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Coronavirus spread in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. A few weeks later, the virus was present in over 100 countries around the globe. Governments have adopted extreme measures to contain the spreading virus. Quarantine is considered the most effective way to control the spreading speed of COVID-19. In this study, a mathematical model is developed to explore the influence of quarantine and the latent period on the spatial spread of COVID-19. We use the mathematical model with quarantine, and delay to predict the spreading speed of the virus. In particular, we transform the model to a single integral equation and then apply the Laplace transform to find implicit equations for the spreading speeds. The basic reproduction number of COVID-19 is also found and calculated. Numerical simulations are performed to confirm our theoretical results. To validate the proposed model, we compare our outcomes with the actual reported data published by the National Health Commission of China and the Health Commission of local governments. The model demonstrates good qualitative agreement with the actual data reported. The results show that delay and quarantine highly influence the spreading speeds of COVID-19. Also, we can only contain the disease if we quarantine $ 75 \% $ of the infected people.

We derive a reaction–diffusion model with time-delayed nonlocal effects to study an epidemic’s spatial spread numerically. The model describes infected individuals in the latent period using a structured model with diffusion. The epidemic model assumes that infectious individuals are subject to containment measures. To simulate the model in two-dimensional space, we use the continuous Runge–Kutta method of the fourth order and the discrete Runge–Kutta method of the third order with six stages. The numerical results admit the existence of traveling wave solutions for the proposed model. We use the COVID-19 epidemic to conduct numerical experiments and investigate the minimal speed of spread of the traveling wave front. The minimal spreading speeds of COVID-19 are found and discussed. Also, we assess the power of containment measures to contain the epidemic. The results depict a clear drop in the spreading speed of the traveling wave front after applying containment measures to at-risk populations.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of child-friendly dentist attire and camouflage syringes on reducing dental anxiety in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 120 pediatric patients aged 6 to 12 years. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: group A (child-friendly dentist attire), group B (camouflage syringe), or group C (control group). Child preference for dentist attire was assessed using a visual analog scale, while dental anxiety was measured using the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale and the Facial Image Scale. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in dental anxiety scores in both group 2 and group 3 compared to group 1 (P < 0.001). Children in group A exhibited a higher preference for child-friendly dentist attire [mean score: 8.7, standard deviation (SD): 1.2] compared to group 1 (mean score: 3.2, SD: 1.5) (P < 0.001). Similarly, children in group 2 showed a higher preference for a camouflage syringe (mean score: 8.5, SD: 1.3) compared to group 1 (mean score: 3.4, SD: 1.6) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Child-friendly dentist attire and camouflage syringes were found to be effective in reducing dental anxiety among pediatric patients. These interventions were well received by children and their parents, highlighting the importance of considering child preferences in dental settings.