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Background and Objectives: Carpet weaver women due to long working in inappropriate environment are at risk for certain eye disease. The aim of this study is to determine the refractive errors among carpet weavers women in rural Sephidehkesh of Qazvin.Methods: 28 Carpet weaver women were under optometric eye examinations. Light Intensity at work stations was measured, using luxmeter and eye examinations were done by using the ophthalmoscope and retinoscop. Data were analyzed using one-side T-test.Results: The result of this study showed, general and local light intensity in 13 carpet weaving workshops, respectively 160 and 154 Lux that was much less than the minimum and maximum recommended values of 200 to 300 Lux. Only one of 28 Carpet weaver women was healthy and others were visually impaired. In addition to poor eyesight, workers complained of headache, itching and burning eyes.Conclusion: The results show, due to inappropriate working condition in carpet weaving workshops, most young workers are suffering from eye impairment and is predicted the severity of myopia to increase with working experience and age.

The expertise defense is the best-known response by armchair philosophers to the challenge posed by experimental philosophers regarding the trustworthiness of intuitions. In a series of recent experiments, Experimental philosophers have recently focused on professional philosophers, claiming that, contrary to what the expertise defense assumes, philosophers’ intuitions are no less susceptible to the influence of irrelevant factors (the direct strategy). Additionally, drawing from literature on expertise, they contend that, unlike other domains of expertise, practice does not improve philosophers’ intuitions (the indirect strategy). In this paper, adopting a skill-based perspective on expertise, my primary objective is to defend the expertise defense against both direct and indirect strategies. Based on the skill-based account, I present three arguments against the direct strategy by challenging its power, scope and methodology. Furthermore, borrowing empirical findings from recent literature on expertise, I argue against the indirect strategy that four skills that constitute philosophical expertise regarding thought experiments can be improved through various forms of practice, including deliberate practice. However, my moderate defense departs from typical versions of the expertise defense since I argue that while recent experiments by experimental philosophers cannot undermine the expertise defense, they provide valuable insights into philosophical expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title complex has been prepared using (4-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridin-2-ylmethylene-amine bidentate Schiff base ligand (L) and HgCl2. The Hg(II) center in the title compound, [HgCl2(C12H9FN2)], is covalently bonded to three Cl atoms and two N atoms of the diimine ligand. Mercury ion mononuclear fragment that forms a polymeric structure due to bridging chloride ligands is in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal coordination environment formed by the bis-chelating N-heterocyclic ligand, two bridging Cl ligands and one terminal Cl ligand. One of the bridging Hg–Cl bonds is significantly longer than the other. In the crystal, weak C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds are observed in addition to π–π stacking interactions. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a = 7.2248(3) Å, b = 8.7713(3) Å, c = 20.0217(7) Å, α = 90.00°, β = 90.00°, γ = 90.00°, V = 1268.79(8) Å3, R1 = 0.023 and wR2 = 0.062 (I > 2σ(I)]. The antibacterial activities of the complex, ligand and metal salt were tested against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli studied by disk diffusion method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by Williamson’s knowledge-first epistemology, I propose a position on practical knowledge that can be called the ‘know-how-first view’; yet whereas Williamson is one of the pioneers of the new intellectualism about know-how, I employ the know-how-first view to argue against intellectualism and instead develop a know-how-first version of anti-intellectualism. Williamson argues that propositional knowledge is a sui generis unanalyzable mental state that comes first in the epistemic realm; in parallel, I propose that know-how is a sui generis unanalyzable power that comes first in the practical realm. To motivate this suggestion, I put forward two arguments: (1) drawing on dispositionalist ideas, I argue that the practical component of know-how is unanalyzable; (2) based on an investigation of the natures of intentionality and intelligence, I argue that know-how is prior to intentional and intelligent abilities in the order of explanation of agential action. Deploying this know-how-first anti-intellectualism, I then set out know-how-first solutions to two challenging problems for anti-intellectualism: the sufficiency problem and the necessary condition problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been argued that virtue reliabilism faces difficulties in explaining why the "because-of" relation between true belief and the relevant competence is absent in Gettier cases. However, prominent proponents of this view such as Sosa and Turri suggest that these difficulties can be overcome by invoking the manifestation relation. In his Judgment and Agency, Sosa supports this claim based on an analogy between Gettier cases and what in the literature on dispositions is called mimic cases. While there are initial motivations for the alleged analogy, I claim there are at least two arguments against it: 1. there is an asymmetry in the nature of context-sensitivity between the problem of mimicking and the Gettier problem; 2. while causal deviance and double luck can be found in both the mimic case and the Gettier case, their causal processes are different in important respects, making it challenging to see them as both falling under the same category. If these arguments are on the right track, the upshot is that virtue reliablists such as Sosa and Turri who describe the "because-of" relation in terms of the manifestation relation still owe us an account of why the manifestation relation is absent in Gettier cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coordination complex, [Zn(L)Cl2], consisting of ZnCl2 and Schiff base bidentate ligand (4-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2ylmethyleneamine (L) was prepared and structurally characterized. The coordination compound has been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group with a = 7.973(2) Å, b = 9.354(3) Å, c = 10.134(3) Å, and α = 81.013(6)°, β = 81.662(6)°, and γ = 70.855(6)°. The Zn(II) atom has a distorted tetrahedral coordination, in which the bidentate organic ligand is coordinated to the Zn(II) atom through two N atoms. In addition, the Zn(II) ion is located in a distorted tetrahedral environment, which is composed of the chelating ligand and two Cl ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]