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Abstract Background Estrogen receptors express in nearly 70% of breast cancers (ER-positive). Estrogen receptor alpha plays a fundamental role as a significant factor in breast cancer progression for the early selection of therapeutic approaches. Accordingly, there has been a surge of attention to non-invasive techniques, including circulating Cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) or Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA), to detect and track ESR1 genotype. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the diagnosis accuracy of ESR1 mutation detection by cell-free DNA in breast cancer patientsthrough a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched up to 6 April 2022. Diagnostic studies on ESR1 measurement by cfDNA, which was confirmed using the tumour tissue biopsy, have been included in the study. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were considered to analyse the data. Results Out of 649 papers, 13 papers with 15 cohorts, including 389 participants, entered the meta-analyses. The comprehensive meta-analysis indicated a high sensitivity (75.52, 95% CI 60.19–90.85), specificity (88.20, 95% CI 80.99–95.40), and high accuracy of 88.96 (95% CI 83.23–94.69) for plasma ESR1. We also found a moderate PPV of 56.94 (95% CI 41.70–72.18) but a high NPV of 88.53 (95% CI 82.61–94.44). We also found an NLR of 0.443 (95% CI 0.09–0.79) and PLR of 1.60 (95% CI 1.20–1.99). Conclusion This systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis reveal that plasma cfDNA testing exhibits high sensitivity and specificity in detecting ESR1 mutations in breast cancer patients. This suggests that the test could be a valuable diagnostic tool. It may serve as a dependable and non-invasive technique for identifying ESR1 mutations in breast cancer patients. However, more extensive research is needed to confirm its prognostic value.

Purpose: Acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise can cause a state of oxidative stress characterized by an increase in oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues and body fluids. The amount of oxidation depends on the mode of exercise, intensity, and duration, and is specifically related to the degree of oxidant production. This research investigates the effect of eight weeks of plyoball and resistance band training on glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and performance indicators of female handball players. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 female handball players aged between 10 and 16 were randomly divided into the following three groups: 1) Handball training (n=10), 2) Handball+resistance band (n=10), and 3) Handball+plyoball training group (n=10). The plyoball and resistance band training program consisted of eight weeks (two sessions per week) and each session lasted 45 to 60 min. The one-way analysis of variance repeated measures were used for within and between group changes, respectively. Results: Eight weeks of plyoball and resistance band training caused a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase levels and decreased salivary malondialdehyde levels in handball players. The accuracy and strength of the handball shot increased significantly at the end of the eight-week intervention period. Conclusion: According to the results, the greatest increase in the levels of glutathione peroxidase was in the group of handball exercises with a resistance band and the greatest decrease in the levels of malondialdehyde was in the group of handball exercises alone. The highest amount of improvement in the accuracy and strength of the handball shot was achieved in the group of handball training with the resistance band. Therefore, the performance of handball exercises with resistance bands can be recommended to improve the levels of oxidative stress, accuracy use, and shot strength in handball players compared to other training groups.

Background and Objective: Oxidative stress can harm cells, proteins, and DNA and play a role in the aging process. The present study was conducted to determine the impacts of six weeks of Pilates exercises and Lycium barbarum supplement on oxidative stress indices of saliva and body composition of inactive elderly females. Methods: This field trial was carried out on 49 inactive elderly females. The subjects were selected in a purposeful manner and were randomly assigned to 4 groups, including control, supplement, exercise, and exercise plus supplement. The exercise program protocol was implemented for six weeks, three 45-60 minute sessions per week with an intensity of 50-70% maximum heart rate. The Lycium barbarum supplement group used 14 g of supplement daily. Oxidative stress indices of saliva and body composition were compared. The individuals’ physical activity level was determined using the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey (KPAS) and the samples’ health status was specified using the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Results: The amount of malondialdehyde had a statistically significant reduction in the exercise plus supplement group compared to the control group, the exercise group, and the supplement group (P

We aimed to evaluate the effects of seven weeks of aerobic exercise training and piperine on paraquat-induced lung damage. Forty-eight male Wistar rats (230 g, six-eight weeks old) were randomly divided into six groups (n = 8): sham, paraquat (5 mg/kg three times a week; intraperitoneally), paraquat + piperine (10 mg/kg/day; orally), paraquat + aerobic exercise training, paraquat + piperine + aerobic exercise training; and paraquat + vitamin E (20 mg/kg/day; orally) as a positive control. Rats were sacrificed on day 50, and both lung tissues were isolated to measure oxidative (MDA), anti-oxidative (GSH), inflammatory (TNF-α), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) markers, and histological evaluations (hematoxylin-eosin staining). The results of the present study revealed that paraquat significantly decreased body weight, GSH, GSH/MDA ratio, IL-10, and IL-10/TNF-α ratio while increasing MDA, TNF-α, and histopathological damage in lung tissue (P

Key Clinical Message Subacute thyroiditis which is typically characterized by cervical pain and fever is caused by viral infection and is seen after SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination. Here we report a post‐vaccination subacute thyroiditis after SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination. Abstract Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is possibly caused by a viral infection and is typically characterized by cervical pain and fever. SAT associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection or SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination has been reported, albeit in limited numbers. A 34‐year‐old woman was referred to our clinic with typical SAT symptoms. The diagnosis was confirmed through thyroid scintigraphy after receiving the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination, despite testing negative for COVID‐19 via RT‐PCR. There is a theoretical correlation between SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination and SAT. Vaccination may have a direct or indirect impact on the thyroid, but further studies are required to confirm this relationship. A systematic review of the literature of similar cases was performed for comparison. Ultimately, the overall benefits of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination outweigh the potential adverse effects. Therefore, these types of reports should not divert attention from the actual reality.

Samaneh Baradaran Salmani , Keyvan Hejazi * , Vahid Reza Askari , Roya Askari , Seyed Millad Asadi Ferizi Background and Objective: Paraquat toxicity can damage organisms through mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Evidence shows that regular exercise and appropriate antioxidant supplements can help reduce the complications caused by paraquat toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training, along with piperine supplement, on the liver levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in Wistar rats induced with paraquat. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult Wistar rats were randomly placed into 5 groups of 8, including 1) sham, 2) negative control-paraquat, 3) paraquat + training, 4) paraquat + training + piperine, and 5) paraquat + piperine. Aerobic training included 7 weeks of walking on a treadmill (5 sessions per week for 30-40 min per session, at a speed of 10-18 m/min). Paraquat was administered to the rats by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight. The piperine supplement was daily gavaged at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. The concentration of TNF-a and IL-10 was measured in the liver tissue. Results: A significant increase in IL-10 and a decrease in TNF-a concentrations were observed between the paraquat-negative control groups compared to the sham, paraquat + exercise, paraquat + piperine, and paraquat + exercise + piperine groups (P

Abstract To the best of our knowledge, the impacts of crop residue cover (CRC) on agricultural productivity and soil fertility have not been studied by previous researchers. In this regard, this study aims to apply an integrated approach of remote sensing and geospatial analysis to detect CRC and monitor the effects of CRC on agricultural productivity, as well as soil chemical and physical characteristics. To achieve this, a series of Landsat images and 275 ground control points (GCPs) collected from the study areas for the years 2013, 2015, and 2021 were used. A convolutional neural network (CNN), a class of artificial neural network has commonly applied to analyze visual imagery, was employed in this study for CRC detection in two classes (Not-CRC and CRC) for the years 2013, 2015, and 2021. To assess the effects of CRC, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was applied to Landsat image series for the years 2015 (22 images), 2019 (20 images), and 2022 (23 images). Furthermore, this study evaluates the impacts of CRC on soil fertility based on collected field observation data. The results show a high performance (Accuracy of > 0.95) of the CNN for CRC detection and mapping. The findings also reveal positive effects of CRC on agricultural productivity, indicating an increase in vegetation density by about 0.1909 and 0.1377 for study areas 1 and 2, respectively, from 2015 to 2022. The results also indicate an increase in soil chemical and physical characteristics, including EC, PH, Na, Mg, HCO3, K, silt, sand, and clay from 2015 to 2022, based on physical examination. In general, the findings underscore that the value of an integrated approach of remote sensing and geospatial analysis for detecting CRC and monitoring its impacts on agricultural productivity and soil fertility. This research can offer valuable insight to researchers and decision-makers in the field of soil science, land management and agriculture.

Abstract The thermal conductivity and stability of nanofluids pose challenges for their use as coolants in thermal applications. The present study investigates the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of an Al12Mg17 nanofluid through the utilization of a novel beam displacement method. The study also examines the nanofluid's stability, particle size distribution (PSD), TEM micrograph, and electrical conductivity. From three distinct categories of surfactants, a particular surfactant (CTAB) was chosen to disperse Al12Mg17 nanoparticles in DI water, and subsequently, a two-step method was employed to generate the nanofluid. Dispersion stability is visually monitored and quantified with a zeta potential test. HTC and PSD are measured using optical setups. To evaluate the results, the HTC obtained from the beam displacement method is compared with that of the KD2 Pro apparatus, and the PSD findings are analyzed through TEM micrographs. The results show that a 0.16 vol.% CTAB is the maximum stability for 0.025 vol.% Al12Mg17 nanofluid properly. The optimum ultrasonication period is 2 h, yielding a peak PSD of 154 nm. Increasing nanoparticle concentration enhances HTC up to 40% compared to the base fluid at 0.05 vol.%. Electrical conductivity increases linearly from 155 to 188 μ $${\rm S}/\mathrm{cm}$$ S / cm with nanoparticle concentration. Optical methods for measuring HTC in nanofluids offer the advantage of early results, prior to bulk motion. Thus, the application of nanofluids in thermal systems necessitates the development of optical techniques to improve accuracy.

Abstract Interest in home-based stroke rehabilitation mechatronics, which includes both robots and sensor mechanisms, has increased over the past 12 years. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the existing lack of access to rehabilitation for stroke survivors post-discharge. Home-based stroke rehabilitation devices could improve access to rehabilitation for stroke survivors, but the home environment presents unique challenges compared to clinics. The present study undertakes a scoping review of designs for at-home upper limb stroke rehabilitation mechatronic devices to identify important design principles and areas for improvement. Online databases were used to identify papers published 2010–2021 describing novel rehabilitation device designs, from which 59 publications were selected describing 38 unique designs. The devices were categorized and listed according to their target anatomy, possible therapy tasks, structure, and features. Twenty-two devices targeted proximal (shoulder and elbow) anatomy, 13 targeted distal (wrist and hand) anatomy, and three targeted the whole arm and hand. Devices with a greater number of actuators in the design were more expensive, with a small number of devices using a mix of actuated and unactuated degrees of freedom to target more complex anatomy while reducing the cost. Twenty-six of the device designs did not specify their target users’ function or impairment, nor did they specify a target therapy activity, task, or exercise. Twenty-three of the devices were capable of reaching tasks, 6 of which included grasping capabilities. Compliant structures were the most common approach of including safety features in the design. Only three devices were designed to detect compensation, or undesirable posture, during therapy activities. Six of the 38 device designs mention consulting stakeholders during the design process, only two of which consulted patients specifically. Without stakeholder involvement, these designs risk being disconnected from user needs and rehabilitation best practices. Devices that combine actuated and unactuated degrees of freedom allow a greater variety and complexity of tasks while not significantly increasing their cost. Future home-based upper limb stroke rehabilitation mechatronic designs should provide information on patient posture during task execution, design with specific patient capabilities and needs in mind, and clearly link the features of the design to users’ needs.

Abstract Aegilops tauschii, as a donor of D genome to the bread wheat with a valuable source of resistance to different biotic and abiotic stresses, is used to improve the quality of wheat cultivars. Every genotype has a specific genetic content, the investigation of which can lead to the identification of useful genes such as stress tolerance genes, including drought. Therefore, 23 genotypes of Ae. tauschii were selected to evaluate their morphological and physiological traits under greenhouse conditions. Among them, a superior tolerant genotype (KC-2226) was chosen for transcriptomic analysis. Our result showed that 5007 and 3489 genes were deferentially up- and downregulated, respectively. Upregulated genes were involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and amino acid biosynthesis whereas downregulated genes were often engaged in DNA synthesis, replication, repair and topological changes. The result of protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that AT1G76550 (1.46), AT1G20950 (1.42), IAR4 (1.19), and PYD2 (1.16) among upregulated genes and THY-1 (44), PCNA1 (41) and TOPII (22) among down-regulated genes had the highest interactions with other genes. In conclusion, Ae. tauschii employs elevated transcription of specific genes involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and amino acid biosynthesis pathways rather than genes active in DNA synthesis and repair to provide the energy needed for the plant to survive under stress conditions.

Introduction Large vessel occlusions (LVO) account for approximately 15 to 30% of acute ischemic strokes, necessitating rapid clinical recognition to facilitate timely endovascular team activation and reduce door‐to‐reperfusion time for mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Existing clinical LVO scales, such as RACE, FASTED, and VAN, designed for utilization by Emergency Medical Services (EMS), lack reliability and have not been widely adopted for pre‐activation of endovascular teams. Typically, endovascular team activation occurs after LVO confirmation through neuroimaging, highlighting the need for improved methods to identify LVO during early assessments by neurologists. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted at University Hospital, involving all stroke codes activated by the Emergency Department (ED) or EMS. Neurology residents responding to the codes performed initial assessments, encompassing patient history, physical examination, and NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) evaluations. Based on the onset and severity of symptoms, presence of cortical signs, and NIHSS scores, patients were classified into four categories: A) probable LVO and stroke, B) possible LVO and stroke, C) not LVO but probable stroke, and D) probable stroke mimic. All assessments were completed before CT scanning. Results Over a ten‐month period, 159 stroke codes were evaluated by neurology residents. Among these, 27 patients were diagnosed with LVO, while 132 patients had no LVO. The neurology residents classified 18 patients into the probable stroke group, demonstrating a sensitivity of 48%, specificity of 96%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 72%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 90%. Combining the probable and possible stroke groups, the residents identified 34 patients with a sensitivity of 74%, specificity of 89%, a PPV of 5%, and an NPV of 94%. Regrettably, seven patients with LVO were misclassified as either stroke mimics or non‐LVO strokes. Among these cases, five patients presented with low NIHSS scores, two had LVO in the posterior circulation, and one developed an in‐stent thrombus. Conclusion Our study revealed that neurology residents' ability to predict LVO was comparable to other LVO prediction scales in terms of sensitivity and specificity, but significantly improved in PPV. With a PPV exceeding 70%, the clinical prediction of LVO by neurology residents proves to be a valuable tool for activating the endovascular team promptly. This approach holds promise for enhancing stroke care in both the emergency department and pre‐hospital ambulance‐based settings. Nevertheless, larger studies are warranted to validate and further refine these findings. Implementing the neurology residents' clinical judgment in LVO identification can potentially optimize patient outcomes and treatment timelines in acute ischemic strokes.

Key Clinical Message Renal aspergillosis is a rare condition and this case the first case of Renal aspergillosis reported after COVID‐19‐associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Renal symptoms should arise clinical suspicion to renal involvement that happened as a result of hematogenous spreading of pulmonary aspergillosis. Abstract Secondary fungal infections are among the most significant complications that can arise after COVID‐19 and have the potential to lead to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. As COVID‐19 primarily involves the airway, the majority of fungal infections reported have been related to the respiratory system. However, renal aspergillosis that we have reported is a rare condition that also can occur. A 67‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital and admitted as a COVID‐19 patient. After the initial recovery, he experienced a recurrence of fever accompanied by a productive cough. The histopathological studies were conducted on the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples, which revealed the presence of Aspergillus flavus. We treated the patient with voriconazole and the patient was discharged after a period of time. However, after approximately 6 months, he returned to the hospital with a fever and abdominal pain. We started a fever workup. Two new hypoechoic abscess‐like masses were spotted in the right kidney in the ultrasonography (U/S) and the direct molecular studies of the biopsy sample obtained under U/S guidance identified Aspergillus flavus. Although renal aspergillosis is a rare condition, it should not be overlooked, especially in patients with severe COVID‐19 and pulmonary aspergillosis, as these conditions can lead to renal aspergillosis, which may present with symptoms such as abdominal pain with fever. Therefore, it is necessary to perform radiological and histopathological studies when renal aspergillosis is suspected.

Background Most acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injuries are caused by direct trauma to the shoulders, and various methods and techniques are used to treat them; however, none of the options can be considered the gold standard. This study examines the horizontal stability of the ACJ after a complete dislocation was repaired using one of two Ethibond suture techniques, the loop technique and the two holes in the clavicle technique. Methods In this single-blind, randomized clinical trial, 104 patients diagnosed with complete ACJ dislocation type V were treated using Ethibond sutures with either the loop technique or the two holes in the clavicle technique. Horizontal changes in the ACJ were radiographically assessed in the lateral axial view, and shoulder function was evaluated by the Constant (CS) and Taft (TS) scores at intervals of 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Results The horizontal stability of the ACJ was better with the two-hole technique than the loop technique at all measurement times. CS and TS changes showed a significant upward trend over time with both techniques. The mean CS and TS at the final visit were 95.2 and 11.6 with the loop technique and 94.0 and 11.9 with the two-hole technique, respectively. The incidence of superficial infections caused by the subcutaneous pins was the same in the two groups. Conclusions Due to the improved ACJ stability with the two-hole technique, it appears to be a more suitable option than the loop technique for AC joint reduction.

Background and Purpose: Several evidences have shown some synergistic effect of diabetes co-morbidity on the tuberculosis (TB) treatment results, while some other studies have not found such associations. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between TB-diabetes co-morbidity and outcomes of TB treatment. Materials and Methods: The research population in this case control study were patients with smear positive tuberculosis. The cases were 158 patients with TB and diabetes selected by consensus method, while controls were 316 patients randomly selected from TB patients without diabetes. Results: Frequency of unfavorable outcome among cases was higher than among controls (7.6% vs 7.3% respectively, p-value =0.901). Multivariate logistic regression models showed that the odds ratios for adverse treatment outcome, death, treatment failure, positive smear after the intensive phase of treatment and high grade positivity (2+ & 3+) were 0.97(0.45- 2.06), 0.97(0.42-2.24), 0.91(0.17-4.85), 1.39(0.79- 2.44) and 2.57(0.83- 7.92) respectively. Moreover, treatment adverse outcomes among patients with drug complications (22.2% vs. 6.5%, p-value =0.010) and rural residents (10% vs 4.9% respectively, p-value =0.037) were significantly higher than those among patients without complication and urban residents respectively. Conclusion: Although we did not observe any significant association between TB-diabetes co-morbidity and treatment results, there was a significant effect measure regarding the effect of smear positivity at the end of the intensive phase of treatment, especially high grade of smear positivity. Because of probable bias in the classification of the exposure, screening of TB patients regarding diabetes mellitus at the beginning of the treatment is recommended.

Irisin is a hormone that is offered to be a hopeful remedial target in obesity and type 2 diabetes. It has received striking attention recently, whereas, the interactions between exercise training and irisin are still unclear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the impacts of exercise interventions on circulating irisin in adults. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus up to July 15, 2021. Twenty-four studies, which assessed a total of 921 participants were included and analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate weighted mean differences (MD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Overall, data revealed that exercise training significantly increased circulating irisin (MD: 0.01, 95 % CI: 0.00, 0.01, p = 0.005), and declined insulin (MD: -2.09, 95 % CI: -2.81, -1.37, p < 0.00001), glucose (MD: -12.89, 95 % CI: -16.52, -9.26, p < 0.00001), and insulin resistance (MD: -0.89, 95 % CI: -1.15, -0.62, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis revealed that irisin raised significantly when resistance training (p = 0.04) and combined training (p = 0.002) were applied, and for the type 2 diabetes and prediabetes (p = 0.002 for both) groups. Moreover, subgroup analysis by the type of intervention demonstrated that insulin reduced when aerobic training (p < 0.00001) and combined training (p = 0.0003) were employed, but glucose and HOMA-IR reduced after all three types of exercise training. These findings demonstrate that exercise interventions may produce ameliorations in circulating irisin. Further long-term studies are required to confirm these findings.

Background This study aimed to evaluate the response rate to arthroscopic release treatment in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (ACS) for patients with refractory to conservative treatment. Methods In this retrospective study, 51 patients (age mean, 49.1±5.6 years) with unilateral adherent capsule underwent arthroscopic releasing surgery for the shoulder capsule. Etiologies of the ACS in 30 patients were idiopathic: 10 patients were affected after surgery and 11 patients following trauma. The patients were evaluated in terms of shoulder function, satisfaction rate, pain intensity, and joint range of motion (ROM) based on a Constant score, a Simple Shoulder Test, the visual analog scale, and four movements, respectively. Results The mean Constant score before surgery was 48.2±3.5 and reached 74.4±6 and 77.0±6.3 at 6 months and the final follow-up, respectively (p

Background and purpose: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most important pathogens in immunocompromised patients, those who need regular blood transfusion, and renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. The aim of this investigation was to study the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus in hemodialysis patients in Sari, Iran. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 180 hemodialysis patients attending two referral centers in Sari, 2017-2018. To include the patients we considered sociodemographic characteristics, blood transfusion history and period, and duration and frequency/week of hemodialysis. Blood samples were collected from all patients and after centrifuge, serum samples were examined for CMV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical tests including Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis, and descriptive analysis including proportion for qualitative data and median (quartile range 25-75) for quantitative data were used. Results: The participants were 180 patients, including 93 (51.7%) females and 87 (48.3%) males (mean age: 61.5±14.4). All patients (100%) were positive for anti-CMV IgG antibody. There were no significant relationships between antibody titer and sex, age, dialysis period, dialysis duration, dialysis frequency per week, transfusion, transplantation, or HBV and HCV status (P >0.05). Conclusion: Our findings showed high frequency of CMV-IgG positive in hemodialysis patients. Due to the possibility of CMV infection progression in immunocompromised patients, especially those who undergo hemodialysis, screening programs should be performed to prevent adverse consequences.

Background: The outbreak of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has become a global public health challenge. Assessing the effect of COVID-19 on liver injury is of great importance. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to establish the characteristics of liver function tests in COVID-19 patients. Methods: A systematic search of publications from December 2019 up to April 2020 in Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline (via PubMed) databases was performed. Both cross-sectional and case series studies reporting an association between liver injury and COVID-19 infection were included. The data were analyzed using the STATA software (version 11.0) and the random-effects model for I2>50% was used to pool the results.Results: In this meta-analysis, 42 articles comprising a total of 6,557 COVID-19 patients were studied. The prevalence of increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels was 30% and 21% in non-severe patients and 38% and 48% in severe patients, respectively. Patients with severe COVID-19 infection were 4.22, 4.96, and 4.13 times more likely to have elevated AST, ALT, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, respectively.Conclusion: Elevation in liver function tests was higher in patients with severe than non-severe COVID-19 infection. Given the widespread use of drugs that increases the risk of hepatotoxicity, healthcare providers should be aware of changes in liver enzymes in COVID-19 patients. The inclusion of other studies from outside China could confirm the pattern of elevation in liver function tests in COVID-19 patients across the globe.Preprint of this article is available on medRxiv, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.20108357v1

In this study, the mutual effects of zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) and vitamin E nanoparticles (Vit E-NPs) on growth and immune parameters of fingerling Cyprinus Carpio with an average weight of 9 g was evaluated over a period of 60 days in three different treatments (treatment I : 100 IU/kg normal vitamin E + 15 mg/kg normal zinc sulfate; treatment II: 100 IU/kg Vit E-NPs + 15 kg/mg Zn-NPs; treatment III: 300 IU/kg Vit E-NPs + 15 kg/mg Zn-NPs) compared to the control group that received normal diet without any supplements. The results showed significant increase in the mean percent body weight increases (144.1 ± 56.85%), average daily growth (2.41 ± 0.15 %), specific growth rate (1.46 ± 0.13 %/day) and feed conversion ratio (FCR, 4.59 ± 0.68), immunoglobulin (IgM, 4.49 ± 1.71 mg/dL) in treatment III compared to the control group (p0.05). The survival rate (%SR) was significantly increased compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference between different treatments (p > 0.05). Based on these findings, treatment III is recommended for increasing the growth indices and treatment II for enhancing immune parameters in C. carpio.

Introduction: Fibrinogen is one of the most important inflammation factors and a prediction index in cardio vascular diseases. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise with constant and variable intensities on body composition and some physiological indicators and coagulation factors in middle aged overweight women. Methods: This semi-experimental and practical study was performed in 2015 on 30 women in three groups: aerobic exercise with constant intensity (n=10), variable intensity (n=10) and control (n=10) in the city of Bojnourd. The aerobic training program included eight weeks of aerobic training, 30 minutes of aerobic training with a constant intensity with 60% of heart rate and variable intensity included 2 minutes of bike pedaling with 50% of maximal heart rate and 1 minute of bike pedaling with 70% of maximal heart rate. The levels of fibrinogen, PT, PTT, platelet count and non-coagulation factor were collected 24 hours before and 48 hours after the training session. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 25) and dependent t-test, Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and tukey post hoc test for intra-group and inter-group changes, respectively. P

Background and purpose: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in Iran. Death toll due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is high in this country. The purpose of the present investigation was to provide more information on the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D in confirmed cases of COVID-19 in north of Iran. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in COVID-19 patients (n=80) attending Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, Iran 2020, who were confirmed for COVID-19 infection with CT-Scan or RT-PCR. Seventy healthy individuals were also examined as the control group. SPSS V19 was applied for data analysis. Results: In this study, 80 patients with COVID-19 (mean age: 57.22 ± 17.44 years old) and 70 healthy individuals (mean age: 48.69 ± 12.99 years) were studied. There were 38 and 35 males in these two groups, respectively. Serum Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 than those in the control group (18.72 ± 12.53 vs. 30.86 ± 15.19 ng/ml, P< 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that serum levels of Vitamin D were lower in patients with COVID-19 than healthy individuals and frequency of Vitamin D deficiency was higher in these patients. Hence, further studies are needed to clarify the role of serum Vitamin D concentrations in patients with COVID-19 infection.

Purpose: Anthropometric indices such as body mass index, Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) are used to identify adolescent obesity and overweight because of their easiness, safety, and accuracy of measurement. This study aimed to evaluate the anthropometric indices in predicting overweight/obesity in male students. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 162 male students of Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar City, Iran, were selected by a simple stratified-random sampling method. The checkerboard and New York test were used to check for musculoskeletal abnormalities. Body composition indices, including height, weight, body mass index, WC, hip circumference, WHR, and WHtR, were measured. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA test and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC). Results: Mean values WC, WHR, the WHtR in different groups of body mass index were significantly different. The area under the curve for WC (P=0.001), WHR (P=0.001), and WHtR (P=0.001) had a significant difference, too. Conclusion: The present study showed that the area under the curve for WHR has better detective ability for overweight and obesity than other variables such as WC and WHtR.

Abstract Background The exponential spread of COVID-19 has caused a huge threat to public health worldwide. Providing care for patients with COVID-19 is a stressful experience for ICU nurses, which can affect their protective reactions. The present study was conducted to explore the protective reactions of ICU nurses providing care for patients with COVID-19. Methods This qualitative descriptive study was conducted to discover the protective reactions of nurses providing care for patients with COVID-19. A total of 14 ICU nurses were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using individual semi-structured face-to-face interviews. All interviews were recorded, and then codes and themes were extracted using content analysis method. Finding Seventeen subcategories, six categories and two themes were extracted from the analysis of data. These themes include “Unbalanced self-protective reactions” and “Responsible self-protective reactions”. Conclusion During the COVID-19 epidemic and crisis, ICU nurses exhibit different self-protective reactions when providing care for patients with COVID-19, which include unbalanced and responsible reactions. Nursing managers can mitigate these unbalanced reactions by identifying them and their roots. Identifying the protective reactions of ICU nurses in providing care for patients with COVID-19 could assist in developing the necessary interventions to promote positive reactions and reduce unbalanced reactions by finding their root causes.

Background and aims: Irisin myokine whose secretion is induced by exercise is associated with an increase in thermogenesis. However, the effect of aerobic exercise with different intensities on the production and release of irisin in overweight individuals is controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with different intensities on PGC-1α, FNDC5, UCP1, and irisin in obese male Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult obese male Wistar rats (weight: 250-300 g; body mass index [BMI] >30 g/cm2) divided into three groups, including aerobic training with 28 m/min (moderate intensity [MI]), aerobic training with 34 m/min (high intensity [HI]), and control. All training groups exercised for eight weeks walking on a treadmill (five 60-min sessions per week). The paired sample t test and one-way ANOVA were used to determine the intra- and inter-group differences. Furthermore, Tukey’s post hoc test was used. Results: The levels of PGC-1α in muscle tissue in aerobic training groups with MI and HI increased (P=0.001 and F=11.81) compared to control group. The levels of irisin (P=0.006 and F=6.10) and UCP1 (P=0.04) were significantly increased in MI group. On the other hand, FNDC5 increased significantly in both MI and HI groups (P=0.001 and F=12.49). While irisin and UCP1 levels increased in HI group compared to the control group, the change was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The levels of irisin, UCP1, and FNDC5 increased more significantly in MI group than in HI group (P

Abstract Aims Depression is a common cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. To detect depression, we compared BDI‐II scoring as a valid tool with participants' self‐reporting depression. Methods The sample size was determined to include 155 participants with positive self‐reporting of depression in a total of 1300 samples with 310 healthy participants were included in the study through random selection. In order to evaluate the diagnostic value of self‐reporting, BDI‐II was completed by blind interviewing to the case group as well as to another group who reported that they were not depressed, as control. Results Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, false positive, false negative, positive, and negative predictive values of self‐reporting were calculated 58.4%, 79.1%,73.4%, 20.8%, 41.6%, 51.8%, and 83.2% for the total population, respectively, as well as, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive, and negative predictive values of self‐report in males were 83.3%, 77.2%, 77.1%, 43.8%, and 95.6% and 53.7%, 78.1%, 71.2%, 49.2%, and 81.1% for females, respectively. Conclusion The positive predictive value and sensitivity of self‐reporting are insufficient in total population and females, and therefore self‐reporting cannot detect depressed patients, but regarding to its average positive predictive value, perhaps, it can be used to identify nondepressant individuals.

Abstract Background In addition to physical problems, patients with COVID-19 suffer from considerable stress throughout the disease crisis. It is important to address mental health needs and not to ignore the psychological dimension in this group of patients. In this regard, the first practical step is to have a clear understanding of patients’ psychological issues. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the psychological disturbances of COVID-19 survivors throughout the disease crisis. Method This qualitative study was conducted using a phenomenological approach through 14 individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with patients recovered from COVID-19. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method. Results Three themes of “living in limbo”, “psychological distress behind the wall” and “psychological burden of being a carrier” were extracted as the psychological disturbances of COVID-19 survivors throughout the disease crisis. Conclusion This study portrayed a better understanding of psychological disturbances of COVID-19 survivors throughout the disease crisis based on their lived experiences. Given the ambiguity in the time of the disease eradication and its continuing course, a deep understanding of these experiences in the current critical situation can help healthcare officials to make appropriate decisions and take measures to assess and identify psychological traumas and perform interventions to improve the mental state of these patients.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is the main regulator in energy metabolism. Training stimulates many processes like mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose metabolism, and fatty acids metabolism. It also increases the capacity of fat oxidation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight-week aerobic training of different intensities on PGC-1α, interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and atherogenic index in obese male Wistar rats. Twenty-four obese male rats induced by a high-fat diet (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI >30g/cm2) were divided into three groups: aerobic training of moderate intensity (MI), aerobic training of high intensity (HI), and the control group (C). The MI and HI training groups carried out exercise training by eight weeks of walking on a treadmill for five sessions/week, 60 min per session, and at a speed of 28 m/min and 34 m/min, respectively. The levels of PGC-1a in the MI and HI groups significantly increased compared to the C group (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant differences between IRF4 levels of MI and HI groups (p > 0.05). The serum HDL-C levels increased only in the MI group compared to the C group (p < 0.05). The LDL-C, TG, TC, and atherogenic index levels reduced more significantly in MI and HI groups than in the C group (p < 0.05). The results show that eight-week aerobic training of two moderate and high intensities may be the signaling pathways to the activation of the PGC-1a protein (i.e., a key regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis) in skeletal muscle.

Background: The present study aimed to compare the complete blood count (CBC) indices between COVID-19 patients and the control group, and assess the relationship of these indices with COVID-19 prognosis given the role of complete blood counts in the COVID-19 prognosis. Methods: COVID-19 patients (confirmed by PCR or CT-Scan) who visited Imam Hospital in Sari were selected in this case-control study. The control group was selected from Tabari cohort population who were matched with the case group in terms of gender and age. CBC, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and outcome of the disease (in the case group) were assessed in this study. Results: The number of participants in the case and control groups was 527. Of these, 464 (44%) were females. Platelet count, lymphocyte count, and hemoglobin concentration were also higher in the control group (p = 0.000). NLR and PLR were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to the control group (P = 0.000). NLR had a significant relationship with severity of the disease. NLR was two times higher in the patients who died of COVID-19 than those who recovered (P = 0.000). ROC curve analysis for diagnostic values of NLR and PLR showed that the areas under the ROC curves for NLR and PLR were 0.703 (95% CI: 0.64-0.76) and 0.535 (95% CI: 0.46-06) respectively. Conclusion: NLR can be used as a prognostic marker for COVID-19 given the significant difference of NLR between those died and recovered from COVID-19.

Background: Addiction not only causes social and behavioral disorders but also affects various aspects of physical health, causing huge financial damages to individuals, families, and societies. Addicts have lower health and physical activity than the general population. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of aerobic training (in the morning and afternoon) on some cardiovascular indices and quality of life in drug addicted women.Methods: In this semi-experimental study, we selected 30 addicted women in Bojnourd city in 2016 by convenience and purposeful sampling method and divided them into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The training protocol comprised six weeks of aerobic training (three sessions per week in the morning and afternoon) with each session lasting 45-60 minutes with an intensity of 50-70% of maximal heart rate reserve. All participants were briefed on all study procedures and potential risks; they signed a written consent form after having read and understood the details of the experiments. We used paired sample t-test and ANCOVA to compare within and between-group variance changes;p Results: Weight (66.93±3.23 vs 65.89±3.13), body mass index (24.23±1.95 vs 23.86±1.97), body fat percentage (18.84±2.00 vs 17.96±2.03), fibrinogen (345.80±36.46 vs 338.06±38.74), and serum C-reactive protein (167.40±7.66 vs 159.80±13.96) decreased significantly at the end of the six-week aerobic training period (p Conclusion: Six weeks of aerobic training in the morning and afternoon is likely to improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in female drug addicts.

Abstract Background Measurement of serum human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu) levels might play an essential role as a diagnostic/screening marker for the early selection of therapeutic approaches and predict prognosis in breast cancer patients. We aimed to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on the diagnostic/screening value of serum HER-2 levels in comparison to routine methods. Methods We performed a systematic search via PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane-Library, and Web of Science databases for human diagnostic studies reporting the levels of serum HER-2 in breast cancer patients, which was confirmed using the histopathological examination. Meta-analyses were carried out for sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, area under the ROC curve (AUC), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR). Results Fourteen studies entered into this investigation. The meta-analysis indicated the low sensitivity for serum HER2 levels (Sensitivity: 53.05, 95%CI 40.82–65.28), but reasonable specificity of 79.27 (95%CI 73.02–85.51), accuracy of 72.06 (95%CI 67.04–77.08) and AUC of 0.79 (95%CI 0.66–0.92). We also found a significant differences for PPV (PPV: 56.18, 95%CI 44.16–68.20), NPV (NPV: 76.93, 95%CI 69.56–84.31), PLR (PLR: 2.10, 95%CI 1.69–2.50) and NLR (NLR: 0.58, 95%CI 0.44–0.71). Conclusion Our findings revealed that although serum HER-2 levels showed low se nsitivity for breast cancer diagnosis, its specificity, accuracy and AUC were reasonable. Hence, it seems that the measurement of serum HER-2 levels can play a significant role as a verification test for initial negative screening test results, especially in low-income regions due to its cost-effectiveness and ease of implementation.

Objective: Wrestling is a fast-paced activity in which resistance training is essential to improve athlete performance. We evaluated the effect of comparison of the effect of eight weeks resistance training with two patterns of pyramidal and inverse pyramidal on bio-motor ability, Anthropometrical and skill profile of freestyle wrestlers. Methods: In this semi experimental study, 24 male freestyle wrestlers were randomly assigned into two groups [pyramidal (n=12) and inverse pyramidal endurance (n=12)]. The pyramidal and inverse pyramidal resistance training included (8 weeks, 3 times per a week, 60 minutes per session). Bio-motor ability, Anthropometrical and skill profile were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Paired and independent sample t-test were used to compare within and between-group means and the results were tested at the significant level P

Purpose: Several studies have been done on the effects of fasting on human health indicating the beneficial effects of fasting on weight control, lipid metabolism, and lowering blood pressure in healthy people. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of Ramadan fasting on apolipoproteins A and B (Apo A and Apo B) and the atherogenic index of the fasting and non-fasting students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 29 men aged 20-25 years. The samples were divided into the fasting (n=15) and non-fasting (n=14) groups. Serum levels of apolipoproteins A and B, biochemical-hematological factors, and atherogenic index were measured three days before the fasting month and after Ramadan. The inter-group and intra-group comparison was performed using student’s t-test, and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the differences between the groups. Results: In the fasting group, a significant reduction was observed in Apo B, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein to high-density, and triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. However, the Apo A (P=0.001) and high-density lipoprotein (P=0.004) significantly increased after the intervention. The Atherogenic index, white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count significantly decreased in the fasting group (P≤0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, fasting during Ramadan could improve the biochemical and hematological factors. Therefore, it is recommended to use some biochemical and hematological indices to compare the effects of fasting to improve in of students these parameters.

Objective: The 3000-meter run is one of the most popular events among endurance and semi-endurance track runnings. Due to its special conditions, aerobic and anaerobic energy production systems can be used at the same time. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of resistance and endurance trainings on physiological and functional factors and record of elite runners. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 male elite runners were randomly assigned into the two groups of resistance (n=11) and endurance (n=11) trainings. The resistance and endurance trainings programe was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 55-60 minutes. Physiological and functional factors were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for within-group and between-group comparisons considering the significant level at P

Introduction: Metabolic dyslipidemia could lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and its secondary consequence is the development of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic interval exercise with variable volumes on the cardiovascular risk factors and liver enzymes of the women with dyslipidemia. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 middle-aged women with high blood lipids. The patients were selected and divided into three groups of low-volume training (three sessions per week; n=10; LVT), high-volume training (four sessions per week; n=10; HVT), and control (n=10; C).The exercise program was implemented in eight weeks 3-4 sessions per week for 45-60 minutes with the intensity of 65-75% of the maximal heart rate. The inter-group and intra-group comparison were performed using student's t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the differences between the groups. Results: In the training groups, a significant reduction was observed in weight (LVT: 72.01 vs. 67.26, HVT: 72.80 vs. 68.06), body mass index (LVT: 28.19 vs. 26.31, HVT:27.85 vs. 26.04), body fat (LVT: 26.86 vs. 25.69, HVT:27.21 vs. 25.91), waist-to-hip ratio (LVT: 1.05 vs. 1.03, HVT:1.07 vs. 1.05), alanine transaminase(LVT: 46.60 vs. 39.60, HVT: 43.80 vs. 38.50), aspartate transaminase(LVT: 36.50 vs. 31.00, HVT: 33.50 vs. 29.40), and triglyceride (LVT: 171.80 vs. 163.60, HVT:176.90 vs. 161.40). However, the maximum oxygen uptake increased significantly after the intervention in both the training groups (LVT: 32.17 vs. 35.93, HVT:30.93 vs. 35.98). The levels of total cholesterol (211.20 vs. 204.90) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (134.13 vs. 126.68) significantly decreased only in the LVT group, while no such changes were observed in the HVT group. In addition, the systolic blood pressure (LVT: 135.40 vs. 128.60, HVT: 137.00 vs. 129.60) decreased significantly in both groups, while no significant change was observed in the diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion: According to the results, eight weeks of aerobic interval exercise could improve the cardiovascular risk factors, liver enzymes, and body composition of the women with dyslipidemia. Therefore, it is recommended that some cardiovascular risk factors and liver enzymes of women with dyslipidemia be used for the improvement of these patients.

Burnout among healthcare personnel has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic's unique features. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide a complete assessment of the prevalence of burnout across various healthcare personnel. Until January 2021, systematic searches for English language papers were conducted using PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest. Thirty observational studies were found after conducting systematic searches. The pooled overall prevalence of burnout was 52% [95% confidence interval (CI) 40–63%]. Pooled emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and lack of personal accomplishment (PA) were 51% (95% CI 42–61%), 52% (95% CI 39–65%), and 28% (95% CI 25–31%), respectively. This study demonstrated that nearly half of the healthcare workers experienced burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the studies that were included, non-frontline COVID-19 exposed healthcare personnel also experienced burnout. From high to lower middle-income countries, there was a gradient in the prevalence of total burnout, EE, and lack of PA. Further studies on burnout in low and lower-middle-income countries are suggested. A uniform diagnostic tool for the assessment of burnout is warranted.

Background: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease, as the two major consequences of metabolic syndrome, can lead to some complications, like fatty liver disease. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ramadan fasting on metabolic syndrome and body composition in fasting and non-fasting male students. Methods: This was an outcome research with a quasi-experimental design. A total of 29 male students were selected by convenience sampling method. Those who intended to fast were placed in one group (n=15) and other students in the non-fasting group (n=14). The serum levels of biochemical and hematological factors and atherogenic indexes were measured three days before the fasting month and after Ramadan. The obtained data were analyzed by repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SPSS. The significance level was set at P≤0.05. Results: The present study results suggested that weight (79.96±5.32 vs. 79.16±5.43 kg; P=0.001), body mass index (25.03±2.33 vs. 24.78±2.36 kg/m2; P=0.001), waist circumference (104.86±4.18 vs. 101.86±5.28 cm; P=0.001), hip circumference (96.33±6.58 vs. 95.42±6.14 cm; P=0.002), waist to hip ratio (1.09±0.06 vs. 1.07±0.07 cm; P=0.008), fasting blood glucose (86.46±4.74 vs. 79.93±7.54 mg/dL; P= 0.002), insulin (12.95±6.96 vs. 9.65±4.57 mg/dL; P=0.03), insulin resistance (49.74±2.70 vs. 33.89±1.49; P=0.001), and Triglyceride (TG) levels (75.00±15.15 vs. 67.93±16.26 mg/dL; P=0.03 ) have decreased significantly at the end of fasting period. The HDL-C levels (38.66±4.09 vs. 42.46±5.19 mg/dL; P= 0.004) significantly increased in the fasting group. Conclusion: According to the obtained data, fasting led to some alternations in body composition and serum insulin, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile. Therefore, to benefit from this holy month, it is crucial for male nursing students to include nutrients in their diet during Ramadan.

Among the existing chordophones it is harp (in Persian, Chang) that had a special position in ancient civilizations. No investigation has yet been conducted on the history of harp and its development in different periods; however, in this regard, historical sources and archeological data provide valuable information for researchers. Musical instruments, especially harp, have not been invented and developed during one civilization. Due to cultural similarities of Ancient Near East civilizations and their supremacy over these civilizations, the development of this musical instrument may be effected by various factors such as environmental, geographical, cultural, and etc. It has been mentioned in texts dated to Sassanid era like Bundahišn, Husraw ī Kawādān ud Rēdag-ē, and Draxt Ī Āsūrīg, as well as appeared in sculptures, mosaics, silverware, figurines, and seals. Harp originated in ancient civilization of Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, Sumer, and Elam was developed in Sassanid era. It can be evidenced by resemblance of some types of Sumerian and Elamite harps to Sassanid harps. According to Pahlavi texts, Van or Vin is a kind of harp which was widely used in Sassanid era. This type of research is a descriptive-analytical one. Library research was used to gather relevant data based on archaeological findings and documents. The aims of this research were to compare Sassanid harps to the eras before it, and to define its structure. Structural elements are described using archaeological evidence and Organology literature.

Abstract Background Lesions associated with the biceps tendon are commonly detected during arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears. Acquiring a preferable technique to repair both cuff and long head of biceps tendon (LHBT) lesions was the aim of several recent studies. This study aimed to compare clinical and functional outcomes of open subpectoral versus arthroscopic intraarticular tenodesis in patients with repairable rotator cuff tear associated with LHBT degeneration. Patients and methods In this randomized clinical trial, 60 eligible candidates for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (mean age 55.7 ± 6.9 years) were allocated to a control group (open subpectoral, SP) or intervention group (intraarticular, IA). In the IA group, an anchor suture was used for both rotator cuff repair and LHBT tenodesis. In the SP group, after arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff, subpectoral tenodesis of LHBT was performed using an interference screw. Patients were evaluated for 2 years follow-up regarding pain intensity using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and shoulder function using the Constant Score and Simple Shoulder Test. Results The two groups were similar with regard to demographic characteristics and preoperative evaluations (all P > 0.05). The functional status of both groups was improved, but not significantly differently so between the two groups (P = 0.1 and P = 0.4, respectively). Pain intensity decreased during the 2-year follow-up period, similarly so in the two groups. Patient satisfaction was also similar in the two groups. Conclusion Large and massive rotator cuff tears (tears > 3 cm) associated with LHBT pathologies benefited from intraarticular or subpectoral tenodesis similarly, with no differences in short- or mid-term results between these two techniques. Level of evidence II.

Abstract Objective Drilling of calcified plaque (DCP) inside the artery is a method for removing calcified plaques. This study investigated the effect of drill. To validate the maximum temperature calculated by computer simulation, this value was also measured by an experimental on a phantom model. Results Increasing drill bit diameter during drilling would increase the temperature in vascular nerves. In a drill bit with a diameter of 4 mm, the risk of thermal necrosis in vascular nerves of the artery wall decreased by 8.57% by changing the drill from WC to NT. The same value for a drill bit with a diameter of 6 mm was 10.17%. However, the trend of the generated temperature in the vascular nerves did not change significantly with change of the material and diameter of the drill bit. The results showed that for DCP with the least risk of thermal necrosis in vascular nerves and subsequently the lowest risk of restenosis, coagulation and thermal stroke of the patient, the best option is to use a drill bit with a diameter of 4 mm and NT material for drilling.

Objectives Oxidative stress has an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and aging. The present study investigated the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic training on 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and body composition in elderly women. Methods & Materials This was a quasi-experimental study. The study participants were selected by convenience sampling method. In total, 21 subjects with the age range of 60-70 years were assigned into 2 groups (experimental [n=11] and control [n=10]). The 8-week aerobic training program were demonstrated 3 sessions a week, for 45-60 minutes per session, with the intensity of 50% to 70% of maximum heart rate. The blood samples were obtained 24 hours after the intervention to measure the serum levels of 8-OHdG. For comparison of within and between group mean scores, Paired t test and Independent samples t test were used, respectively. Results Eight weeks aerobic training significantly reduced the weight, BMI and body fat percentage in elderly women. Moreover, the levels of serum 8-OHdG after an 8 weeks aerobic training significantly reduced. However, the levels of 8-OHdG urine reduced at the end of the training, but it was non-significant. There were significant differences between active and inactive elderly woman in terms of weight and serum 8-OHdG variables. Conclusion This study suggests that aerobic training decreases serum 8-OHdG. Regular aerobic physical activity with moderate intensity improves the body anti-oxidative capacity and can prevent the incidence of atherosclerosis disease.

There is increasing interest in research on lignin biodegradation compounds as potential building blocks in applications related to renewable products. More attention is necessary to evaluate the effects of the initial pH conditions during the bacterial degradation of lignin. In this study we performed experiments on lignin biodegradation under acidic and mild alkaline conditions. For acidic biodegradation, lignin was chemically pretreated with hydrogen peroxide. Alkaline biodegradation was achieved by developing the bacterial growth on Luria and Bertani medium with alkali lignin as the sole carbon source. The mutant strain Escherichia coli BL21(Lacc) was used to carry out lignin biodegradation over 10 days of incubation. Results demonstrated that under acidic conditions there was a predominance of aliphatic compounds of the C3–C4 type. Alkaline biodegradation was produced in the context of oxidative stress, with a greater abundance of aryl compounds. The final pH values of acidic and alkaline biodegradation of lignin were 2.53 and 7.90, respectively. The results of the gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis detected compounds such as crotonic acid, lactic acid and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid for acidic conditions, with potential applications for adhesives and polymer precursors. Under alkaline conditions, detected compounds included 2-phenylethanol and dehydroabietic acid, with potential applications for perfumery and anti tumor/anti-inflammatory medications. Size-exclusion chromatography analysis showed that the weight-average molecular weight of the alkaline biodegraded lignin increased by 6.75-fold compared to the acidic method, resulting in a repolymerization of its molecular structure. Lignin repolymerization coincided with an increase in the relative abundance of dehydroabietic acid and isovanillyl alcohol, from 2.70 and 3.96% on day zero to 13.43 and 10.26% on 10th day. The results of the Fourier-transformed Infrared spectroscopy detected the presence of C = O bond and OH functional group associated with carboxylic acids in the acidic method. In the alkaline method there was a greater preponderance of signals related to skeletal aromatic structures, the amine functional group and the C – O – bond. Lignin biodegradation products from E. coli BL21(Lacc), under different initial pH conditions, demonstrated a promising potential to enlarge the spectrum of renewable products for biorefinery activities.

ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Studies have shown that exercise can affect hormone secretion and some metabolic and endocrine functions. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on thyroid hormones and quality of life in obese postmenopausal women. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 21 obese (body mass index >30 Kg/m2) women aged between 35 and 45 were randomly divided into an experimental (n=10) group and a control group (n=11). The subjects in the experimental group performed 30-60 minutes of aerobic exercise at 65-75% of maximum heart rate, three times a week, for eight weeks. Level of thyroid hormones and quality of life subscales were compared within and between the groups. Statistical analysis was performed at significance level of 0.05. Results: After the eight-week exercise program, thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyrotropin releasing hormone levels increased significantly, and thyroid releasing hormone level decreased significantly (P=0.001). The exercise program also had significantly positive effects on quality of life and its occupational, sexual and emotional subscales in obese postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise causes a significant increase in levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyrotropin releasing hormone and some subscales of quality of life. It also causes a significant decrease in thyroid releasing hormone level, which indicates the effect of exercise on hormone secretion. KEYWORDS: Thyroid hormones, Obese, Quality of life, Aerobic training.

Purpose: Physical condition and posture are related to bio-psychological health. Overweight in the children is also associated with musculoskeletal deformities. The current study aimed to compare the effect of conducting an 8-week of selected football activities and corrective exercises on postural deformities, the factors of physical readiness, and body composition in three male groups, including children, teenagers, and youth. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 60 male students were selected through stratified simple random sampling method and divided into the groups of children (n=20, Mean±SD age=12.25±0.78 y), teenagers (n=20, Mean±SD age=14.30±0.65 y), and youth (n=20, Mean±SD age=16.40±0.50 y). Using a chessboard, flexible ruler and the New York test, the subjects’ personal characteristics were investigated. The program of selected exercises included an 8 weeks of three sessions of 45-60 minutes with an intensity of 60% to 70% of the heart rate reserve. To compare the intragroup and intergroup mean scores, Student’s t-test and the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used. Results: The obtained results suggested that body weight, waist, and hip circumference significantly decreased in all three groups. However, body mass index significantly decreased in children and youth. Physical readiness, cardiorespiratory endurance, anaerobic power, agility, muscular endurance, and muscular strength were statistically significant in all groups. Speed significantly improved in children and teenagers. Postural deformities, forward head posture, kyphosis, lordosis, and Genu Varum improved in all study groups. Conclusion: An eight weeks of selected football activities and corrective exercises improved the performance of physical motor fitness, body composition, and postural deformities in all study groups.

Skeletal muscles play an active role in regulating the metabolic homeostasis through their ability for relating to adipose tissue and endocrine hormones. Contraction of the skeletal muscle leads to increased release of several myokines, such as irisin, which is able to interact with the adipose tissue. Physical activity promotes the irisin mechanism by augmenting the peroxisomes (PGC1-α) in the skeletal muscle. Afterwards, an elevation occurs in the membrane protein of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in muscle, ultimately resulting in production of irisin. The expression of irisin and FNDC5 converts white adipose into the brown type and increases energy consumption by the whole body hindering obesity and diabetes. The effects of regular exercise training on preventing obesity, diabetes, and the related complications, as well as improving health have already been proven. However, the point is that these beneficial effects are due to the cellular-molecular mechanisms, which are still under discussion. In this review, we searched the online databases, including scientific information database (SID), Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. The following keywords were used: training, physical activity, myokine, adipose tissue, PRDM16, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SIRT1, FGF21, bone morphogenetic protein, neurugolin, VEGF, and IL-15. All the articles, including research studies, review articles, descriptive and analytical studies, in addition to cross-sectional researches published during 1998-2017 were reviewed. According to the obtained results, it seems that expression of irisin and FNDC5 converts the white adipose into brown adipose resulting in increased energy consumption. It has been proven in the literature that regular exercise training prevents obesity, diabetes, and the related complications, as well as improving health.

Background and Objective: The synthesis of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in adipose tissue plays an important role in providing resistance and prevention of fat accumulation, weight gain and obesity. This study was done to evaluate the effect of eight weeks aerobic training with moderate and high intensities on serum levels of Irisin and UCP1 white adipose tissue in obese male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult obese male Wistar rats (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI>30g/cm2) were randomly assigned into three groups including moderate aerobic training intensity, high intensity aerobic training and control group. The aerobic exercise training was included 8 weeks (5 sessions/per-week for 60 min per session). All training groups carried out aerobic training with 28 m/min (moderate intensity), aerobic training with 34 m/min (high intensity) on treadmill. 48 hours after the training period, the level of UCP1 and Irisin protein was measured. Results: The level of UCP-1 in adipose tissue and serum Irisin in both aerobic training intensities increased compared to control group, but this increase only in aerobic training group with a moderate intensity was singnificant (p

ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Visfatin is a newly characterized adipokine, which is highly expressed in visceral adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of aerobic exercise training on visfatin, homocystein, C-reactive protein and lipid profile in sedentary men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 27 sedentary men were selected by convenience sampling method. The subjects were divided into a control group (n=13) and an aerobic training group (n=14). The subjects in the experimental group performed 60 minutes of aerobic exercise at 75-85% of maximum heart rate, three sessions per week for eight weeks. Data were analyzed in SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) using paired and independent sample t-test for comparison of means within and between groups, respectively. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The eight-week aerobic exercise training significantly reduced body weight (P=0.02), body mass index (P=0.01) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P=0.03) levels. It also caused a significant increase in the high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (P=0.00) and a significant decrease in visfatin levels (P=0.005). Serum homocysteine and C-reactive protein levels decreased by the end of the training program, but these changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: The eight-week aerobic exercise program could effectively improve lipid profile and visfatin levels. Therefore, this type of exercise could be recommended for prevention of cardiovascular disease and improvement of its risk factors. Keywords: Aerobic, C-reactive protein, Exercise, Homocysteine.

Purpose: Osteoarthritis is a frequent complication in the middle-aged or older people. Besides pain and swelling, this disease causes deformity and difficulty in walking. The current study compared the effects of 12 weeks bariatric and aerobic exercises on the metabolic syndrome in women with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 24 women with knee osteoarthritis were selected by convenience sampling method. They were randomly divided into two groups of the bariatric (n=12) and aerobic (n=12) exercises. The training included aerobic and bariatric exercises at 60%-65% rate of the heart rate reserve. The program included a 12-week training, performed three times per week and each session lasted for 30 to 60 minutes. Intra- and inter-group comparisons were performed by dependent t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), respectively. The level of significance was set at P

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Oxidative stress is a common mediator in pathogenicity of established cardiovascular risk factors. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of selected aerobic training on some oxidative stress indicators in sedentary elderly women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 21 participants (age range: 60-70 years) were selected by convenience sampling and then randomly assigned to an exercise group (n=11) and a control group (n=10). Aerobic exercise was performed at 50-70% of heart rate reserve for 45-60 minutes per session, three sessions a week, for eight weeks. Blood samples were taken at baseline and 24 hours after the last training session. Within-group and between-group differences were assessed using paired sample t-test and independent t-test, respectively. Statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Weight, body mass index and body fat percentage decreased significantly after the exercise intervention (P

Objectives Different physical activities can play an important role in improving health and cardiovascular fitness. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval aerobic training on certain cardiovascular risk factors in overweight elderly men. Methods & Materials In this semi-experimental study, 24 overweight elderly men were selected by convenience sampling. They were then randomly assigned into two groups based on their body mass index (BMI). The age range in the experimental group was 73.50±3.34 years (n=12) and that in control group was 71.33±3.44 years (n=12). The experimental group underwent high-intensity interval aerobic training that included 3 sessions (each of 45-60 minutes) a week for eight weeks. The control group was given no intervention. Blood samples of all the subjects were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. All tests were two-tailed, and P