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Prayer is an important aspect of many religions. Existing measures of prayer have mostly originated from the Christian West and emphasized various verbal aspects of making a supplication. An active aspect of prayer, in which the supplicants strive for what they pray, has not received sufficient attention despite being crucial to Muslim belief. Based on the Islamic scholar Said Nursi's conceptualization, the current study developed and validated a 7-item, 2-factor measure of Muslim Verbal and Active Prayer (MVAP). The measure showed good construct validity in two independent Muslim samples (N = 297 and 179) in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. It demonstrated not only convergent validity, but showed incremental validity predicting religious and psychological adjustment over and above Muslim religiosity and spirituality. In addition, the Muslim prayers invigorated and integrated Muslim religious spirituality in its expression of religious and psychological adjustment. This brief measure has potential to deepen empirical studies of Muslim psychology, and prayer research in general. WOS:000597370700001 2-s2.0-85106844307

While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country-level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed 6723 participants from 36 countries. In line with predictions, propensity to believe conspiracy theories was negatively associated with perceptions of current and future national economic vitality. Furthermore, countries with higher GDP per capita tended to have lower belief in conspiracy theories. The data suggest that conspiracy beliefs are not just caused by intrapsychic factors but are also shaped by difficult economic circumstances for which distrust might have a rational basis. WOS:000869285600001 2-s2.0-85132525534 Social Sciences Citation Index Q2 Article; Early Access Uluslararası işbirliği ile yapılan - EVET October 2022 YÖK - 2022-23 Ekim

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji faktor demografi yang mempengaruhi toleransi beragama belia di Malaysia. Agama dianggap sebagai salah satu isu paling sensitif yang boleh mencetuskan konflik di kalangan masyarakat kerana ia melibatkan kepercayaan dan pegangan manusia. Toleransi beragama harus dipupuk dari usia muda. Oleh itu, penyelidikan tentang toleransi beragama dari pelbagai latar belakang demografi belia harus diberikan penekanan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti tahap toleransi beragama belia dari segi persepsi, sikap, kesediaan, pengalaman dan tingkah laku, dan perbezaan latar belakang demografi responden. Metodologi ini menggunakan pendekatan keratan rentas dengan penyelidikan kuantitatif yang dilakukan melalui soalan kaji selidik. Sampel kajian secara rawak dipilih melalui sampel rawak berstrata yang melibatkan 500 orang belia berusia 15 hingga 24 tahun. Soal selidik kajian ini menggunakan instrumen toleransi sosio-agama yang dibangunkan oleh Ahmad Tarmizi (2010) untuk mengukur toleransi agama. Data yang dikumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif dan statistik inferensi menggunakan perisian SPSS 22.0. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa responden mempunyai sikap toleransi beragama. Mereka mempunyai persepsi dan sikap positif, dan mereka sanggup untuk bertoleransi agama. Walau bagaimanapun, tahap pengalaman dan tingkah laku mereka terhadap toleransi beragama adalah sederhana. Faktor-faktor demografi yang menunjukkan perbezaan yang signifikan adalah jantina, etnik, agama, jenis etnik di kawasan kejiranan dan bilangan kenalan dari etnik lain. Implikasi kajian ini, ada keperluan bagi rakyat Malaysia untuk lebih terbuka untuk sosialisasi harian dan interaksi antara kaum.

This research is concentrated in the increasing of education issue studies using the management of potential data on Websites for Communicating Research in the field of Education. This research relates with several web sites, i.e: https://puspendik.kemdikbud.go.id/hasil-un/, and https://dapo.dikdasmen.kemdikbud.go.id/sekolah/ Furthermore, this research is also purposed in order to elucidate the potentials and challenges of internet data for education to demonstrate a selection of relevant literature so that a wide spectrum of topics can be reached. A part of this data represents a large and increasing part of everyday life which sometimes could not be measured. The data used are a timely data which are potentially following a factual process, moreover they typically involve large numbers of observations, and they allow for flexible conceptual forms and experimental settings. In this paper, the data that are gained will be managed such that some academic articles are produced. Some data at the Internet had successfully been applied to a very wide range of detecting education issues (e.g. spatial analysis for relation a number of male and female students and score of mathematics and foreign languages test), we review the current literature attempts to incorporate the Internet data into the mainstream of scholarly empirical research in our research and guide the reader through this Special Issue. We provide some insights and a brief overview of the current state of research.

This paper reviews selected articles on the role of religiosity in two main aspects: personality development and protective mechanism against disobedience. In the first part, several studies consistently found that religiosity and personality are highly correlated. Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility are two main personality characteristics that reflect the personality of religious people. These findings correspond to the existing literature on Islamic principle of akhlak vis-à- vis personality that indicated the desirable and virtuous characteristics of people with faith. The second part is on the role of religiosity as a protective mechanism against various acts of disobedience. Reviews of selected work indicated that generally, higher religiosity cause the lower involvement in alcoholic drinking, tax evasion, depressive syndrome and drug usages. New studies on exploring the underlying process on causation effects of religiosity from Islamic perspective, on the personality development and as protective mechanism against different forms of disobediences are thus, strongly recommended.

The six days fasting in the month of Syawal is a voluntary fasting after the 30 days of obligatory fasting in the month of Ramadan. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of six-day fasting in the month of S y awal on the changes of personality among Muslims. A total of 111 participants comprised of students from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) took part in this study. All participants were Muslims, consisting 91 women and 20 men with age range of 20 years to 53 years old. The analysis method used was multilevel modeling using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) version 7.0. The LHM was used to test all the hypotheses of the study. The objective of the study was to identify the impact of the S y awal voluntary fasting on the personality change. The findings of this study showed that the quality of S y awal voluntary fasting gives effect to the change of personality which bring significant relationship with both positive and negative personalities. Hence, it can be concluded that the six days voluntary fasting in the month of Syawal contributed to the changes of personality among Muslims. Keywords: Fasting six days in s y aw al ; personality; family; hierarchical linear modeling; muslim

Background & PurposeThis study aims to consolidate expert views and validated 371 items for developing spiritual intelligence instrument for Muslim nurses guided by the Spiritual Intelligence Model for Human Excellence (SIMHE).MethodsA Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was used to validate these items and analyzed with Triangular Fuzzy Numbers and Defuzzification process. Views from 20 experts from three different backgrounds, namely, theology/Sufism, psychology and Islamic counseling, and evaluation and measurement, were also included in the validation process.ResultsAll items fulfilled the prerequisite of a threshold level of (d) ≤ 0.2, which obtained more than 75% of expert consensus and ±-cut value ≥ of 0.5.ConclusionThe FDM analysis results indicated that all items could further validate the instrument using Rasch measurement analysis.

Associations have been found between communal motives to feel warmly connected with others and perceiving similarities between self and others, presumably because perceived self-other similarity helps satisfy those motives. The current research examined the phenomenon in a novel and consequential context: Young adults’ perceived self-parent agreement regarding the values or preferences the young adult should prioritize in making life decisions. First, we describe an unregistered study in which 2,071 undergraduates from eight countries reported the qualities (e.g., attractive, outspoken) they prioritized when evaluating a potential spouse and the qualities they believed their parents would want them to prioritize. Second, we describe a registered study in which 1,141 undergraduates from five countries reported their basic values (e.g., security, hedonism) and the values they believed their parents would want them to prioritize. As hypothesized, stronger communal motives towards parents predicted greater self-parent agreement (regardless of the order in which students completed the measures). We also introduce a method for differentiating sources of individual differences in perceived agreement reflecting covariation between normative (average) and/or distinctive (non-normative) components of participants’ profiles of self- and other-ratings. Analyzing these distinct components of agreement suggested that communal motives were associated more strongly with students projecting their values onto their parents than with students introjecting parents’ values onto themselves, although both mechanisms—projection and introjection—likely played a role.

Moral decadence among youth of today is like a cancer that poison the community. It spreads negative vibes to all parties including the youth, the family, the school and the government. The impacts stemmed from moral decadence are detrimental to the country as youth is the human capital that will shape the future of a country. Statistics received from Department of Statistics in 2016 indicated that Malaysia recorded a decline in the number of juvenile offenders to 10.3 percent of 5,096 cases as in 2014 to 4,569 in year 2015. But, the number has not been enough to reduce any sense of worries among the community. There are many factors that contribute to moral decadence among youth. One of them is excessive exposure to mass media that contain negative elements which influences teenagers as they have yet to be able to distinguish betweenthe good and bad. Anime is one branch from the mass media that is so popular among teenagers and children. Animation from Japan has become a worldwide phenomenon as there are a variety of genres from children, teens to adults. Difference moral values, different manners and different culture standards need to be cautioned as they can cause moral decadence among teenagers due to the existence of various elements such as violence, sex, hallucination and mystic that can damage and poison the mind and attitude. Muslim youth eventually are being sucked to various social problems. Thus, this study is to evaluate the relationship of anime and Muslim youth decadence in Selangor. Using a quantitative approach, the pilot study involved eighty five youth participants who responded via questionnaires.

The concept of work behaviour and its constructs derived from numerous approaches and disciplines. However, in the making of these work behavior constructs, religion has often been sidelined. Islamic management scholars have came up with Islamic work behavior theories according to the Qur’an and hadiths, but there is hardly enough empirical proof to support these theories. This paper aimed to determine the constructs of work behavior from the Qur’anic perspective using empirical method. The foundation of the constructs and items in the instrument are derived from the Qur’an and hadiths. A total of fifty-one items were extracted from verses of the Qur’an and hadiths. The content validity of the items were determined by consulting subject matter experts from the Faculty of Islamic Studies and Psychology, while factor analysis was used to analyse the reliability of the constructs. Data from respondents of a public university in Malaysia was analysed using principal component factor analysis. Six sub-constructs were extracted from two main constructs which are al-Qawiy (Ability) and al-Amin (Trustworthiness). The two main constructs have an alpha coefficient of .95 and .94 respectively. The al-Qawiy construct consists of three sub-constructs, which are Professional, Competent and Sensitive with alpha coefficient values of .93, .90 and .85 respectively. As for the al-Amin construct, which also consists of three sub-constructs namely Integrity, Just and Principled, the alpha coefficient values are .88, .89 and .85 respectively. The outcome of this research proves that Islam integrates human nature and practical needs in a working surrounding across time. The output contributed to the literature of related research field such as the psychology of religion, organizational psychology and management, thus providing an alternative to assess Muslims’ work behaviors with more reliability.

To examine cultural, gender, and parent-child differences in partner preferences, in eight countries undergraduates (n=2,071) and their parents (n=1,851) ranked the desirability of qualities in someone the student might marry. Despite sizable cultural differences-especially between Southeast Asian and Western countries-participants generally ranked kind/understanding (reflecting interpersonal communion) highest, and intelligent and healthy (reflecting mental/physical agency) among the top four. Students valued exciting, attractive partners more and healthy, religious partners less than parents did; comparisons with rankings by youth in 1984 (i.e., from the parents' generation) suggested cohort effects cannot explain most parent-child disagreements. As evolutionary psychology predicts, participants prioritized wives' attractiveness and homemaker skills and husbands' education and breadwinner skills; but as sociocultural theory predicts, variations across countries/decades in gendered spousal/in-law preferences mirrored socioeconomic gender differences. Collectively, the results suggest individuals consider their social roles/circumstances when envisioning their ideal spouse/in-law, which has implications for how human's partner-appraisal capabilities evolved.

Supplemental material, LockeEtAl-Supplement for Culture Moderates the Normative and Distinctive Impact of Parents and Similarity on Young Adults’ Partner Preferences by Kenneth D. Locke, Daniela Barni, Hiroaki Morio, Geoff MacDonald, Khairul A. Mastor, José de Jesús Vargas-Flores, Joselina Ibáñez-Reyes, Jose Alberto S. Reyes, Shanmukh Kamble and Fernando A. Ortiz in Cross-Cultural Research

In dealing with adolescents-at-risk who are involved in misconduct, the religious factor can be an effective approach. The objective of this research is to study the religious factor as a mediator in dealing with misconduct of adolescents-at-risk. This research is a survey study by design. The method used is quantitative through questionnaire using Likert scale. A study was done on 556 respondents comprising of adolescents within the range of ages 13 to 24 years. Factor analysis finds two main domains in misconduct of adolescents-at-risk, that is, family dysfunction and lack of religiosity. Mediation analysis is used to determine whether the religious factor may become the mediator for adolescent misconduct. Results of regression analysis show that the factor of family dysfunction contributes higher to the misconduct of adolescent-at-risk in comparison with the factor of religiosity. However, the issue of dysfunctional family itself is related with the lack of religiosity within family. A family which is concerned about religious education and practice will reduce the opportunity for adolescents to be involved in misconduct. Hence, to further empower the role of the religious factor in dealing with adolescents-at-risk, the family plays an important role in applying religious aspects in order for adolescents to be able to control themselves from any misconduct. Thus, results of mediation analysis show that 0.275 states the religious factor is a mediator for misconduct of adolescents-at-risk. This research will also focus on the relationship between lack of religiosity among adolescents, how it is related to dysfunctional family and how religiosity can be a mediator to reduce misconduct of adolescent-at-risk.

Brainstorming is a series of procedures (rules) designed to maximize the productivity of groups engaged in idea generation by reducing production loss, popularized by Osborn, an advertising executive. The main concern in this tool is increasing creativity in an organization. This study examines two main factors, production loss and ownership of the topic that influence the performance in group brainstorming. Production loss includes activities in production blocking, social loafing and evaluation apprehension among individuals, while ownership of the topic relates to the interest of individuals in engaging the brainstorming activities especially in industrial design. Using a quasi-experimental research design, this study reports on the participation of115 groups of university students from 6 different universities. The data is analyzed at group-level. The hypotheses of this study are tested using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression. Results reveal that out of the three dimensions of production loss, production blocking, social loafing, and evaluation apprehension, production blocking is negatively related to the group brainstorming performance whereas evaluation apprehension is positively related to the performance or group brainstorming. As expected, ownership or the topic is related to the performance too. However, social loafing is not related to the performance or group brainstorming. The results are of potential interest to educators, and researchers. This study responds 10 a call for further brainstorming research. © 2016 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia. Keywords: Industrial Design, Brainstorming, Production loss, Ownership of the Topic, Group-level Analysis.

This article presents youth experience towards religious tolerance in Malaysia. The sample consists of 500 respondents aged between 15 and 24 years old. The selection is done by a stratified-random sampling of three main races selected from five different states. The questionnaire of socio-religious tolerance by Ahmad Tarmizi (2010) is used as research instrument. The data are analysed descriptively using SPSS 22.0. The findings show that the experience of respondents' religious tolerance is at a medium level, which is they often well-served by different religious people and sometimes receiving invitations for weddings, open houses and being told if there is death by different religious contacts. This indicates that the respondents' experience of religious tolerance is at a good level and most of them live in a tolerant society.

We assessed self-consistency (expressing similar traits in different situations) by having undergraduates in the United States ( n = 230), Australia ( n = 220), Canada ( n = 240), Ecuador ( n = 101), Mexico ( n = 209), Venezuela ( n = 209), Japan ( n = 178), Malaysia ( n = 254), and the Philippines ( n = 241) report the traits they expressed in four different social situations. Self-consistency was positively associated with age, well-being, living in Latin America, and not living in Japan; however, each of these variables showed a unique pattern of associations with various psychologically distinct sources of raw self-consistency, including cross-situationally consistent social norms and injunctions. For example, low consistency between injunctive norms and trait expressions fully explained the low self-consistency in Japan. In accord with trait theory, after removing normative and injunctive sources of consistency, there remained robust distinctive noninjunctive self-consistency (reflecting individuating personality dispositions) in every country, including Japan. The results highlight how clarifying the determinants and implications of self-consistency requires differentiating its distinctive, injunctive, and noninjunctive components.

Western theories suggest that self-concept consistency is important for well-being, but cultural psychologists have proposed that this relationship may be weaker in collectivistic or dialectical cultures. Hypotheses regarding the ability of self-concept (cross-role) consistency and short-term stability to predict hedonic and eudaimonic well-being across cultures were tested. College students in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan rated their traits in various roles at test and retest and completed measures of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. In all cultures, cross-role consistency and short-term stability were inversely associated with negative affect, an aspect of hedonic well-being, and positively associated with Big Five Emotional Stability. In contrast, cross-role consistency and short-term stability were related to eudaimonic well-being more reliably in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures, although the results in China only partially conformed to this pattern. We concluded that cross-role variability and short-term instability of self-concepts have a significant temperamental or affective basis, and this temperamental basis is a cultural universal. In addition, cultural psychology predictions of a weaker relationship between self-concept consistency and well-being in collectivistic cultures, as compared with individualistic cultures, were largely supported for eudaimonic well-being.

Within-individual variability in self-concepts and everyday personality states and affects was investigated in two experience sampling studies using density distribution and situation-behavior approaches. In all seven cultures sampled, within-individual variability was substantial and self-concept and personality state variability exhibited moderate convergence. Variability in personality and affect states was moderately predicted by perceived need satisfaction in the situations. The density distribution and situation-behavior approaches were moderately convergent in identifying the most variable individuals, but the pattern of cultural differences differed in the two methods. Contrary to cultural psychology perspectives, cultural differences in within-individual variability did not consistently correspond to cultural differences in individualism–collectivism, dialecticism, or tightness.

The cross-cultural generalizability of the Personality and Role Identity Structural Model (PRISM; Wood & Roberts, 2006) was tested in the United States, Mexico, Malaysia, China, and Japan. Participants rated their general and role identities, as defined by the PRISM, using Big Five trait adjectives, then rated their personality states (i.e., role experiences) in various roles in multiple daily interactions for 14 days. Structural predictions based on the PRISM were supported in all five cultures. Cultural differences were limited and did not reflect cultural differences in individualism–collectivism, dialecticism, or cultural tightness. The results supported the cross-cultural generalizability of the PRISM and the merits of contextualized trait measures in the prediction of role experiences. Implications for trait and cultural psychology are discussed.

The required personality sets of engineering graduates are always associated with the needs of the working market. These personality sets could be gained and moulded by the engineering graduates based on the academic landscape, curricular activities, and the social environment to which the students are exposed. With the establishment of the double-degree programme between the National University of Malaysia (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM) and the University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE, Germany), there is interest to compare the personality outcome acquired by the UKM students who participated in the double-degree programme (UKM-UDE) to the students who chose to continue their education to completion in UKM. Hence, this study aims to compare both groups of students in a frequency method using the Big Five Inventory (BFI) survey. Graphically analysed BFI data collected from filled questionnaires by the students displays the scores of the parameter “agreeableness” marked by the participants of both groups of samples. The frequency analysis of personality development in the UKM engineering students exhibits an increase in scoring of extraversion domain while showing small changes on other domain scores such as agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness. This resulted from the purely UKM study environment (i.e., curricular activities, academic landscape, and social environment). On the other hand, the frequency analysis of personality development in the UKM-UDE students displays an increase in openness domain although with slight decrease in the agreeableness domain. Such personality development is presumably due to exposure of the international study environment in UDE, Germany. The results from both sets of student samples are compared and discussed.

According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is a universal requirement for psychological well-being. We tested this hypothesis with college students in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan. Participants rated the extent to which these needs, plus needs for self-actualization and pleasure-stimulation, were satisfied in various roles and reported their general hedonic (i.e., positive and negative affect) and eudaimonic (e.g., meaning in life, personal growth) well-being. Asian participants averaged lower than non-Asian participants in perceived satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and self-actualization needs and in most aspects of eudaimonic well-being, and these differences were partially accounted for by differences in dialecticism and independent self-construals. Nonetheless, perceived need satisfaction predicted overall well-being to a similar degree in all cultures and in most cultures provided incremental prediction beyond the Big Five traits. Perceived imbalance in the satisfaction of different needs also modestly predicted well-being, particularly negative affect. The study extended support for the universal importance of SDT need satisfaction to several new cultures.

This paper aims to report a study on the influence of ritual behaviour on the religious behaviour delinquency. Ritual behaviour consists of syahadah , prayer, fasting, giving alms and knowledge, while delinquent behaviour is divided into five categories: delinquency in religion, life, mind, heredity and property. Ritual behaviour is expected to abstain one from indulging in delinquent behaviour from religious point of view. Research questionnaires were developed consisting of items on ritual behaviour and delinquent behaviour forms. About 600 respondents from eastern part of peninsular Malaysia participated in the study through the multi-stage stratified sampling method. Data were analysed using path analysis. Results indicated that prayer (β=-0.415) followed by fasting (β=0.171) significantly influence all five forms of delinquent behaviour. This suggests that prayer is the most influential preventive measure in abstaining one from delinquent behaviour.

Self-concept consistency and short-term stability were investigated in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan. Evidence for substantial cross-role consistency and reliable within-individual variability in trait self-perceptions were found in each culture. Participants in all cultures exhibited short-term stability in their self-reported traits within roles and moderately stable if–then patterns of trait self-perceptions. Cultural differences, which primarily involved Japan, were partially accounted for by cultural differences in dialecticism, but not self-construals or cultural tightness. In all cultures, satisfaction of needs in various roles partially accounted for within-individual variability in self-reported traits. The results provide support for integrating trait and cultural psychology perspectives, as well as structure and process approaches, in the study of self-concepts across cultures.

There is a difference between ‘communication’ and ‘effective communication’. Most importantly, the latter entails the use of strategies as well as a grasp of essential communication skills and styles. This study takes a closer look at reality and reports undergraduate ability in communicating their stance and positions on certain issues. It will focus on the predominant communication styles exhibited by a cohort of undergraduates during consensual small group decision making setting. The study employs the qualitative research approach. Data is analyzed using the constant comparative data analysis methodology. Several overriding themes are presented to further our understanding of undergraduate communication style within the persuasive genre of consensual small group decision making.

Rankings of countries on mean levels of self-reported Conscientiousness continue to puzzle researchers. Based on the hypothesis that cross-cultural differences in the tendency to prefer extreme response categories of ordinal rating scales over moderate categories can influence the comparability of self-reports, this study investigated possible effects of response style on the mean levels of self-reported Conscientiousness in 22 samples from 20 countries. Extreme and neutral responding were estimated based on respondents’ ratings of 30 hypothetical people described in short vignettes. In the vignette ratings, clear cross-sample differences in extreme and neutral responding emerged. These responding style differences were correlated with mean self-reported Conscientiousness scores. Correcting self-reports for extreme and neutral responding changed sample rankings of Conscientiousness, as well as the predictive validities of these rankings for external criteria. The findings suggest that the puzzling country rankings of self-reported Conscientiousness may to some extent result from differences in response styles.

Brainstorming is a series of procedures designed to maximize the productivity of groups. This study examines two main factors, production loss and ownership of the topic that influence the performance in group brainstorming. 115 groups from 6 different universities have participated in this experiment study. The data is analyzed at group-level. Results reveal that production blocking is negatively related to the group brainstorming performance whereas evaluation apprehension is positively related to the performance of group brainstorming. Ownership of the topic is related to the performance too. The results are of potential interest to industrial design context, educators, and researchers.

A good match between students and environmental condition that support learning in campus is very important to ensure the effectiveness of students learning process. However, comprehensive research that examines aspects of the learning environment is scarce. This study aimed to identify students’ perception of their total learning experience (TLE) and how it differs according to gender and field of study. A total of 740 science and social science students were involved in this study. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researcher to measure students perceptions of seven aspects of their total learning experience comprising of: library, college, faculties, art, co-curricular activities, sports and, community. This paper reports part of a larger study that identifies the impact of the TLE on students learning outcomes. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance was conducted in order to investigate whether there are main and interaction effects between gender and field of study in students’ perception of TLE aspects. The results of the study showed differences in perception of faculty environments between science and social science students. There was no interaction effect between gender and field of study on students’ perception of TLE. Implication for teaching and learning to improve the quality of students learning are discussed.

The process of internationalisation can in many ways assist staff in being interculturally matured through prolong and accumulative intercultural communication experiences. Staff may undergo a gradual transformation towards being interculturally matured – thus the emergence of an intercultural personhood. Intercultural personhood coined by Kim (2008) , describes individuals who move beyond the bounds of their own cultural beings and heritage to accept both their formal cultural identity and host identity. This paper explores an internationalisation project between two universities namely Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and the University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE) in Germany and how this project has internationalised staff and altogether making them more interculturally matured. The findings explain the cycle of staff who initially practice only one culture, communicates with the environment, co-evolves in the new environment thus illustrating identity changes through their live experiences to become persons with multicultural traits.

This paper explores the cultural dynamics of a group of students enrolled in a double degree program between the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and the University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Germany. Based on a study conducted among these students in 2009 and 2010, the discussion highlights on issues of cultural adaptation and resilience. Comparisons were made between students who chose to complete their study at UDE (UKM-UDE) and students who remained at UKM (UKM-Bangi). Statistical results are presented to suggest that the double degree students’ pattern of behavior is transformed due to the new cultural and learning surroundings upon pursuing their studies at UDE. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N = 5,109) aged 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, eight of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor, but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.

The structure and psychometric characteristics of the NEO Personality Inventory—3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), are examined and compared with NEO-PI-R characteristics using data from college student observer ratings of 5,109 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from 24 cultures. Replacement items in the PI-3 showed on average stronger item—total correlations and slightly improved facet reliabilities compared with the NEO-PI-R in both English- and non-English-speaking samples. NEO-PI-3 replacement items did not substantially affect scale means compared with the original scales. Analyses across and within cultures confirmed the intended factor structure of both versions when used to describe young adolescents. The authors discuss implications of these cross-cultural findings for the advancement of studies in adolescence and personality development across the lifespan.

The engineering profession is important due to its significant contribution towards the country’s development, particularly in the aspects of societal development and well-being. However, issues on ethical and other forms of misconduct among engineers have been highlighted. This paper aims to identify the relationships between factors influencing adherence to ethical practices among engineers in Malaysia. This study was conducted through a research survey involving 376 engineers in various engineering fields, including electrical, mechanical, manufacturing, and civil engineering by using the stratified probability sampling method. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The reliability coefficient for each study item, α, was found to be between 0.627 to 0.920. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive relationships between factors influencing engineers’ adherence to ethical practices. The relationship between the discipline at the the workplace and environmental factors were found to be the most positive and significant (r= 0.606, p= 0.000). The study findings confirmed that there were significant relationships between factors influencing engineers’ adherence such as inner conscience, environment, and discipline at the work place, religion, and experience which are important in influencing engineers’ adherence to ethical practices. It is hoped that this paper can contribute new ideas to academics and policymakers in applying knowledge, religious awareness, and ethical values in engineers in order to bring dignity to the engineering profession.

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) is a discretionary behaviour that benefits organisations and their members. Even though OCB has been broadly researched over the years in the US, the measurement of OCB has received rather limited deliberation particularly in Asian contexts like Malaysia. This study tests the adequacy of the OCB measurement model and analyses the invariance of the model of 417 respondents in two Malaysian institutions. A three–dimensional OCB model was found to be adequate after having been subjected to Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). As a result of discriminant validity, the two dimensions of OCB ‘helping’ and ‘civic virtue’ were found to measure the same thing. Consequently, the two dimensions were merged and named ‘concern’. Although the factors were found to have acceptable reliability and validity with very few modifications, there is a need to further test the model with different and larger samples. This study also shows that the CFA model experienced invariance across institutions. The results have practical implications for recruitment and training managers to utilise the instrument as well as to pay more attention to the importance of cultivating OCB among staff of the sampled institutions.

From the trait perspective, traitedness, or consistency of behavior, is expected in all cultures. However, cultural psychologists argue that behavior may be more determined by traits in individualistic than collectivistic cultures. The authors investigated implicit theories and self-perceptions of traitedness in two individualistic cultures, the United States ( n = 342) and Australia ( n = 172), and four collectivistic cultures, Mexico ( n = 400), Philippines ( n = 363), Malaysia ( n = 251), and Japan ( n = 192). Although implicit trait beliefs were endorsed in all cultural groups, they were stronger in individualistic than collectivistic cultures. Cultural differences in self-perceptions of one’s own traitedness, as operationalized by self-monitoring, were also found, and comparisons involving the United States and most collectivistic cultures were consistent with cultural psychology perspectives. The ability of self-construals to predict implicit beliefs and self-perceptions of traitedness was also investigated. Overall, the results supported efforts to integrate trait and cultural psychology perspectives.

Indexado en Scopus We know that there are cross-cultural differences in psychological variables, such as individualism/collectivism. But it has not been clear which of these variables show relatively the greatest differences. The Survey of World Views project operated from the premise that such issues are best addressed in a diverse sampling of countries representing a majority of the world’s population, with a very large range of item-content. Data were collected online from 8,883 individuals (almost entirely college students based on local publicizing efforts) in 33 countries that constitute more than two third of the world’s population, using items drawn from measures of nearly 50 variables. This report focuses on the broadest patterns evident in item data. The largest differences were not in those contents most frequently emphasized in cross-cultural psychology (e.g., values, social axioms, cultural tightness), but instead in contents involving religion, regularity-norm behaviors, family roles and living arrangements, and ethnonationalism. Content not often studied cross-culturally (e.g., materialism, Machiavellianism, isms dimensions, moral foundations) demonstrated moderate-magnitude differences. Further studies are needed to refine such conclusions, but indications are that cross-cultural psychology may benefit from casting a wider net in terms of the psychological variables of focus. Revisión por pares

Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and investigates culture and age as sources of variability in sex differences of adolescents' personality. The effect for Neuroticism (with females scoring higher than males) begins to take on its adult form around age 14. Girls score higher on Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness at all ages between 12 and 17 years. A more complex pattern emerges for Extraversion and Agreeableness, although by age 17, sex differences for these traits are highly similar to those observed in adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that (a) with advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; (b) girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and (c) the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

The study aims to determine whether the Big Five model of personality is applicable to the Malay culture. Two studies were conducted among Malaysian students in Australia (N = 174), and a further study (N = 451) conducted in Malaysia used the refined items from the Australian work. Scree and parallel tests indicated that only five factors should be extracted. Exploratory and Procrustes factor analyses indicated that the Big Five factors of Costa and McCrae exist in the Malay personality structure. The Openness to Actions and Values facets, however, were not replicated well. Overall results and congruence coefficients for 28 facets strongly supported the Big Five model as being cross-culturally applicable. Compared to Americans, Malay students appeared to have high scores in Agreeableness and low scores in Extraversion and Openness.

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show welldefined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes. Fil: Löckenhoff, Corinna E.. Cornell University.; Estados Unidos Fil: Chan, Wayne. Rutgers University; Estados Unidos Fil: McCrae, Robert R.. No especifíca; Fil: De Fruyt, Filip. University of Ghent; Bélgica Fil: Jussim, Lee. Rutgers University; Estados Unidos Fil: De Bolle, Marleen. University of Ghent; Bélgica Fil: Costa Jr, Paul T.. University of Duke; Estados Unidos Fil: Sutin, Angelina R.. Florida State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Realo, Anu. University Of Tartu.; Estonia Fil: Allik, Jüri. University Of Tartu.; Estonia. Estonian Academy of Sciences; Estonia Fil: Nakazato, Katsuharu. Tokyo University of Social Welfare; Japón Fil: Shimonaka, Yoshiko. Bunkyo Gakuin University; Japón Fil: Hřebíčková, Martina. Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; República Checa Fil: Graf, Sylvie. Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; República Checa Fil: Yik, Michelle. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; China Fil: Ficková, Emília. Slovak Academy of Sciences; Eslovaquia Fil: Brunner Sciarra, Marina. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Perú Fil: Leibovich, Nora Blanca. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Investigaciones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Schmidt, Vanina Ines. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Investigaciones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Ahn, Chang Kyu. Pusan National University; Corea del Sur Fil: Ahn, Hyun Nie. Ewha Womans University; Corea del Sur Fil: Aguilar Vafaie, María E.. Tarbiat Modares University; Irán Fil: Siuta, Jerzy. Jagiellonian University; Polonia Fil: Szmigielska, Barbara. Hampshire College; Estados Unidos Fil: Cain, Thomas R.. Hampshire College; Estados Unidos Fil: Crawford, Jarret T.. The College of New Jersey; Estados Unidos Fil: Anwar Mastor, Khairul. Universiti Kebangsaan; Malasia Fil: Rolland, Jean Pierre. Universite Paris Ouest Nanterre la Defense; Francia Fil: Nansubuga, Florence. Makerere University; Uganda Fil: Miramontez, Daniel R.. San Diego Community College District; Estados Unidos Fil: Benet Martínez, Veronica. Universitat Pompeu Fabra; España Fil: Rossier, Jérôme. Universite de Lausanne; Suiza Fil: Bratko, Denis. University of Zagreb; Croacia Fil: Marušić, Iris. Institute for Social Research in Zagreb; Croacia Fil: Halberstadt, Jamin. University of Otago; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Yamaguchi, Mami. University of Otago; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Knežević, Goran. Belgrade University; Serbia Fil: Martin, Thomas A.. Susquehanna University; Estados Unidos Fil: Gheorghiu, Mirona. The Queen's University Belfast; Irlanda Fil: Smith, Peter B.. University of Sussex; Reino Unido Fil: Barbaranelli, Claudio. Università degli studi di Roma "La Sapienza"; Italia Fil: Wang, Lei. Peking University; China Fil: Shakespeare Finch, Jane. Queensland University of Technology; Australia Fil: Lima, Margarida P.. Universidad de Coimbra; Portugal Fil: Klinkosz, Waldemar. The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin; Polonia Fil: Sekowski, Andrzej. The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin; Polonia Fil: Alcalay, Lidia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Simonetti, Franco Lucio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Avdeyeva, Tatyana V.. University of St. Thomas; Estados Unidos Fil: Pramila, V. S.. No especifíca; Fil: Terracciano, Antonio. Florida State University; Estados Unidos