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Objectives: We aimed to assess the effect of air pollution on incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with type 2 diabetesmellitus (T2DM). Methods: We tracked 486 T2DM patients from 2012 to 2021. Cox regression models were applied to assess the hazard of exposure to particulate matter, carbonmonoxide (CO), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on incident CVD, revealing hazard ratios (HRs). Results: CVD incidents occurred in 73 individuals. Among men, each 1-ppm increase in CO levels raised the risk of CVD(HR: 2.66, 95%CI: 1.30-5.44). For women, a 5-ppb rise in SO2 increased CVD risk (HR: 1.60, 95%CI: 1.11-2.30). No notable impact of particulate pollutants was found. Conclusions: Persistent exposure to gaseous air pollutants, specifically CO and SO2, is linked to the development of CVD in men and women with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the age limit for familial prostate cancer screening, highlighting the influence of race, genetics, and familial causes on prostate cancer. It suggests that familial prostate cancer occurs at a lower age and proposes starting screening 3-5 years earlier than the typical onset age of prostate cancer in the family. The study emphasizes the importance of personalized screening based on family history and Gleason scores to improve early diagnosis and treatment outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose. To evaluate the effects of the surgical ligation of the ureter in different locations on the kidney over time in the rat model. Methods. A total of 155 rats were enrolled and randomly divided into the case (n = 150) and control (n = 5) groups. The case group included three separate groups (fifty rats in each group) that underwent surgical ureteral ligation at the proximal, middle, and distal ureter. The laboratory tests, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), were measured in groups. The pathological evaluation for glomerular changes, tubular dilation, interstitial fibrosis, and interstitial infiltration of the inflammatory cells following the obstruction was performed (severity of tubular atrophy categorized too mild (+), moderate (++), and severe (+++)). To compare the continuous variables between the groups and between the measurement times, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Results. Our results revealed that the creatinine four weeks after the obstruction was significantly higher in the proximal group obstruction (p value: 0.046). The three groups had no significant differences regarding urine creatinine, serum sodium, and serum TNF (p value: 0.261). Obstruction did not change the glomerular morphology in three intervention groups after six weeks. The commencing of severe tubular atrophy in proximal, middle, and distal ureteral obstruction was at weeks three, four, and six, respectively. Conclusion. The location of ureteral obstruction is also crucial in deciding to intervene to relieve the complete ureteral obstruction. Severe tubular damage occurs in weeks three, four, and six in proximal, middle, and distal ureteral obstruction, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of opium on bladder cancer grade and stage. We analyzed the impact of opium on the stage and grade of bladder cancer. Methods In this retrospective study, we analyzed 446 patients with pathologically confirmed bladder cancer treated from February 2012 to January 2019. Demographic data including sex, age, body mass index, opium consumption, and smoking, were collected. Exclusion criteria were patients receiving chemotherapy, inaccessible pathologic reports, and previous abdominopelvic radiotherapy. Chi-squared test was used in case of categorical variables. The significance level was set at 0.05. The analyses were performed using the statistical software Stata ver. 13. Results Our results indicate show that higher muscle-invasive stages occurred in opium users group compared to the non-opium users (P-value<0.001 vs. P-value: 0.104). The BMIs≥25 indicated a greater high grades percentage in the opium users compared with non-users (P-values=0.137 and 0.316 for the ages <65 and ≥65 years and 0.602 and 0.013 for the BMIs <25 and ≥25). Accordingly, in people with BMIs≥25, odds of high grades were 2.8-fold, compared with non-users. Patients with BMIs of 25 or more had 2.8 times the chance of getting high grades compared to those who did not. Regarding muscle stages, while all subgroups showed significance, the largest effect size of 4.2 was obtained for the <65 age group. Conclusions Our data revealed the higher muscle-invasive stages in the opium users comparing compared to non-opium users. Also, in patients with BMIs≥25, odds of high grades were 2.8 folds, compared with non-opium users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]