optimised gain LADRC.

This study is focusing on the integrable (3+1)-dimensional equation that combines the potential Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (pKP) equation with B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (BKP) equation, also known as the pKP-BKP equation. The idea of combining integrable equations has the potential to produce a variety of unexpected outcomes such as resonance of solitons. This article provides a wide range of alternative exact solutions for the pKP-BKP equation in three dimensional form, including dark solitons, singular solitons, singular periodic solutions, Jacobi elliptic function (JEF) solutions, rational solutions and exponential solution. The improved modified extended (IME) tanh function method is employed to investigate these solutions. All of the obtained solutions for the investigated model are presented using the Wolfram Mathematica program. To further help in understanding the solutions' physical characteristics and dynamic structure, the article provides visual representations of some derived solutions using 2D representation in addition to the 3D graphs via symbolic computation. This article aims to use a potent strategy using a powerful scheme to derive different solutions with various structures. Additionally, the results greatly improve and enhance the literature's solutions to a combined pKP-BKP equation and allow deep understanding of the nonlinear dynamic system through different exact solutions.

The main purpose of this research is to examine the performance of lightweight concrete (LWC) that contains palm oil clinker (POC) as a replacement for aggregate by either 50 or 100% of volume. Also, the use of palm oil ash (POA) and silica fume (SF) as a 10 and 20% weight replacement for cement, respectively, was examined. This research involved designing 20 mixtures. The performance of the fresh mixed LWC was assessed using a slump test. A variety of experiments were used to assess the performance of hardened concrete, including a dry density test, a compressive strength (CS) test, a split tensile strength test, a flexural strength test, and a modulus of elasticity test. In addition, the performance of concrete exposed to high temperatures on CS is evaluated. The transport properties were evaluated by applying tests including water permeability, chloride permeability, and water absorption. Finally, microstructure analysis was performed. The findings revealed that employing cementitious materials, such as SF and POA, as cement replacements or POC as an aggregate substitute reduced workability. The usage of POC as an alternative to aggregate also reduced CS. The mixture containing 100% POC showed the highest reduction, with a rate of 52% lower than the reference mixture. Furthermore, the applied temperature increased to 600°C, resulting in a significant decrease in CS, ranging from 34.6 to 42.6%.

This study examines the effect of adding different dosages of nontitanium (NT) and nano-silica (NS) ranging from 0.5 to 4% by weight of binder materials on ultra-high-performance geopolymer concrete (UHPGC). The material’s feasibility was evaluated using slump flow measurements. A detailed analysis of its compressive strength (CS), transport properties, and sulfate attack was conducted. The addition of 2.5% NS and 4% NT improved the CS and transport properties of UHPGC compositions, creating a denser and more durable microstructure with enhanced interfacial bonding, as confirmed by the microstructure study. According to this study, the most effective doses for enhancing UHPGC performance in various aspects are 2.5% NS and 4% NT. The CS was recorded at 198.7 MPa for 2.5% NS mixes and 197.6 MPa for 4% NT mixes for ages test 28 days. These findings provide valuable insights into developing and utilizing advanced, high-efficiency UHPGC for sustainable and sturdy construction techniques.

This study investigates the phenomenon of morphological reduplication in Jordanian Arabic in light of morphological doubling theory, offering an extensive examination of this type of reduplication in terms of form and function. Data is collected through observation of native speakers on Facebook, local television series, and in face to face daily interaction with people. Morphological reduplication is categorized as involving either the doubling of a semantically empty stem to create a morpheme, or the doubling of a monosyllabic morpheme to achieve specific pragmatic functions. The findings reveal that reduplication is an active and highly productive process in Jordanian Arabic, shedding light on its prominent role in language use and communication. This study not only contributes to a deeper understanding of the typological aspects of morphological reduplication, but also provides valuable insights into the specific characteristics of reduplication in Jordanian Arabic.

The physicochemical, sensorial, and probiotics viability properties of supplemented probiotic yogurt with beet juice (BJ) at various ratios (0–5)% in fresh and stored yogurts were determined. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity (%) and minerals content of BJ-yogurts were increased. The color aspects (ΔE) were improved with the increasing of BJ. BJ-yogurts at 1 and 3 % were color-stable when stored in the refrigerator (5 ± 1 °C) for 9 days. The syneresis reached of 42.9, 43.0, 43.5, and 43.5 mL for control, 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % BJ, respectively in stored yogurts for 12 days. Moreover, the probiotic yogurt viability in BJ-yogurts treatments was found to be higher (p < 0.05) than control which recorded of 7.0 ± 0.08, 7.22±0.04, 7.34±0.002 log cfu/mL for streptococci, lactobacilli, and bifidobacteria counts respectively in 5 % BJ treatment, on the other hand, in control recorded of 6.76±0.07, 7.11±0.06, 6.66±0.030 log cfu/mL for streptococci, lactobacilli, and bifidobacteria counts respectively; indicating that BJ had a stimulating effect on the additive starter. Fresh yogurts with 1 % BJ had superior sensorial scores than other treatments, and generally maintained desirable organoleptic attributes for up to 9 days. This study provides a nutritious, low-cost, stable, and attractive colored yogurts from buffalo milk without negative impact on physiochemical qualities.

BackgroundArbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) refers to a symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi that enhances the uptake of mineral nutrients from the soil and enables the plant to tolerate abiotic and biotic stresses. Although previously reported RNA-seq analyses have identified large numbers of AM-responsive genes in model plants, such as Solanum lycopersicum L., further studies are underway to comprehensively understand the complex interactions between plant roots and AM, especially in terms of the short- and long-term responses after inoculation.ResultsHerein, we used RNA-seq technology to obtain the transcriptomes of tomato roots inoculated with the fungus Rhizophagus irregularis at 7 and 30 days post inoculation (dpi). Of the 1,019 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tomato roots, 635 genes showed differential expressions between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal associations at the two time points. The number of upregulated DEGs far exceeded the number of downregulated ones at 7 dpi, and this difference decreased at 30 dpi. Several notable genes were particularly involved in the plant defense, plant growth and development, ion transport, and biological processes, namely, GABAT, AGP, POD, NQO1, MT4, MTA, and AROGP3. In addition, the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that some of the genes were involved in different pathways, including those of ascorbic acid (AFRR, GME1, and APX), metabolism (CYP, GAPC2, and CAM2), and sterols (CYC1 and HMGR), as well as genes related to cell division and cell cycle (CDKB2 and PCNA).ConclusionThese findings provide valuable new data on AM-responsive genes in tomato roots at both short- and long-term postinoculation stages, enabling the deciphering of biological interactions between tomato roots and symbiotic fungi.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic auto-immune disease in which loss of pancreatic islet β-cells leads to the deficiency of insulin in the body thus resulting in enhanced blood sugar levels. Effective blood glucose monitoring is crucial in T1DM management to prevent complications, particularly hypoglycemia. Method: The study adopted a cross-sectional survey to assess satisfaction and quality of life among T1DM patients using the freestyle libre continuous glucose monitoring (FSL-CGM), and a retrospective cohort study design to evaluate changes in HbA1c over a year. Result: The study involved 98 Saudi subjects, with 46.9% (n = 46) being male. The results indicated a high level of user satisfaction, with more than 85% of the participants responding positively, yielding a total satisfaction score of 30.86. User satisfaction with FSL-CGM was found to be significantly associated with the level of education. The use of FSL-CGM was also found to significantly improve the patients’ quality of life. However, the levels of HbA1c had an impact on both satisfaction and quality of life. Before using the FSL-CGM system, the mean HbA1c was 9.83%, which significantly decreased to 8.63% after using the system (P-value

The integration of multiterminal hybrid HVDC grids connecting LCC- and VSC-based networks faces several technical challenges such as DC fault isolation, ensuring multi-vendor interoperability, managing high DC voltage levels, and facilitating high-speed power reversal without interruptions. The two-stage DC-DC converter emerges as a key solution to address these challenges. By implementing the modular multilevel converter (MMC) structure, the converter's basic topology includes half-bridge sub-modules on the VSC side and full-bridge sub-modules on the LCC side. However, while this topology has been discussed in the literature, its connection to an LCC-based network with controlled current magnitude lacks detailed analysis regarding operational challenges, control strategies under various scenarios, and design considerations. This paper fills this gap by providing comprehensive mathematical analysis, design insights, and control strategies for the modular DC-DC converter to regulate DC voltage on the LCC-HVDC side. Additionally, the proposed control scheme minimizes the interfacing inductor between the two bridges, ensuring uninterrupted power flow during reversal and effective handling of DC faults. Validation through Control-Hardware-in-the-Loop testing across diverse operational and fault scenarios, along with a comparative analysis of different converters, further strengthens the findings.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objective The potential of aqueous extract of Christ’s thorn jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi) leaves (SLAE) to reduce the negative impacts of heat stress on production performance and physiological traits was investigated in dual-purpose layers under subtropical farming. Methods A total of 200, 25-week-old laying hens (Inshas strain) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments including SLAE at 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mL/kg, respectively. The average temperature-humidity index value was 26.69 during the experimental period. The SLAE contained saponin (0.045%), total flavonoid content of 17.9 mg of quercetin equivalent/ 100 g and overall antioxidant capacity concentration of 17.9 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent/ 100 g. Results The maximum final body weight (BW), BW gain, egg weight, number, and mass occurred at the level of SLAE7.5 inclusion. The egg quality was significantly higher in SLAE groups than in control, and overall, SLAE7.5 had the most favorable influence at 28 and 32 weeks. Liver and kidney function, as well as lipids profile, improved significantly by SLAE inclusion; the lowest concentrations of these parameters were in SLAE7.5 hens. Treatment with SLAE7.5 increased total antioxidant capacity and endogenous antioxidant enzymes compared to control, whereas no effect on superoxide dismutase was noticed. Conclusion The addition of SLAE at 7.5 mL/kg diet improved egg laying performance and quality, metabolic profiles, and antioxidant status during hyperthermia conditions.

To enhance the health and performance of poultry, novel approaches have to be created. Using appropriate nutritional interventions to enhance body physiology and thus enhance productivity is one of these approaches. The purpose of the present investigation intended to examine how growing quail physiology and growth is affected by supplementing diets with tryptophan (Trp) and/or canthaxanthin (CX). The sum of 200 unsexed, 1-week-age Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with a nearly similar body weight (BW) of 33.50 ± 1.20 g, were assigned, in random, to four experimental groups. Each group consisted of five replicates, with 10 birds per replicate. Chicks in group 1 (T1) served as the control and were fed a basal diet without any supplementation from week 1 to week 5. The second (T2) and third (T3) groups received feed supplemented with 0.01 % Trp and 0.005 % CX, respectively. The fourth group (T4) was given a diet containing a combination of 0.01 % Trp and 0.005 % CX. Results indicated that supplementation with Trp, CX, or their combination significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced live BW and body weight gain (BWG) at 5 weeks. No noticeable variations in carcass characteristics were found across all treatments over the whole trial duration. Blood levels of high-density lipoprotein were considerably greater in the Trp and/or CX-fed group than in the control group. Adding Trp and/orCX to quail diets significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the activity of liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, ALT; aspartate transaminase, AST; alkaline phosphatase, ALP), along with reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Birds received diets with Trp and/or CX had higher values of antioxidant indices in serum and liver (P < 0.05), accompanied by low values of malondialdehyde compared to control group. We concluded that adding quail diet with Trp and/orCX had positive consequences on the growth performance and some physiological indices.

The promising features of HVDC technology have led to the possibility of numerous renewable resources integration and enormous DC grids interconnection. In spite of the obstacles, these interconnections encounter such as the necessity to block DC faults, achieving isolation between different schemes, the ability to maintain power flow throughout different power flow profiles, and the interfacing with various infrastructures, the DC-Hub arises to overcome these interconnection obstacles being the excellent approach to enhance the DC grid capabilities. This paper proposes a new monolithic modular thyristor-based multilevel converter, which serves as the fundamental building block of the DC-Hub, offering advantages such as lower switch count, bidirectional power flow, and DC fault blocking capability. Moreover, a control algorithm, for zero reactive power circulation in the DC-Hub, is introduced. The proposed algorithm successfully mitigates the circulation of reactive power throughout the entire range of power flow. A comprehensive mathematical analysis, optimum design of converter parameters, and the proposed control technique, which suppress the circulating reactive power at full range of power flow, are illustrated. Finally, simulation modelling and hardware test rig are established to validate the claims of the DC-Hub at different normal and faulty scenarios.

Cardiovascular diseases are a major global health concern, responsible for a significant number of deaths each year, often linked to cardiac arrhythmias resulting from dysfunction in ion channels. Hereditary Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a condition characterized by a prolonged QT interval on ECG, increasing the risk of sudden cardiac death. The most common type of LQTS, LQT2, is caused by mutations in the hERG gene, affecting a potassium ion channel. The majority of these mutations disrupt the channel’s trafficking to the cell membrane, leading to intracellular retention. Specific high-affinity hERG blockers (e.g., E-4031) can rescue this mutant phenotype, but the exact mechanism is unknown. This study used accelerated molecular dynamics simulations to investigate how these mutations affect the hERG channel’s structure, folding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention, and trafficking. We reveal that these mutations induce structural changes in the channel, narrowing its central pore and altering the conformation of the intracellular domains. These changes expose internalization signals that contribute to ER retention and degradation of the mutant hERG channels. Moreover, the study found that the trafficking rescue drug E-4031 can inhibit these structural changes, potentially rescuing the mutant channels. This research offers valuable insights into the structural issues responsible for the degradation of rescuable transmembrane trafficking mutants. Understanding the defective trafficking structure of the hERG channel could help identify binding sites for small molecules capable of restoring proper folding and facilitating channel trafficking. This knowledge has the potential to lead to mechanism-based therapies that address the condition at the cellular level, which may prove more effective than treating clinical symptoms, ultimately offering hope for individuals with hereditary Long QT Syndrome.

In this paper, the aim is to classify torque signals that are received from a 3-DOF manipulator using a pattern recognition neural network (PR-NN). The output signals of the proposed PR-NN classifier model are classified into four indicators. The first predicts that no collisions occur. The other three indicators predict collisions on the three links of the manipulator. The input data to train the PR-NN model are the values of torque exerted by the joints. The output of the model predicts and identifies the link on which the collision occurs. In our previous work, the position data for a 3-DOF robot were used to estimate the external collision torques exerted by the joints when applying collisions on each link, based on a recurrent neural network (RNN). The estimated external torques were used to design the current PR-NN model. In this work, the PR-NN model, while training, could successfully classify 56,592 samples out of 56,619 samples. Thus, the model achieved overall effectiveness (accuracy) in classifying collisions on the robot of 99.95%, which is almost 100%. The sensitivity of the model in detecting collisions on the links “Link 1, Link 2, and Link 3” was 97.9%, 99.7%, and 99.9%, respectively. The overall effectiveness of the trained model is presented and compared with other previous entries from the literature.

This study aims to investigate patients' knowledge of the triage system, utilization of primary healthcare resources, and expectations for waiting times in Jordanian Emergency Departments (EDs). A descriptive, cross-sectional design was employed in the EDs in the largest public hospitals in Jordan. Convenient sampling resulted in 726 participants. A self-reported questionnaire included socio-demographic information and instruments assessing primary healthcare use, triage system awareness, and expected waiting times. Most participants (61.3%) lacked awareness of the triage system. The use of primary healthcare was influenced by age, education, marital status, current job, nationality, and location. Having a primary healthcare provider was associated with higher patient satisfaction. Significant variations in expected waiting times for diagnostic test results were noted based on gender, place of residence, education, current job, and marital status. Addressing patient awareness of the triage system is crucial for optimizing healthcare accessibility and quality in Jordanian EDs. Improving patient education, communication, and primary care utilization can enhance patient outcomes, reduce ED burden, and contribute to a more efficient healthcare system.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices generate enormous quantities of data, and ensuring the authenticity and integrity of this data is essential. Blockchain (BC) serves as a transparent and secure ledger for recording each data transaction, which prevents unauthorized modification and provides a trust layer for the IoT ecosystem. Data edge verification for BC-enabled IoT platforms is a fundamental aspect of ensuring data trustworthiness, integrity, and security in the system. In such an environment, IoT devices generate vast amounts of data, and BC technology can be used to create a decentralized and immutable ledger that records all the transactions and data exchanges Machine learning (ML) in the context of BC and the IoT offers a powerful toolkit for optimizing and securing these technologies. It enables the analysis of vast and complex data generated by IoT devices, allowing for predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, and pattern recognition. ML also enhances security by developing intrusion detection systems and supporting smart contracts in BC networks. This article introduces a new Capuchin Search Algorithm with a Deep Learning based Data Edge Verification model (CSADL-DEVM) for the Blockchain assisted IoT platform. The purpose of the CSADL-DEVM technique is to integrate the BC with DL and hyperparameter tuning concepts for data edge verification in the IoT environment. In addition, IoT devices comprise a considerable level of decentralized decision-making ability, which accomplishes a consensus on the performance of intra-block transactions. In addition, the CSADL-DEVM technique applies the Elman recurrent neural network (ERNN) model for the identification and classification of faults. Moreover, the hyperparameters related to the ERNN model can be adjusted by the use of CSA which in turn better the detection results. A comprehensive set of simulations has been conducted to exhibit the enhanced results of the CSADL-DEVM method. The obtained outcomes exhibit the superior outcome of the CSADL-DEVM algorithm.

Egyptian Jallab (EJ) is a conical candy (light to dark brown), manufactured from a part of sugar cane juice, that is used in the black honey industry. EJ is considered an unrefined sugar or a non-centrifugal form of sugar. The traditional use of Jallab is as candy, but it can also be used for making ice cream, cupcakes, biscuits, and toffee, as well as being used in other food applications. In this study, EJ was used as a sugar substitute in ice cream at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Total solids, titratable acidity, pH, protein, ash, fat, specific gravity, weight per gallon, viscosity, color attributes, total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid contents, as well as microbiological analyses, were tested. The total solids, protein, and ash in the Egyptian Jallab ice cream (EJIC) increased from 39.30, 4.85, and 0.87 to 41.19, 6.36, and 1.42, respectively. The gradual sugar substitution led to a significant increase in specific gravity and weight per gallon in pounds. The lightness (L*) of the ice cream decreased significantly due to the substitution of EJ for sugar. Moreover, there was a significant increase in a* (from 0.147 in control samples to 5.52 in treatment 4, which had 100% EJ). The changes in the b* values of Jallab ice cream samples were significantly increased due to the substitution of EJ for sugar. The control samples had a low value of antioxidant activity (21.53%) when compared with the treatment, which has EJ (88.82, 89.96, 91.98, and 92.14%) for EJIC1, EJIC2, EJIC3, and EJIC4, respectively. The total phenolic contents are 2.07, 3.03, 4.14, and 4.68 fold higher in the treatments with EJ substituted for sugar than in the control samples. Total flavonoid contents increased from 5.73 mg QE g−1 in control samples (TC) to 14.68, 21.54, 30.48, and 34.15 mg QE g−1 in EJIC1, EJIC2, EJIC3, and EJIC4 mg QE g−1 in ice cream samples, respectively.

Contamination of water resources by active pharmaceutical ingredient wastes is among major environmental concerns. To prevent major disruptions of aquatic life, an efficient and environmentally-friendly turbidity removal procedure of common contaminants such as paracetamol should be established. In this study, several natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were screened to reduce the turbidity of simulated water contaminated with paracetamol below the standard turbidity limit recommended by the National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (50 NTU). The optimal operating parameters (NADES dosage, stirring time and operating pH) were determined. Under optimized conditions, stearic acid-based NADES achieved the highest turbidity removal of 97.5 %. High coagulation performances were investigated based on molecular interaction using COSMO-RS (COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents) σ-profile and σ-potential (histogram of charge density distribution over molecular surface) and showed high affinity between the NADES compounds and paracetamol. Thus, NADESs are promising candidates for turbidity removal of paracetamol from water and are viable in further investigations for effluent treatment applications.

Abstract The portio-vaginalis uteri (PVU) and its mucus secretion have shown an essential role in conception. A significant endeavour to improve buffaloes' reproductive efficiency is the investigation of their basic reproductive pattern, which provides a reference for applications in breeding and pregnancy. The present study aimed to evaluate the anatomical and histological alterations in PVU regarding to the vaginal artery (VA) hemodynamic at luteal and early pregnant stages in buffalos. Egyptian live buffaloes (n = 16) and fresh genitals (n = 25) of mature buffalo were used. Different luteal and early pregnant stages were macroscopically identified with the shape and mucosal colouration with discharges of the PVU. Histological examination showed a significant difference in area % of alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff positive granules which considered an indication for presence of acidic and neutral mucins respectively in the epithelial cells of PVU mucosa which increased in pregnant stage than in other luteal stages. VA assessment demonstrated an increase in luminal diameter and thickness of tunica muscularis in pregnant stage than other stages (P

The rapid growth in HVDC grids is becoming inevitable for long-distance power transmission. Therefore, the idea of interconnection between the point-to-point links becomes essential. However, these point-to-point connections face several challenges such as the requirement of DC fault blocking capability, interfacing of different grounding schemes, offering multi-vendor interoperability, and difficulty to achieve high DC voltage stepping. DC-DC converters are considered the optimum solution to tackle these challenges in DC grids interconnection. In this paper, a new hybrid modular DC-DC converter is proposed that achieves a low number of semiconductors, low losses, and cost in comparison to other DC-DC converters due to the utilization of thyristors. The new DC-DC converter consists of two hybrid MMC bridges connected through an isolating transformer. Each MMC bridge is comprised of half bridge submodules and bidirectional thyristors. Detailed mathematical analysis, design, and control are illustrated. A comparison is carried out between different topologies in terms of semiconductor count, power loss, and cost. Also, both simulation model and experimental test rig are built to validate the proposed hybrid modular DC-DC converter under different scenarios. Finally, another variant of the hybrid-thyristor based converter (version two) is proposed for multiport DC-Hub application to achieve DC fault blocking without turning off all connected bridges.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common endocrine disease that can occur during pregnancy, increasing the risk of fetal morbidity and mortality. Metformin is a commonly used therapeutic approach for managing GDM. However, there is controversy regarding the effects of metformin on fetal outcomes during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of metformin in relation to neonatal complications, compared to treatment with insulin and/or specialized diets. Method: This was a retrospective study that included pregnant women who were diagnosed with GDM and treated with specialized diets, metformin, or insulin. Data were collected from patients’ electronic medical records and analyzed to evaluate the risk of neonatal outcomes in the metformin group compared to the others. Results: The study included 234 women with GDM. There was no difference between the metformin and insulin groups in terms of the rates of neonatal outcomes, while neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, large for gestational age, and respiratory distress were higher in the metformin group when compared to the diet group. Metformin slightly increased the risk of a lower APGAR score compared to diet alone. Conclusions: Metformin was found to be a safe therapy for the fetus when used to manage GDM, compared to insulin therapy. More randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings in the Saudi population.

In this work, the exact solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Hirota–Satsuma–Ito equation are reported by adopting the He’s variational direct technique (HVDT). The analytic findings of solutions were obtained by semi-inverse scheme, and six form of supposed studies reveal that the solutions belong to soliton groups. The modulation instability is considered. The tan(Π(ξ))\tan \left(\Pi \left(\xi )) scheme on the suggested model is employed to study new rational solutions. The investigated properties of solutions were determined by graphic studies, which shows significantly values of the parameters and susceptibility of abundant solutions. The obtained results in this work are expected to open new perspectives for the traveling wave theory. For the aforementioned wave solutions, we graphically describe their dynamical properties. It is worth mentioning that our results not only enable us to understand the dynamic properties of such equations more intuitively but also provide some ideas for researchers to facilitate more in depth exploration. It is important to mention that our proposed method is highly effective, consistent, and impacting and can be utilized to solve different physical models.

Ashraf Omar,1 Ahmed Kaseb,2 Tamer Elbaz,1 Mohamed El-Kassas,3 Amr El Fouly,3 Abdel Fatah Hanno,4 Ahmed El Dorry,5 Ahmed Hosni,6 Amr Helmy,7 Amr S Saad,8 Ashwaq Alolayan,9 Basem Elsayed Eysa,10 Emad Hamada,11 Hamdy Azim,11 Hany Khattab,12 Hesham Elghazaly,8 Hesham Tawfik,13 Hisham Ayoub,14 Hussein Khaled,11 Ibtessam Saadeldin,11 Imam Waked,15 Eman MF Barakat,16 Mahmoud El Meteini,17 Mohamed Hamed Shaaban,6 Mohamed EzzElarab,10 Mohamed Fathy,17 Mohamed Shaker,5 Mohamed Sobhi,5 Mohamed Kamal Shaker,16 Mohamed ElGharib,5 Mohammed Abdullah,11 Mohesn Mokhtar,11 Mostafa Elshazli,18 Omar Mohamed Khaleil Heikal,14 Osama Hetta,5 Reda Mahmoud ElWakil,16 Sameh Abdel Wahab,5 Samir Shehata Eid,19 Yousri Rostom20 On behalf of the Egyptian Liver Cancer Committee Study Group1Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 2Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; 3Department of Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt; 4Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; 5Department of Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; 6Department of Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 7Department of Surgery, National Liver Institute Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; 8Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; 9Department of Oncology, National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 10Department of Gastroenterology, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt; 11Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 12Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 13Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta Egypt; 14Department of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Cairo, Egypt; 15Department of Gastroenterology, Menoufia Liver Institute, Menoufia, Egypt; 16Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; 17Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; 18Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 19Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; 20Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptCorrespondence: Ashraf Omar, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, Email abdelazizashraf@hotmail.comAbstract: Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cause of death from cancer. The prevalence of this pathology, which has been on the rise in the last 30 years, has been predicted to continue increasing. HCC is the most common cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in Egypt and is also the most common cancer in males. Chronic liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis C, which is a primary health concern in Egypt, are considered major risk factors for HCC. However, HCC surveillance is recommended for patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and liver cirrhosis; those above 40 with HBV but without cirrhosis; individuals with hepatitis D co-infection or a family history of HCC; and Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients exhibiting significant fibrosis or cirrhosis. Several international guidelines aid physicians in the management of HCC. However, the availability and cost of diagnostic modalities and treatment options vary from one country to another. Therefore, the current guidelines aim to standardize the management of HCC in Egypt. The recommendations presented in this report represent the current management strategy at HCC treatment centers in Egypt. Recommendations were developed by an expert panel consisting of hepatologists, oncologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, pathologists, and radiologists working under the umbrella of the Egyptian Society of Liver Cancer. The recommendations, which are based on the currently available local diagnostic aids and treatments in the country, include recommendations for future prospects.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, clinical recommendations, Egyptian society of liver cancer, hepatitis c virus, Egypt, guidelines

Abstract Ensuring the privacy and trustworthiness of smart city—Internet of Things (IoT) networks have recently remained the central problem. Cyborg intelligence is one of the most popular and advanced technologies suitable for securing smart city networks against cyber threats. Various machine learning and deep learning-based cyborg intelligence mechanisms have been developed to protect smart city networks by ensuring property, security, and privacy. However, it limits the critical problems of high time complexity, computational cost, difficulty to understand, and reduced level of security. Therefore, the proposed work intends to implement a group of novel methodologies for developing an effective Cyborg intelligence security model to secure smart city systems. Here, the Quantized Identical Data Imputation (QIDI) mechanism is implemented at first for data preprocessing and normalization. Then, the Conjugate Self-Organizing Migration (CSOM) optimization algorithm is deployed to select the most relevant features to train the classifier, which also supports increased detection accuracy. Moreover, the Reconciliate Multi-Agent Markov Learning (RMML) based classification algorithm is used to predict the intrusion with its appropriate classes. The original contribution of this work is to develop a novel Cyborg intelligence framework for protecting smart city networks from modern cyber-threats. In this system, a combination of unique and intelligent mechanisms are implemented to ensure the security of smart city networks. It includes QIDI for data filtering, CSOM for feature optimization and dimensionality reduction, and RMML for categorizing the type of intrusion. By using these methodologies, the overall attack detection performance and efficiency have been greatly increased in the proposed cyborg model. Here, the main reason of using CSOM methodology is to increase the learning speed and prediction performance of the classifier while detecting intrusions from the smart city networks. Moreover, the CSOM provides the optimized set of features for improving the training and testing operations of classifier with high accuracy and efficiency. Among other methodologies, the CSOM has the unique characteristics of increased searching efficiency, high convergence, and fast processing speed. During the evaluation, the different types of cyber-threat datasets are considered for testing and validation, and the results are compared with the recent state-of-the-art model approaches.