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7. Can water, energy, and food policies in support of solar irrigation enable gender transformative changes? Evidence from policy analysis in Bangladesh and Nepal.

Author

Khadka, Manohara, Uprety, Labisha, Shrestha, Gitta, Shakya, Shristi, Mitra, Archisman, and Mukherji, Aditi

Subjects
GENDER inequality, NUTRITION policy, POLICY analysis, SOCIAL justice, SOLAR pumps, CLIMATE change, PROCEDURAL justice, CONSTITUTIONALISM
Abstract

Solar irrigation pumps (SIPs) are emerging as a popular technology to address water, energy, and climate change challenges in South Asia while enhancing livelihoods and food security. SIPs are deemed to be a women-friendly renewable energy technology (RET) due to their design, operating system, and safety. While the gender dimensions of natural resources are well documented, the extent to which the water, energy, and food (WEF) policies--including policies to promote SIP technologies in the countries of South Asia--conceptualize and operationalize gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) is not well understood. Therefore, in this study, we reviewed 39 WEF sectoral policies of Bangladesh and Nepal by adopting a gender-transformative analysis approach to rank the policies on a continuum ranging from a scale of 0-3 (denoting gender-unaware, gender-aware, gender-responsive, and gendertransformative). We found that the governments in both countries commit to gender equality and women's advancement in their WEF sector policies, institutions, and decision-making by ensuring gender and justice principles in their constitutions and national development frameworks. However, these higher-level aspirational principles are not always operationalized in the WEF sector policies. We found that the WEF policies are aware of the need to include GESI and social equity in sectoral programming, yet operational rules for their implementation often fail to challenge structural barriers. Such barriers hinder women and marginalized groups from participating in and benefiting from WEF policies, including the deployment of SIP technologies. This calls for a transformation not only in project implementation but also in the policymaking processes of WEF sectors in the South Asian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Implementing conjunctive management of water resources for irrigation development : A framework applied to the Southern Plain of Western Nepal

Author

Pandey, Vishnu Prasad, Shrestha, Nirman, Urfels, Anton, Ray, Anupama, Khadka, Manohara, Pavelic, Paul, McDonald, Andrew J., Krupnik, Timothy J., Pandey, Vishnu Prasad, Shrestha, Nirman, Urfels, Anton, Ray, Anupama, Khadka, Manohara, Pavelic, Paul, McDonald, Andrew J., and Krupnik, Timothy J.

Abstract

Climate variability and insufficient irrigation are primary constraints to stable and higher agricultural productivity and food security in Nepal. Agriculture is the largest global freshwater user, and integration of surface- and ground-water use is frequently presented as an strategy for increasing efficiency as well as climate change adaptation. However, conjunctive management (CM) planning often ignores demand-side requirements and a broader set of sustainable development considerations, including ecosystem health and economics of different development strategies. While there is generic understanding of conjunctive use, detailed technical knowhow to realize the CM is lacking in Nepal. This article presents a holistic framework through literature reviews, stakeholders consultations and expert interviews for assessing CM and implementation prospects from a systems-level perspective. We demonstrate the framework through a case study in Western Nepal, where climatic variability and a lack of irrigation are key impediments to increased agricultural productivity and sustainable development. Results show that knowledge of water resources availability is good and that of water demand low in the Western Terai. Additional and coordinated investments are required to improve knowledge gaps as well as access to irrigation. There is therefore a need to assess water resources availability, water access, use and productivity, to fill the knowledge gaps in order to pave pathways for CM. This paper also discusses some strategies to translate prospects of conjunctive management into implementation.

Published
2023

13. Gender equality and social inclusion in community-led multiple use water services in Nepal

Author

Van Koppen, Barbara, Raut, Manita, Rajouria, Alok, Khadka, Manohara, Pradhan, P., GC, R. K., Colavito, L., O’Hara, C., Rautanen, S.-L., Nepal, P. R., and Shrestha, P. K.

Subjects
Consumer/Household Economics, Water resources, Participatory approaches, Vulnerability, Rural areas, Gender equality, Water supply, Multiple use water services, Water systems, Non-governmental organizations, Solar energy, Benefit-cost ratio, Nepal, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Drinking water, Women, Small scale systems, Right to water, Domestic water, Livelihoods, Irrigation, Social inclusion, Supply chains, Nexus, Infrastructure, Competition, Dailekh, Water availability, Community involvement, Sarlahi, Food security, Financial Economics, Food Security and Poverty, Households, Sustainability, Water sharing, Income, International Development, Water, sanitation and hygiene, Financing, Decision making, Governmental organizations
Abstract

The Constitution of Nepal 2015 enshrines everyone’s right of access to clean water for drinking and the right to food. The common operationalization of the right to water for drinking is providing access to infrastructure that brings water for drinking and other basic domestic uses near and at homesteads. Challenges to achieving this goal in rural areas include: low functionality of water systems; expansion of informal self supply for multiple uses; widespread de facto productive uses of water systems designed for domestic uses; growing competition for finite water resources; and male elite capture in polycentric decision-making. This paper traces how the Nepali government and nongovernmental organizations in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), irrigation and other sectors have joined forces since the early 2000s to address these challenges by innovating community-led multiple use water services (MUS). The present literature review of these processes complemented by field research supported by the Water for Women Fund focuses on women in vulnerable households. Overcoming sectoral silos, these organizations support what is often seen as the sole responsibility of the WASH sector: targeting infrastructure development to bring sufficient water near and at homesteads of those left behind. Women’s priorities for using this water are respected and supported, which often includes productive uses, also at basic volumes. In line with decentralized federalism, inclusive community-led MUS planning processes build on vulnerable households’ self supply, commonly for multiple uses, and follow their priorities for local incremental infrastructure improvements. Further, community-led MUS builds on community-based arrangements for ‘sharing in’ and ‘sharing out’ the finite water resources in and under communities’ social territories. This realizes the constitutional right to food in line with the Nepal Water Resources Act, 1992, which prioritizes core minimum volumes of water for everyone’s domestic uses and many households’ irrigation. Evidence shows how the alleviation of domestic chores, women’s stronger control over food production for nutrition and income, and more sustainable infrastructure mutually reinforce each other in virtuous circles out of gendered poverty. However, the main challenge remains the inclusion of women and vulnerable households in participatory processes.

Published
2022
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14. Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Communityled Multiple Use Water Services in Nepal.

Author

van Koppen, Barbara, Raut, Manita, Rajouria, Alok, Khadka, Manohara, Pradhan, Prachanda, G. C., Raj K., Colavito, Luke, O'Hara, Corey, Rautanen, Sanna-Leena, Nepal, Pallab Raj, and Shrestha, Parikshit Kumar

Subjects
WATER use, SOCIAL integration, EQUALITY, GENDER inequality, RIGHT to food, DRINKING water
Abstract

Copyright of IWMI Working Papers is the property of International Water Management Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2022
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17. The COVID‐19 Pandemic Not Only Poses Challenges, but Also Opens Opportunities for Sustainable Transformation

Author

Pradhan, Prajal, primary, Subedi, Daya Raj, additional, Khatiwada, Dilip, additional, Joshi, Kirti Kusum, additional, Kafle, Sagar, additional, Chhetri, Raju Pandit, additional, Dhakal, Shobhakar, additional, Gautam, Ambika Prasad, additional, Khatiwada, Padma Prasad, additional, Mainaly, Jony, additional, Onta, Sharad, additional, Pandey, Vishnu Prasad, additional, Parajuly, Keshav, additional, Pokharel, Sijal, additional, Satyal, Poshendra, additional, Singh, Devendra Raj, additional, Talchabhadel, Rocky, additional, Tha, Rupesh, additional, Thapa, Bhesh Raj, additional, Adhikari, Kamal, additional, Adhikari, Shankar, additional, Chandra Bastakoti, Ram, additional, Bhandari, Pitambar, additional, Bharati, Saraswoti, additional, Bhusal, Yub Raj, additional, Bahadur BK, Man, additional, Bogati, Ramji, additional, Kafle, Simrin, additional, Khadka, Manohara, additional, Khatiwada, Nawa Raj, additional, Lal, Ajay Chandra, additional, Neupane, Dinesh, additional, Neupane, Kaustuv Raj, additional, Ojha, Rajit, additional, Regmi, Narayan Prasad, additional, Rupakheti, Maheswar, additional, Sapkota, Alka, additional, Sapkota, Rupak, additional, Sharma, Mahashram, additional, Shrestha, Gitta, additional, Shrestha, Indira, additional, Shrestha, Khadga Bahadur, additional, Tandukar, Sarmila, additional, Upadhyaya, Shyam, additional, Kropp, Jürgen P., additional, and Bhuju, Dinesh Raj, additional

Published
2021
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18. Supporting Information for The COVID-19 Pandemic not only Poses Challenges, but also Opens Opportunities for Sustainable Transformation

Author

Pradhan, Prajal, Subedi, Daya Raj, Khatiwada, Dilip, Joshi, Kirti Kusum, Kafle, Sagar, Chhetri, Raju Pandit, Dhakal, Shobhakar, Gautam, Ambika Prasad, Khatiwada, Padma Prasad, Mainaly, Jony, Onta, Sharad, Pandey, Vishnu Prasad, Parajuly, Keshav, Pokharel, Sijal, Satyal, Poshendra, Singh, Devendra Raj, Talchabhadel, Rocky, Tha, Rupesh, Thapa, Bhesh Raj, Adhikari, Kamal, Adhikari, Shankar, Bastakoti, Ram Chandra, Bhandari, Pitambar, Bharati, Saraswoti, Bhusal, Yub Raj, BK, Man Bahadur, Bogati, Ramji, Kafle, Simrin, Khadka, Manohara, Khatiwada, Nawa Raj, Lal, Ajay Chandra, Neupane, Dinesh, Neupane, Kaustuv Raj, Ojha, Rajit, Regmi, Narayan Prasad, Rupakheti, Maheswar, Sapkota, Alka, Sapkota, Rupak, Sharma, Mahashram, Shrestha, Gitta, Shrestha, Indira, Shrestha, Khadga Bahadur, Tandukar, Sarmila, Upadhyaya, Shyam, Kropp, Jürgen P., and Bhuju, Dinesh Raj

Abstract

This file consists of the processed data of the paper Pradhan et al. 2021 published in the Earth's Future (https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF001996). We processed impact scores and mechanisms provided by experts during online survey, workshops, and review and validation processes. This processed data, i.e., impact scores and mechanisms, are used for identifying key impeding factors and transformation opportunities. The processed data used in the study are available here and at the Supporting Information.

Published
2021
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19. Framework for co-development of an open hydrological data system to enhance climate resilience in climate vulnerable countries: Experience from a digital groundwater monitoring pilot in Nepal

Author

Urfels, Anton, primary, Shakya, Surendra Man, additional, Maharjan, Surendra, additional, Lohanee, Bashu Dev, additional, Pandey, Vishnu, additional, Khadka, Manohara, additional, Adhikari, Subash, additional, Neupane, Anil, additional, Karki, Saral, additional, Acharya, Salin, additional, Foster, Timothy, additional, and Krupnik, Timothy, additional

Published
2021
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24. Framework for co-development of an open hydrological data system to enhance climate resilience in climate vulnerable countries: experience from a digital groundwater monitoring pilot in Nepal. [Abstract only].

Author

Urfels, A., Shakya, S. M., Maharjan, S., Lohanee, B. D., Pandey, V., Khadka, Manohara, Adhikari, S., Neupane, A., Karki, S., Acharya, S., Foster, T., Krupnik, T., Urfels, A., Shakya, S. M., Maharjan, S., Lohanee, B. D., Pandey, V., Khadka, Manohara, Adhikari, S., Neupane, A., Karki, S., Acharya, S., Foster, T., and Krupnik, T.

29. Framework for co-development of an open hydrological data system to enhance climate resilience in climate vulnerable countries: experience from a digital groundwater monitoring pilot in Nepal. [Abstract only].

Author

Urfels, Anton, Shakya, S. M., Maharjan, S., Lohanee, B. D., Pandey, V., Khadka, Manohara, Adhikari, S., Neupane, A., Karki, S., Acharya, S., Foster, T., Krupnik, Timothy J., Urfels, Anton, Shakya, S. M., Maharjan, S., Lohanee, B. D., Pandey, V., Khadka, Manohara, Adhikari, S., Neupane, A., Karki, S., Acharya, S., Foster, T., and Krupnik, Timothy J.

33. A framework for sustainable and inclusive irrigation development in western Nepal

Author

Urfels, Anton, Khadka, Manohara, Shrestha, Nirman, Pavelic, Paul, Risal, Avay, Uprety, Labisha, Shrestha, Gitta, Dile, Yihun T., McDonald, Andrew J., Pandey, V. P., Srinivasan, R., Krupnik, Timothy J., Urfels, Anton, Khadka, Manohara, Shrestha, Nirman, Pavelic, Paul, Risal, Avay, Uprety, Labisha, Shrestha, Gitta, Dile, Yihun T., McDonald, Andrew J., Pandey, V. P., Srinivasan, R., and Krupnik, Timothy J.

39. Implementing conjunctive management of water resources for irrigation development: A framework applied to the Southern Plain of Western Nepal.

Author

Pandey VP, Shrestha N, Urfels A, Ray A, Khadka M, Pavelic P, McDonald AJ, and Krupnik TJ

Abstract

Climate variability and insufficient irrigation are primary constraints to stable and higher agricultural productivity and food security in Nepal. Agriculture is the largest global freshwater user, and integration of surface- and ground-water use is frequently presented as an strategy for increasing efficiency as well as climate change adaptation. However, conjunctive management (CM) planning often ignores demand-side requirements and a broader set of sustainable development considerations, including ecosystem health and economics of different development strategies. While there is generic understanding of conjunctive use, detailed technical knowhow to realize the CM is lacking in Nepal. This article presents a holistic framework through literature reviews, stakeholders consultations and expert interviews for assessing CM and implementation prospects from a systems-level perspective. We demonstrate the framework through a case study in Western Nepal, where climatic variability and a lack of irrigation are key impediments to increased agricultural productivity and sustainable development. Results show that knowledge of water resources availability is good and that of water demand low in the Western Terai. Additional and coordinated investments are required to improve knowledge gaps as well as access to irrigation. There is therefore a need to assess water resources availability, water access, use and productivity, to fill the knowledge gaps in order to pave pathways for CM. This paper also discusses some strategies to translate prospects of conjunctive management into implementation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Published
2023
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