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Background: Medication errors can lead to serious negative consequences. Meanwhile, reading theory books or listening to lectures away from the real environment may disrupt learning. Simulation-based learning using a virtual environment imitates real-world activities and engages learners in physical and practical activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of simulation-based education (SBE) on medication administration (MA) knowledge and performance among nursing students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the 2018-2019 academic year using a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The subjects included 66 nursing students of the sixth semester of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. They were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 36) and control (n = 30) groups. Subjects in the intervention group were trained through SBE in two-hour weekly sessions for four consecutive weeks, and their conterparts in the control group received only routine traditional training. The knowledge and performance were assessed using a researcher-made MA knowledge questionnaire and four MA performance checklists. Data were collected before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention and were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance as well as paired-samples t test, independent- samples t, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact test in SPSS software (v. 16.0). Results: There were no significant differences between the groups before intervention (P > 0.05). The mean scores of MA knowledge and performance of the intervention group increased significantly after the intervention (P < 0.05). The mean scores of the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group in both post-tests (P < 0.05). The mean score of MA knowledge in the intervention group was 12.36±3.04 at pretest, 18.6±1.13 at the first posttest, and 18.7±1.2 at the second posttest. the mean score of MA knowledge in the control group was 12.43±2.41 at pretest, 12.66±2.39 at the first posttest, and 12.66±2.63 at the second posttest The mean scores of MA performance (Total) in the intervention group was 18.99±9.7, at the first posttest and 18.08±11.05 at the second posttest. And the mean scores of MA performance (Total) in the control group was 10.35±10.39, at the first posttest and 11.35±10.66 at the second posttest. SBE is effective in improving nursing students' MA knowledge and performance. SBE is suggested to reduce medication errors among nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Identifying threats to the nurses' professional dignity has an important role in maintaining and promoting their dignity. This study aimed to evaluate the perception of Iranian nurses' experiences of threats to their professional dignity in clinical settings. Design: A qualitative directed content analysis approach was used. Methods: The present qualitative study was conducted in Iran.Clinical nurses were selected using the purposive sampling method. Data were collected through in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 15 clinical nurses from October 2020 to March 2021. The qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: Two main categories and 16 subcategories were extracted as follows: (1) professional factors (containing seven subcategories) and (2) organizational factors (containing nine subcategories). Conclusions: To promote the professional dignity of nurses, it is recommended to identify the factors threatening their professional dignity and create healthy work environments for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the importance of psychometric evaluation of the male sex hormone deficiency questionnaire by Iranian nurses, this study aimed to determine the translation and validation of the Iranian version of the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males (ADAM) questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This study was cross-sectional. After obtaining permission from the instrument maker, translating it into Farsi, retranslated it into English, and determining validity and reliability. The study population was 200 Iranian men who admitted to hospitals affiliated with Iran University of medical science and were older than 50 years and selected by convenience sampling method. They were evaluated and monitored based on the Iranian version of the ADAM questionnaire. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed and analyzed by Rock Chart analysis. Descriptive and analytical statistical tests were used at a significant level of 0.05. Results: Findings showed that the Iranian version of the ADAM questionnaire had good face validity. Results showed that Cronbach's alpha in this questionnaire was 0.93, which indicates high reliability, and all the valid questionnaires were reported for the Scale-Content Validity Index (SCVI) calculation. Hence, the questionnaire has good content validity. The Iranian version of the ADAM questionnaire has a sensitivity of 93.85% and a specificity of 77.14% at the cut-off point of 2.2, indicating high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: The Iranian version of the ADAM questionnaire is valid and reliable and has high sensitivity and specificity. Nurses can also use it as an adjunctive scale to screen andropause men over 50 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fatigue is one of the most prevalent and debilitating complications of cancer and its treatments. Patients undergoing radiotherapy experience some degrees of fatigue. Complementary medicine methods have reduced the complications of treatments in many disorders. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to compare the effect of aromatherapy by inhalation and massage on radiotherapy-induced fatigue in patients with cancer. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 105 patients with cancer undergoing radiotherapy in the oncology ward of Firouzgar Hospital in Tehran, Iran were selected conveniently based on the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned into three groups of inhalation aromatherapy, massage aromatherapy, and control groups. In the first group, viola and almond oil were inhaled, in the second group, the Swedish massage was performed using aromatic oil, and the control group received routine care. Fatigue was measured by the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) before, and at the end of the intervention. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA, Paired T-tests, Fischer's exact, and Chi-square tests) using SPSS software V. 16. The significance level was considered as Pâ?¤0.05. Results: The findings showed that the three studied groups had no significant statistical difference in terms of demographic characteristics before the intervention. Fatigue score was significantly different in all three groups after both interventions (P<0/001), which indicated a decrease in fatigue in the two test groups. However, according to Scheffe post hoc test, massage aromatherapy was more effective in reducing fatigue resulting from radiotherapy. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that massage aromatherapy was more effective in reducing radiotherapy-induced fatigue in patients with cancer. It is recommended that future studies recruit another group that receives the only massage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shared governance is a decentralized structural model that gives individuals the right to make decisions and a position analogous to managers. The shared governance is different based on context in every organization. This study identified the characteristics of shared governance in Iranian nursing schools. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative research, 11 participants were selected using purposive sampling method. Deep semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Lincoln and Guba's criteria were used to verify the accuracy and trustworthiness of the data. Results: Through data analysis, the theme of "several souls in one body" was achieved in addition to the seven categories of "climates based on common interests," "conscious participatory decision-making," "mutual accountability," "multiplicity of ideas," "decentralized structure," "interrelationship," and "sublime organization." Conclusions: According to the findings, the characteristics of shared governance in the social culture of Iran are like several souls in one body, emphasizing all aspects of participation and morality in the organization. Managers and administrators in higher education and nursing faculties need to pay attention to all aspects of shared governance, including spirituality in managing the covered institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the third leading cause of death, cancers have a special place in the Iranian health system. Several studies have been done in some regions of the country with few years of follow-ups, but this was the first standardized study to investigate the incidence trends of colorectal cancer in Iran in a one-decade period. Methods: The registered data for colorectal cancer cases in National Cancer Registry System were extracted from the Center for Disease Control & Management of Ministry of Health. The codes from 18 to 21 among cancers were selected for colon and rectum cancers. Incidence rates were directly standardized, using WHO population. The significance of incidence rate trends was tested through Poisson regression. Results: In this study, 36,650 cases of colorectal cancer were observed for 10 years in Iran, which increased from 813 cases in 2000 to 6,210 cases in 2009. Gender ratio of men to women was 1.39. Significant increasing trends of colorectal cancer were observed during the period of the study. The standardized incidence rate increased from 1.6 per 100,000 persons per year in 2000 to 11.3 in 2009 in males (p<0.001), and it increased from 1.6 per 100,000 persons per year in 2000 to 10.9 in 2009 in females (p<0.001). Conclusion: Colorectal cancer has an increasing trend in Iran. The rising trend of colorectal cancer as well as other types of cancers is partially due to improvement in cancer registry systems in the early years of registry. Moreover, westernized lifestyle and an increase in environmental risks could explain this rising trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Challenges of Change Management: A Qualitative Study on Managers' Experiences in Nursing and Midwifery Schools," by Alice Khachian and colleagues is presented.

Introduction: Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections are one of the most important issues in patients' health and safety. They result in prolonged stay and emerging disabilities among patients, increased antibiotic resistance, increased mortality, and elevated health care costs for both individual patients and healthcare system. Given that the transmission of pathogens in the hospital environment is usually done through contaminated hands of health care employees, hand hygiene observation is effective in preventing nosocomial infections. Research performed in various countries has shown a variety of reasons for non-compliance with hand hygiene such as poor knowledge about this issue and lack of positive attitude towards it. For this purpose, a study designed by us in 2018-2019 aimed to determine the hand hygiene related knowledge, attitude and perception of nurses working in intensive care units of treatment educational centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Methodology: The present research was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on a sample composed of 600 nurses, assistant nurses and assistant paramedics working in intensive care units of seven medical educational centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The census method was used and 366 (60%) persons have freely participated in the study. Data collection tools, including one questionnary on demographic and occupational characteristics, two World Health Organization questionnaries on hand hygiene knowledge and perception, and the second part of KAP questionnaire regarding hand hygiene attitude, were all provided to nursing employees by referring to the intensive care units, so that they could complete them and deliver the results. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 20, software. Using descriptive statistics, frequency distribution tables for qualitative variables and numerical indices of minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation for the research quantitative variables and analytical statistics (Pearson coefficient, ANOVA and independent T tests), tables related to the comparisons and correlations were provided. Results: Of all nursing employees who participated in the study, 56.6% had good knowledge of hand hygiene, 71.3% an impartial or neutral attitude towards this practice and 64.5% a high perception of it. A statistically significant relationship was obtained between knowledge and education (P=0.029), perception and age range (P=0.002), work experience (P=0.029), and ward of workplace (P=0.014). Conclusion: Structured, regular and continuous educational programs with various and effective methods to maintain, promote and remove nursing employees' deficit of knowledge should continue more seriously. It is also necessary to identify the factors affecting the promotion of positive perception and attitude among nursing employees about hand hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]