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Escherichia coli is an opportunistic bacteria that can grow easily, produce toxins, and resist antibiotics. The phenomenon of E. coli developing multidrug resistance is currently the subject of extensive research. The objective of this study was to molecularly identify blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli found in milk samples from dairy cattle farms in Tulungagung, Indonesia.

Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia.

One of the worst zoonotic illnesses, avian influenza (AI), or commonly referred to as bird flu, is caused by viruses belonging to the genus Influenza viruses, which are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The harmful effects of AI illness can affect both human and animal health and cause financial losses. Globally, the AI virus lacks political purpose and is not limited by geographical limits. It has been isolated from poultry, wild birds, and captive birds in Asia, North America, Europe, Australia, and South America. Their virulence is divided into highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) and low pathogenic AI (LPAI). The AI virus can also be diagnosed in a laboratory setting using molecular tests like real-time polymerase chain reaction or serological tests like the hemagglutinin inhibition test, agar gel immunodiffusion, antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and other immunoassays. The type of AI virus and host species determines the clinical manifestations, severity, and fatality rates of AI. Human infection with AI viruses typically results from direct transmission from infected birds to humans. AI outbreaks in domestic and wild birds are uncommon; however, an infection can pose a significant threat to public, veterinary, and medical health. Successful vaccination reduces the probability of AI H5N1 virus infection in meat and other poultry products and prevents systemic infection in chickens. This review will provide information that can be used as a reference for recognizing the dangers of AI and for preventing and controlling the disease, considering its potential to become a serious pandemic outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An infectious disease called infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) can lead to a number of disorders affecting cattle's respiratory system. The disease is caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoAHV-1). Based on antigenic and genetic characteristics, BoAHV-1 strains are divided into subtypes 1.1, 1.2a, 1.2b, and 1.3. IBR is currently widespread throughout the world, with the exception of a few nations that have achieved eradication. The most significant characteristic of this illness is that, after a clinical or subclinical infection, the virus typically establishes a latent condition that can later be reactivated in the presence of stress, immunosuppressive conditions/substances, or other diseases. Primarily, the virus spreads by direct or indirect contact between animals. It may also be transmitted via the reproductive system, causing infectious balanoposthitis or vulvovaginitis. Most virus subtypes are associated with reproductive failure, such as fetal or embryonic resorption and abortions. The virus may also be transmitted through semen, which could lead to genital transfer. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) infection produces a variety of lesions. Lesion in the mucosal surface usually consists of white necrotic material. Regular methods for diagnosing BoHV-1 infections include isolation in cell culture, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, virus neutralisation test, and methods based on identification of nucleic acids, like PCR. The interplay of several host, pathogen, environmental, and management factors affects the spread of IBR. Through its impacts on health and fitness, IBR can lead to production losses. In order to minimize the severity of clinical signs and stop the infection from spreading, the veterinarian may advise that sick or at-risk animals be placed under immediate isolation and vaccinated (such as intranasal vaccination, including the use of both killed and live attenuated virus vaccines) as soon as an IBR diagnosis is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Q fever, also known as query fever, is a zoonotic illness brought on by the Coxiella burnetii bacteria. This disease was first discovered in 1935 in Queensland, Australia. Worldwide, Q fever is a disease that requires notification, and certain nations classify it as a national health concern. A feature of C. burnetii is known as cell wall phase fluctuation. Serological testing is the main method used to diagnose Q fever illnesses. Inhalation is the primary method of C. burnetii transmission in both people and animals, with smaller amounts occurring through milk and milk product ingestion. The bacterial strain that is causing the infection determines how severe it is. Q fever is a significant zoonosis that can be dangerous for personnel working in veterinary laboratories, livestock breeding operations, and slaughterhouses due to its high human contagiousness. Coxiella burnetii is a biological weapon that can be sprayed on food, water, or even mail. It can also be employed as an aerosol. Antibiotics work well against this disease's acute form, but as the infection develops into a chronic form, treatment becomes more difficult and the illness frequently returns, which can result in a high death rate. Vaccination has been demonstrated to lower the incidence of animal infections, C. burnetii shedding, and abortion. Several hygienic precautions should be put in place during an outbreak to lessen the spread of disease to animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical swine fever (CSF), sometimes referred to as hog cholera, is a highly contagious, virally based, systemic illness that affects both domestic and wild pigs. The virus known as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, specifically the genus Pestivirus. This disease is thought to be endemic in many Asian countries that produce pork as well as in several countries in Central and South America, the Caribbean, and elsewhere. As previously indicated, depending on the virulence of the virus strain involved and several host circumstances, clinical indications of CSFV infection can vary greatly, ranging from abrupt fatality to an occult course. CSF diagnosis can be made by serological detection, antigen, RNA, and isolation. CSF's highly varied symptoms and post-mortem pathology resemble those of African swine fever (ASF). ASF, the kind of CSFV, the pig's age, and its susceptibility all affect the clinical symptoms. Pigs that contract CSFV, a highly infectious and economically significant virus. The great economic significance of the swine business makes the CSFV a potential bioterrorism threat. Live attenuated CSF vaccinations have been around for many years and are quite safe and effective. Controlling epidemics in CSFV-free zones requires quick action. Pigs that are impacted must be slaughtered, and the carcasses must be buried or burned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cases of cruelty can occur in wild animal, livestock, and pet animal. Cruelty to cats choose to be the background of this research because many cases of cruelty to cats have not been reported although the cases are still high. Aim: The aim of this research was to know how much dilution of cat blood can still be detected by Leucomalachite Green (LMG) and Takayama reagent. Methods: Three samples of domestic cat blood were diluted with ratios 1:10; 1:100; 1:1,000; 1:10,000; and 1:100,000. Bloodstain is made by dropping each blood dilution on the filter paper for the LMG test and on the object glass for the Takayama test. Bloodstain for the LMG test was done with ten repetitions from each sample and Duplo for the Takayama test. Positive results from the LMG test are presented as a bluish-green discoloration in stains. A positive result from the Takayama test is the formation of hemochromogen crystals under a microscope with 400× magnification. Results: Based on this research, cat bloodstain can be detected with LMG reagent until 1:40,000 dilution, while Takayama reagent only can detect cat bloodstain until 1:1,000. Conclusion: LMG and Takayama reagents are reagents that are often used in human blood spot testing. If there is a case of violence against cats and other animals, these two reagents can be relied on to help with the proof process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem most often encountered in fish farming is disease which can cause a decrease in fish production levels. Parasites cause one of the infectious diseases found in fish farming. The presence of parasites can cause a decrease in the quality of the growth of fish production. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of ectoparasites on Nile tilapia in Sidoarjo, Indonesia. Ninety-six samples from two ponds were examined under the microscope to find out the presence of ectoparasite that exists in the outside body part of the fish. Samples were collected from skin, fins, tail, and gills using native methods and observed under a microscope in the Division of Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. The results of this study showed 86 samples positively infected by ectoparasite and 10 showed negative. The ectoparasites found in this study were Trichodina sp., Chilodonella sp., Ichthyophthirius multifillis, Gyrodactylus sp., and Dactylogyrus sp. The highest prevalence is Trichodina sp. and Dactylogyrus sp. The number of fish infested by ectoparasite is 89.56%, this is classified in the usual category. The highest prevalence occurs in infestations of Trichodina sp. i.e.72.91% which were contained in the 70 samples. While the lowest prevalence was in Gyrodactylus sp. by 8.32% in 8 fish samples. Double infections from two different ponds were 70% within 33 samples which were included in the usual category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common indicator used to examine the frequency and distribution of antibiotic resistance against other enteric bacteria in humans and animals is the commensal enteric bacterium, Escherichia coli. The transmission of plasmids harboring ESBL enzymes, primarily generated by E. coli, is the cause of this resistance. The purpose of this study was to identify the CTX-M gene in ESBL-producing E. coli from broiler chicken cloacal swabs in traditional Surabaya markets. The samples used were 96 cloacal swabs from broiler chickens in the traditional markets of Dukuh Kupang, Keputran, Pacar Keling, and Pucang. The antibiotic disks used in this study belonged to five different antibiotic classes; they are aztreonam (monobactam), chloramphenicol (phenicol), kanamycin (aminoglycoside), ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), and tetracycline (tetracycline). Presumptive ESBL strains were then molecularly screened for the presence of CTX-M gene. Results revealed that out of the 96 chicken cloacal swab samples collected, 58 (60.42%) were positive for E. coli based on morphological culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Additionally, 15 out of the 58 E. coli isolates recovered from broiler chicken cloacal swabs were multidrug-resistant (MDR) while 7 of E. coli isolates harbored CTX-M gene. Conclusively, this study has shown that broiler chickens sold in traditional Surabaya markets harbor MDR E. coli which possess CTX-M gene. Conditions in traditional markets with low levels of cleanliness and chickens placed close together can spread resistance genes with serious public health consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to observe good hygienic practices in Surabaya traditional markets in order to curtail the spread of MDR bacterial pathogens in the food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mastitis is one of the factors contributing to the health-related decreased milk production and quality for dairy cows. Mastitis in ruminants is a serious bacterial disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcal bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant to many classes of antibiotics, particularly ß-lactam families like the MRSA strain. Laboratory tests are required to determine the level of bacterial resistance and to identify MRSA isolates sourced from dairy cows in Tulungagung District. Methods: 110 milk samples were isolated on MSA media followed by Gram's staining and biochemical tests. Kirby-bauer diffusion test-based assessment of antibiotic sensitivity. The S. aureus isolates that underwent the MRSA identification test were S. aureus isolates that had developed a resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics. Result: A total 81 samples of the 110 isolated milk samples were determined to be positive for S. aureus. Out of total isolates, 25 isolates of S. aureus had the highest level of oxacillin resistance. As many as 4 isolates were confirmed to be MultiDrug Resistance (MDR) and 17 MRSA isolates were discovered from 100 samples of dairy cows. Early diagnosis of MRSA infection is crucial since it can be challenging to treat because this type of bacteria is known to be resistant to several drugs and spreads readily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) belonging to the Arteriviridae family is the cause of PRRS disease. After being discovered for the first time in the United States in 1987, this illness quickly expanded to Canada. The disease was initially discovered in late 1990 in Germany, from where it quickly spread throughout Europe. The consequences of PRRSV lead to a number of epidemiological issues, including a sickness with a delayed immune response that permits extended viremia, which facilitates viral transmission. The virus penetrates the nasal epithelium, tonsils, lung macrophages, and uterine endometrium through the oronasal and genital pathways. Abortions performed late in pregnancy and premature or delayed deliveries resulting in dead and mummified fetuses, stillborn pigs, and weakly born piglets are indicative of reproductive syndrome. In the meanwhile, dyspnea, fever, anorexia, and lethargic behavior are signs of respiratory syndrome. The virus can be isolated from the tissue or serum of animals that have been infected to confirm the diagnosis. Pig movements and potential airborne dissemination are two ways that the virus can enter new herds and propagate through nose-to-nose contact or aerosols. Various supportive therapies may enhance infant survival, and antibiotics may or may not lessen the impact of secondary bacterial infections. The absence of simple diagnostic tests, the virus's airborne transmission, the occurrence of subclinical infections, and the virus's persistence in infected populations have all contributed to the failure of control efforts for PRRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) strains are prevalent in the poultry farming environment and are a common component of the bacterial microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy animals. The origin and spread of LA-MRSA are attributed to the use of antibiotics in animals, and close contact between people and different animal species increases the risk of animal exposure to humans. The epidemiology of LA-MRSA in poultry significantly changed when ST398 and ST9 were found in food-producing animals. The significance of LA-MRSA and zoonotic risk associated with handling and processing foods of avian origin is highlighted by the LA-MRSA strain's ability to infect chickens. People who work with poultry are more prone to contract LA-MRSA than the general population. There is scientific consensus that individuals who have close contact with chickens can become colonized and subsequently infected with LA-MRSA; these individuals could include breeders, medical professionals, or personnel at chicken slaughterhouses. The prevention of LA-MRSA infections and diseases of poultry origin requires taking precautions against contamination across the entire chicken production chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are β-lactamase enzymes produced by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that harbor the ESBL genes. In addition, most ESBL genes are plasmid-mediated and usually encode a broader spectrum of antimicrobial resistance, especially to penicillins, first-generation, second-generation, and third-generation cephalosporins, as well as monobactam, such as aztreonam. Escherichia coli has become an opportunistic pathogen, especially in poultry, and has been implicated in zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted to humans, resulting in public health problems. Poultry can act as carriers of ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC) bacteria to humans through poultry meat that is contaminated by waste products, feces, and excretions. The ESBL gene CTX-M type was identified as the main cause of infection in humans and was detected in poultry as a cause of infection accompanied by clinical symptoms. Several studies have also shown a link between E. coli and ESBL gene transfer from birds to humans. Controlling the spread of ESBL-EC involves maintaining the cleanliness of poultry products, especially meat, and eliminating contaminant sources from poultry. Likewise, maintaining the environmental cleanliness of poultry slaughterhouses and poultry farms must be taken as a precautionary measure to curtail the increasing spread of ESBL-EC into the environment. This review aimed to explain the spread of ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ascaridia galli is pathogenic in chickens and causes substantially reduced growth rates, weight loss, low egg production and death in infected chickens. It is necessary to carry out research on the molecular identification of A. galli in chickens in traditional markets in Surabaya using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with the COX-1 mtDNA gene primer. Methods: This research was carried out from April to July 2023. The number of samples used in this research was 100 chicken small intestines taken from traditional markets in Surabaya, Indonesia. A. galli worms obtained from worm collections were identified according to the morphology of the A. galli worms. DNA extraction was carried out followed by PCR laboratory procedure. The specific primers utilized were designed to target the COX-1 gene and the amplified products were visualized in 1.5% agarose. Result: The A. galli worm has a long body posture. Male A. galli worms measure 30-50 mm long; while, adult female A. galli worms measure 65-80 mm long. The results of electrophoresis with a 2% agarose gel run for 30 minutes at 100 Volts and visualized under ultraviolet light using a UV Transilluminator (Geldoc) showed the presence of a single band of the COX-1 mtDNA gene in the 533 base pair. Infection with A. galli worms often causes reduced growth rates and decreased body weight, which is associated with increased worm weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs. The epidemiology of campylobacteriosis varies significantly between low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Campylobacter has a complicated and poorly known survival strategy for getting past host barriers and causing sickness in humans. The adaptability of Campylobacter to unfavorable environments and the host’s immune system seems to be one of the most crucial elements of intestinal colonization. A Campylobacter infection may result in fever, nausea, vomiting, and mild to severe bloody diarrhea in humans. Effective and rapid diagnosis of Campylobacter species infections in animal hosts is essential for both individual treatment and disease management at the farm level. According to the most recent meta-analysis research, the main risk factor for campylobacteriosis is travel, which is followed by eating undercooked chicken, being exposed to the environment, and coming into close contact with livestock. Campylobacter jejuni, and occasionally Campylobacter coli, are the primary causes of Campylobacter gastroenteritis, the most significant Campylobacter infection in humans for public health. The best antibiotic medications for eradicating and decreasing Campylobacter in feces are erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin. The best strategy to reduce the number of human infections caused by Campylobacter is to restrict the amount of contamination of the poultry flock and its products, even if the majority of infections are contracted through handling or ingestion of chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a multi-etiological metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, total or relative insulin deficiency, and further complications by metabolic disorders. Drug therapy for diabetes mellitus is costly and fraught with potential side effects. The aim of this research is to investigate antidiabetic and histopathological analysis of ethanolic A. bilimbi leaves extract in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Methods: Wuluh starfruit leaves is one of Indonesia's plants that can be used to treat diabetes mellitus. Thirty male Wistar mice were divided into five groups as follows: Negative control group that didn't receive any treatment, Diabetes control group that received alloxan 150 mg/kg, Positive control group that received glibenclamide 600 µg/kg, and lastly the two test groups that received A. bilimbi leaves extract 150 and 300 mg/kg orally for 14 days. After extract administration, blood glucose and histopathological alterations in the pancreas of diabetic mice were observed. Results: Alloxan to the diabetes control group significantly raised blood glucose levels compared to the negative control group. Administration of wuluh starfruit leaves extract and glibenclamide could significantly lower blood sugar levels compared to the diabetic control group. Administration of wuluh starfruit leaves extract treatment and glibenclamide also showed favorable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in alloxan induced diabetes. Conclusion: The study concludes the administration of wuluh starfruit leaves extract (150 and 300 mg/kg) and glibenclamide could reduce blood glucose levels and can help with cell regeneration and protecting pancreatic cells from damage caused by alloxan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent zoonotic disease known as "bovine tuberculosis" is brought on by the Mycobacterium bovis bacteria, which can infect both people and animals. The aim of this review article is to provide an explanation of the etiology, history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, risk factors, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of bovine tuberculosis. Primarily, bovine tuberculosis affects cattle, but other animals may also be affected. Bovine tuberculosis is present throughout the world, with the exception of Antarctica. Cattle that contract bovine tuberculosis might suffer from a persistent, crippling illness. In the early stages of the disease, there are no symptoms. The tuberculin test is the primary method for detecting bovine tuberculosis in cows. Depending on its localized site in the infected animal, M. bovis can be found in respiratory secretions, milk, urine, feces, vaginal secretions, semen, feces, and exudates from lesions (such as lymph node drainage and some skin lesions). This illness generally lowers cattle productivity and could have a negative financial impact on the livestock business, particularly the dairy industry. The most effective first-line anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy consists of isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and streptomycin. Second-line drugs used against bovine tuberculosis include ethionamide, capreomycin, thioacetazone, and cycloserine. To successfully control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis, developed nations have implemented routine testing and culling of infected animals under national mandatory programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella species, is one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide with an estimated 93.8 million cases and about 155,00 fatalities. In both industrialized and developing nations, Salmonellosis has been reported to be one of the most prevalent foodborne zoonoses and is linked with arrays of illness syndromes such as acute and chronic enteritis, and septicaemia. The two major and most common Salmonella species implicated in both warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals are Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. To date, more than 2400 S. enterica serovars which affect both humans and animals have been identified. Salmonella is further classified into serotypes based on three primary antigenic determinants: somatic (O), flagella (H), and capsular (K). The capacity of nearly all Salmonella species to infect, multiply, and survive in human host cells with the aid of their pathogenic and virulence arsenals makes them deadly and important public health pathogens. Primarily, food-producing animals such as poultry, swine, cattle, and their products have been identified as important sources of salmonellosis. Additionally, raw fruits and vegetables are among other food types that have been linked to the spread of Salmonella spp. Based on the clinical manifestation of human salmonellosis, Salmonella strains can be categorized as either non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella. The detection of aseptically collected Salmonella in necropsies, environmental samples, feedstuffs, rectal swabs, and food products serves as the basis for diagnosis. In developing nations, typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi typically results in the death of 5%-30% of those affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that there are between 16 and 17 million typhoid cases worldwide each year, with scaring 600,000 deaths as a result. The contagiousness of a Salmonella outbreak depends on the bacterial strain, serovar, growth environment, and host susceptibility. Risk factors for Salmonella infection include a variety of foods; for example, contaminated chicken, beef, and pork. Globally, there is a growing incidence and emergence of life-threatening clinical cases, especially due to multidrugresistant (MDR) Salmonella spp, including strains exhibiting resistance to important antimicrobials such as betalactams, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins. In extreme cases, especially in situations involving very difficult-to-treat strains, death usually results. The severity of the infections resulting from Salmonella pathogens is dependent on the serovar type, host susceptibility, the type of bacterial strains, and growth environment. This review therefore aims to detail the nomenclature, etiology, history, pathogenesis, reservoir, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of salmonellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One zoonotic infectious animal disease is brucellosis. The bacteria that cause brucellosis belong to the genus Brucella. Numerous animal and human species are affected by brucellosis, with an estimated 500,000 human cases recorded annually worldwide. The occurrence of new areas of infection and the resurgence of infection in already infected areas indicate how dynamically brucellosis is distributed throughout different geographic regions. Bacteria originate from the blood and are found in the reticuloendothelial system, the liver, the spleen, and numerous other locations, including the joints, kidneys, heart, and genital tract. Diagnosis of this disease can be done by bacterial isolation, molecular tests, modified acid-fast stain, rose bengal test (RBT), milk ring test, complement fixation test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and serum agglutination test. The primary sign of a Brucella abortus infection is infertility, which can result in abortion and the birth of a frail fetus that may go on to infect other animals. In humans, the main symptoms are acute febrile illness, with or without localization signs, and chronic infection. Female cattle have a greater risk of contracting Brucella disease. Human populations at high risk of contracting brucellosis include those who care for cattle, veterinarians, slaughterhouse employees, and butchers. Antibiotic treatment of brucellosis is often unsuccessful due to the intracellular survival of Brucella and its adaptability in macrophages. A "one health" strategy is necessary to control illnesses like brucellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacterial identification can be done using various testing techniques. Molecular techniques are often used to research dangerous diseases, an approach using genetic information on the pathogenic agent. The enterohemorrhagic invasive species Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was identified from the feces of working horses on the island of Sumbawa. Another advance in molecular technology is genome amplification with qPCR which is the gold standard for detecting E. coli. Aim: This study aims to detect and identify the invasive species E. coli 0157:H7 using the gene encoding chuA with the qPCR method sourced from horse feces. Methods: Fresh fecal samples from horses on Sumbawa Island were isolated and identified, then continued with molecular examination using the gene encoding chuA using the qPCR method. Results: qPCR testing in this study showed that six sample isolates that were positive for E. coli 0157:H7 were detected for the presence of the chuA gene, which is a gene coding for an invasive species of E. coli bacteria. The highest to lowest Cq values and Tm from the qPCR results of the sample isolates were 15.98 (4KJ), 14.90 (19KG), 14.6 (3KJ), 13.77 (20KG), 12.56 (5KGB), and 12.20 (6KJ). Tm values are 86.7 (4KJ), 86.69 (3KJ), 86.56 (5KGB), 85.88 (20KGB), 85.81 (19KG), and 85.74 (6KJ). Conclusion: Validation, standardization of the development, and modification of qPCR technology must be carried out to harmonize testing throughout to avoid wrong interpretation of the test results so that the determination of actions to eradicate and control diseases originating from animals in the field does not occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poultry is one of the most prominent sources of Campylobacter jejuni, which is also a major means of transmission to people. Campylobacter jejuni contamination in chicken meat comes from chicken feces because it naturally exists in the intestines of chickens. Aim: The purpose of this study is to identify the antibiotic resistance patterns and genes of C. jejuni, which was found in chickens in Pasuruan, Indonesia. Methods: The samples used in this study were 200 contents of the small intestine of broiler chickens from 40 farms in Pasuruan Regency. The enriched sample was streaked on the selective media of modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar containing the CCDA selective supplement. Antimicrobial susceptibility test utilizing the Kirby-Bauer diffusion test method in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect the (hipO), which encodes the C. jejuni strain, fluoroquinolone resistance (gyrA), beta-lactam resistance (blaOXA-61), and tetracycline resistance (tetO) genes. Results: The findings revealed a 14% (28/200) prevalence of C. jejuni in the small intestine of broiler chickens. These isolates showed high resistance to enrofloxacin (92.9%). All isolates (100%) were susceptible to amoxicillinclavulanate. The PCR results showed all C. jejuni isolates (100%) detected the gyrA gene, 96.4% detected the blaOXA-61 gene, and 50% detected the tetO gene. Conclusion: The findings of antimicrobial resistance at a high level from the small intestine of broiler chickens illustrate the potential threat to human health. To lessen the effects now and in the future, coordinated and suitable action is needed, as well as steps to guarantee the poultry industry's economic survival and public health insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The discovery of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in wild animals is an indication of their potential for wildlife as a reservoir. Bats are natural reservoir hosts and a source of infection for several microorganisms and have the potential to become vectors for the spread of zoonotic diseases. Aim: A study was conducted based on these characteristics to identify and detect the blaTEM gene in Eschericia coli isolated from bat excrements in Tanjung Ringgit Cave, East Lombok. Methods: Bat fecal samples were firstly inoculated onto eosin methylene blue agar media. Recovered bacterial isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. blaTEM gene detection was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Out of the 150 bat fecal samples obtained from Tanjung Ringgit cave, Lombok Island, Indonesia, 56 (37%) were positive for E. coli. Eight (8) out of the 56 E. coli isolates that underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method were confirmed to be multidrug-resistant as they exhibited resistance to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Out of the eight (8) multidrug resistance E. coli isolates recovered from fecal samples of bats, 2 (two) harbored the blaTEM gene. Conclusion: The discovery of the blaTEM gene in bat fecal samples indicates the potential for wild animals, especially bats, to spread ESBL resistance genes to the environment and to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus) causes severe damage to mammals' central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000-59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]