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1. Exploring the role of plant lysin motif receptor-like kinases in regulating plant-microbe interactions in the bioenergy crop Populus

Author

Kevin R. Cope, Erica T. Prates, John I. Miller, Omar N.A. Demerdash, Manesh Shah, David Kainer, Ashley Cliff, Kyle A. Sullivan, Mikaela Cashman, Matthew Lane, Anna Matthiadis, Jesse Labbé, Timothy J. Tschaplinski, Daniel A. Jacobson, and Udaya C. Kalluri

Subjects
LysM, Lipo-chitooligosaccharides, Chitin, Populus, Plant-microbe interaction, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65
Abstract

For plants, distinguishing between mutualistic and pathogenic microbes is a matter of survival. All microbes contain microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are perceived by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) are PRRs attuned for binding and triggering a response to specific MAMPs, including chitin oligomers (COs) in fungi, lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs), which are produced by mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria, and peptidoglycan in bacteria. The identification and characterization of LysM-RLKs in candidate bioenergy crops including Populus are limited compared to other model plant species, thus inhibiting our ability to both understand and engineer microbe-mediated gains in plant productivity. As such, we performed a sequence analysis of LysM-RLKs in the Populus genome and predicted their function based on phylogenetic analysis with known LysM-RLKs. Then, using predictive models, molecular dynamics simulations, and comparative structural analysis with previously characterized CO and LCO plant receptors, we identified probable ligand-binding sites in Populus LysM-RLKs. Using several machine learning models, we predicted remarkably consistent binding affinity rankings of Populus proteins to CO. In addition, we used a modified Random Walk with Restart network-topology based approach to identify a subset of Populus LysM-RLKs that are functionally related and propose a corresponding signal transduction cascade. Our findings provide the first look into the role of LysM-RLKs in Populus-microbe interactions and establish a crucial jumping-off point for future research efforts to understand specificity and redundancy in microbial perception mechanisms.

Published
2023
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2. Lipo-chitooligosaccharides as regulatory signals of fungal growth and development

Author

Tomás Allen Rush, Virginie Puech-Pagès, Adeline Bascaules, Patricia Jargeat, Fabienne Maillet, Alexandra Haouy, Arthur QuyManh Maës, Cristobal Carrera Carriel, Devanshi Khokhani, Michelle Keller-Pearson, Joanna Tannous, Kevin R. Cope, Kevin Garcia, Junko Maeda, Chad Johnson, Bailey Kleven, Quanita J. Choudhury, Jessy Labbé, Candice Swift, Michelle A. O’Malley, Jin Woo Bok, Sylvain Cottaz, Sébastien Fort, Verena Poinsot, Michael R. Sussman, Corinne Lefort, Jeniel Nett, Nancy P. Keller, Guillaume Bécard, and Jean-Michel Ané

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are signaling molecules produced by certain bacteria and fungi that establish symbiotic relationships with plants. Here, the authors show that LCOs are produced also by many other, non-symbiotic fungi, and regulate fungal growth and development.

Published
2020
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3. Harnessing Soil Microbes to Improve Plant Phosphate Efficiency in Cropping Systems

Author

Arjun Kafle, Kevin R. Cope, Rachel Raths, Jaya Krishna Yakha, Senthil Subramanian, Heike Bücking, and Kevin Garcia

Subjects
arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, phosphate efficiency, Agriculture
Abstract

Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient required for plant growth and development. It is central to many biological processes, including nucleic acid synthesis, respiration, and enzymatic activity. However, the strong adsorption of phosphorus by minerals in the soil decreases its availability to plants, thus reducing the productivity of agricultural and forestry ecosystems. This has resulted in a complete dependence on non-renewable chemical fertilizers that are environmentally damaging. Alternative strategies must be identified and implemented to help crops acquire phosphorus more sustainably. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding and utilization of soil microbes to both solubilize inorganic phosphate from insoluble forms and allocate it directly to crop plants. Specifically, we focus on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Each of these play a major role in natural and agroecosystems, and their use as bioinoculants is an increasing trend in agricultural practices.

Published
2019
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5. Split-root assays for studying legume–rhizobia symbioses, rhizodeposition, and belowground nitrogen transfer in legumes

Author

Malinda S. Thilakarathna and Kevin R. Cope

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Nitrogen, Physiology, chemistry.chemical_element, Plant Science, Root system, Biology, Plant Root Nodulation, Plant Roots, 01 natural sciences, Rhizobia, 03 medical and health sciences, Symbiosis, Nitrogen Fixation, Botany, Legume, Abiotic component, fungi, food and beverages, Fabaceae, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Shoot, Nitrogen fixation, Root Nodules, Plant, Rhizobium, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Split-root assays have been used widely in studies focused on understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms in legume–rhizobia symbioses, root nitrogen rhizodeposition, and belowground nitrogen transfer, and the effects of different biotic/abiotic factors on this symbiotic interaction. This assay allows a plant to have a root system that is physically divided into two distinct sections that are both still attached to a common shoot. Thus, each root section can be treated separately to monitor local and systemic plant responses. Different techniques are used to establish split-root assemblies, including double-pot systems, divided growth pouches, elbow root assembly, twin-tube systems, a single pot or chamber with a partition in the center, and divided agar plates. This review is focused on discussing the various types of split-root assays currently used in legume-based studies, and their associated advantages and limitations. Furthermore, this review also focuses on how split-root assays have been used for studies on nitrogen rhizodeposition, belowground nitrogen transfer, systemic regulation of nodulation, and biotic and abiotic factors affecting legume–rhizobia symbioses.

Published
2021
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6. Sensitivity of Seven Diverse Species to Blue and Green Light: Interactions with Photon Flux.

Author

M Chase Snowden, Kevin R Cope, and Bruce Bugbee

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Despite decades of research, the effects of spectral quality on plant growth, and development are not well understood. Much of our current understanding comes from studies with daily integrated light levels that are less than 10% of summer sunlight thus making it difficult to characterize interactions between light quality and quantity. Several studies have reported that growth is increased under fluorescent lamps compared to mixtures of wavelengths from LEDs. Conclusions regarding the effect of green light fraction range from detrimental to beneficial. Here we report the effects of eight blue and green light fractions at two photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPF; 200 and 500 μmol m-2 s-1; with a daily light integral of 11.5 and 29 mol m-2 d-1) on growth (dry mass), leaf expansion, stem and petiole elongation, and whole-plant net assimilation of seven diverse plant species. The treatments included cool, neutral, and warm white LEDs, and combinations of blue, green and/or red LEDs. At the higher PPF (500), increasing blue light in increments from 11 to 28% reduced growth in tomato, cucumber, and pepper by 22, 26, and 14% respectively, but there was no statistically significant effect on radish, soybean, lettuce or wheat. At the lower PPF (200), increasing blue light reduced growth only in tomato (41%). The effects of blue light on growth were mediated by changes in leaf area and radiation capture, with minimal effects on whole-plant net-assimilation. In contrast to the significant effects of blue light, increasing green light in increments from 0 to 30% had a relatively small effect on growth, leaf area and net assimilation at either low or high PPF. Surprisingly, growth of three of the seven species was not reduced by a treatment with 93% green light compared to the broad spectrum treatments. Collectively, these results are consistent with a shade avoidance response associated with either low blue or high green light fractions.

Published
2016
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7. Lipo-chitooligosaccharides as regulatory signals of fungal growth and development

Author

Candice L. Swift, Arthur QuyManh Maes, Nancy P. Keller, Cristobal Carrera Carriel, Kevin Garcia, Guillaume Bécard, Joanna Tannous, Quanita J. Choudhury, Jean-Michel Ané, Michelle A. O’Malley, Junko Maeda, Jin Woo Bok, Michelle Keller-Pearson, Tomás Allen Rush, Patricia Jargeat, Virginie Puech-Pagès, Sylvain Cottaz, Michael R. Sussman, Fabienne Maillet, Jeniel E. Nett, Adeline Bascaules, Jessy Labbé, Kevin R. Cope, Alexandra Haouy, Bailey Kleven, Véréna Poinsot, Chad J. Johnson, Sébastien Fort, Corinne Lefort, Devanshi Khokhani, Fort, Sébastien, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Evolution des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Metatoul - Agromix, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-MetaboHUB-MetaToul, Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions moléculaires et réactivité chimique et photochimique (IMRCP), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), South Dakota State University (SDSTATE), North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], University of Georgia [USA], University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC), Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Interactions Microbiennes dans la Rhizosphère et les Racines, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-MetaToul-MetaboHUB, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), University of California, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MetaToul Agromix, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-MetaboHUB-MetaToul, MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Fluides, Energie, Réacteurs, Matériaux et Transferts (FERMAT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BIBAC - Chimie analytique et interactions biomolécules - matière molle biomimétique (BIBAC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Université de Toulouse (UT), and ANR-17-EURE-0003,CBH-EUR-GS,CBH-EUR-GS(2017)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Hypha, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Oligosaccharides, Chitin, 02 engineering and technology, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Microbiology, Microbial ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, Fungal biology, Pseudohyphal growth, Symbiosis, Ascomycota, Mycorrhizae, Spore germination, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Cellular microbiology, Fungal ecology, lcsh:Science, [SDV.BBM.BC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], [SDV.MP.MYC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Mycology, Chitosan, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Phylum, Basidiomycota, Fatty Acids, fungi, Fungi, General Chemistry, Spores, Fungal, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.MYC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Mycology, Spore, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology, Bacteria, Rhizobium, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are signaling molecules produced by rhizobial bacteria that trigger the nodulation process in legumes, and by some fungi that also establish symbiotic relationships with plants, notably the arbuscular and ecto mycorrhizal fungi. Here, we show that many other fungi also produce LCOs. We tested 59 species representing most fungal phyla, and found that 53 species produce LCOs that can be detected by functional assays and/or by mass spectroscopy. LCO treatment affects spore germination, branching of hyphae, pseudohyphal growth, and transcription in non-symbiotic fungi from the Ascomycete and Basidiomycete phyla. Our findings suggest that LCO production is common among fungi, and LCOs may function as signals regulating fungal growth and development., Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are signaling molecules produced by certain bacteria and fungi that establish symbiotic relationships with plants. Here, the authors show that LCOs are produced also by many other, non-symbiotic fungi, and regulate fungal growth and development.

Published
2020
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8. Physiological and transcriptomic response of Medicago truncatula to colonization with high and low benefit arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Author

Jaya Krishna Yakha, Kevin Garcia, Kevin R. Cope, Heike Bücking, Arjun Kafle, Senthil Subramanian, Philip E. Pfeffer, and Gary D. Strahan

Subjects
Rhizophagus irregularis, biology, Host (biology), Abiotic stress, Lipid biosynthesis, Botany, Glomus aggregatum, Colonization, Biotic stress, biology.organism_classification, Medicago truncatula
Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a root endosymbiosis with many agronomically important crop species and both enhance the ability of their host to obtain nutrients from the soil and increase host tolerance to biotic and abiotic stressors. However, AM fungal species differ in the benefits they provide to their host plants. Here, we examined the putative molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the physiological response of Medicago truncatula to either Rhizophagus irregularis or Glomus aggregatum, a high or a low benefit AM fungus, respectively. Colonization with R. irregularis led to higher growth and nutrient uptake benefits than the colonization with G. aggregatum. These benefits were linked to an elevated expression in the roots of genes involved in strigolactone biosynthesis (NSP1, NSP2, CCD7, and MAX1a), mycorrhiza-induced phosphate (PT8), ammonium (AMT2;3), and nitrate (NPF4.12) transporters and the putative ammonium transporter NIP1;5. R. irregularis also stimulated the expression of photosynthesis-related genes in the shoot and the upregulation of the sugar transporters SWEET1.2, SWEET3.3 and SWEET 12 and the lipid biosynthesis gene RAM2 in the roots. In contrast, G. aggregatum induced the expression of biotic stress defense response genes in the shoots and several genes associated with abiotic stress in the roots. This suggests that either the host perceives colonization by G. aggregatum as a pathogen attack or that G. aggregatum can prime host defense responses. Our findings reveal novel insights into the molecular mechanisms that control the host plant response to colonization with high- and low-benefit arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbionts.

Published
2020
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9. The Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Laccaria bicolor Produces Lipochitooligosaccharides and Uses the Common Symbiosis Pathway to Colonize Populus Roots

Author

Nathaniel Schleif, Steven H. Strauss, Emmeline Fung, Sara S. Jawdy, Heike Bücking, Jessy Labbé, Edward Steigerwald, Fabienne Maillet, Tomás Allen Rush, Virginie Puech-Pagès, Kimberly G. Schnell, Kevin R. Cope, Muthusubramanian Venkateshwaran, Junko Maeda, Jean-Michel Ané, Cathleen Ma, Kevin Garcia, Guillaume Bécard, Jonathan Setzke, Patricia Jargeat, Yunqian Wang, Adeline Bascaules, Thomas B. Irving, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oregon State University (OSU), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, South Dakota State University (SDSTATE), Laboratoire des interactions plantes micro-organismes (LIPM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Interactions Microbiennes dans la Rhizosphère et les Racines, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Evolution des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Metatoul - Agromix, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-MetaboHUB-MetaToul, Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) : 2017-67014-26530 WIS01695, National Science Foundation (NSF) : DGE-1256259, United States Department of Energy (DOE) : DE-SC0018247, National Science Foundation (NSF) : 1546742, 1331098, Tree Genomics and Biosafety Cooperative at Oregon State University, NSF Center for Advanced Forestry Systems : 1238305, Plant-Microbe Interfaces Scientific Focus Area in the Genomic Science Program, Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the DOE, Office of Science, United States Department of Energy (DOE) : DE-AC05-00OR22725, ANR-14-CE18-0008,NICE CROPS,Bio-stimulateurs chitiniques naturels pour une agriculture durable(2014), ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), ANR-11-INBS-0010,METABOHUB,Développement d'une infrastructure française distribuée pour la métabolomique dédiée à l'innovation(2011), Erist, Montpellier, Appel à projets générique - Bio-stimulateurs chitiniques naturels pour une agriculture durable - - NICE CROPS2014 - ANR-14-CE18-0008 - Appel à projets générique - VALID, Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental - - TULIP2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0041 - LABX - VALID, Développement d'une infrastructure française distribuée pour la métabolomique dédiée à l'innovation - - METABOHUB2011 - ANR-11-INBS-0010 - INBS - VALID, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-MetaToul-MetaboHUB, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), MetaToul Agromix, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-MetaboHUB-MetaToul, MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Lipopolysaccharides, MESH: Signal Transduction, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plant Science, Fungus, Biology, Root hair, Photosynthesis, MESH: Plant Roots / microbiology, 01 natural sciences, MESH: Lipopolysaccharides / chemistry, [SDV.BV.BOT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Laccaria, 03 medical and health sciences, Symbiosis, Laccaria bicolor, MESH: Calcium / metabolism, Mycorrhizae, Botany, MESH: Populus / metabolism, Colonization, MESH: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, MESH: Mycorrhizae / physiology, Research Articles, [SDV.MP.MYC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Mycology, Lateral root, fungi, Cell Biology, [SDV.EE.IEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.MYC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Mycology, MESH: Laccaria / metabolism, 030104 developmental biology, Populus, MESH: Symbiosis / physiology, Actinorhizal plant, 010606 plant biology & botany, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract

International audience; Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic associations with the roots of most land plants and provide them with mineral nutrients from the soil in exchange for fixed carbon derived from photosynthesis. The common symbiosis pathway (CSP) is a conserved molecular signaling pathway in all plants capable of associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. It is required not only for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis but also for rhizobia-legume and actinorhizal symbioses. Given its role in such diverse symbiotic associations, we hypothesized that the CSP also plays a role in ectomycorrhizal associations. We showed that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor produces an array of lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) that can trigger both root hair branching in legumes and, most importantly, calcium spiking in the host plant Populus in a CASTOR/POLLUX-dependent manner. Nonsulfated LCOs enhanced lateral root development in Populus in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK)-dependent manner, and sulfated LCOs enhanced the colonization of Populus by L. bicolor. Compared with the wildtype Populus, the colonization of CASTOR/POLLUX and CCaMK RNA interference lines by L. bicolor was reduced. Our work demonstrates that similar to other root symbioses, L. bicolor uses the CSP for the full establishment of its mutualistic association with Populus.

Published
2019
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10. Perception of lipo-chitooligosaccharides by the bioenergy cropPopulus

Author

Thomas B. Irving, Sanhita Chakraborty, Kevin R. Cope, and Jean-Michel Ané

Subjects
Crops, Agricultural, Lipopolysaccharides, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Organogenesis, Review, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Rhizobia, Crop, 03 medical and health sciences, Symbiosis, Bioenergy, Mycorrhizae, Mycorrhizal fungi, Botany, Gene, biology, fungi, food and beverages, biology.organism_classification, Populus, 030104 developmental biology, Biofuels, Nuclear calcium, Root Nodules, Plant, Rhizobium, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Populus sp. is a developing feedstock for second-generation biofuel production. To ensure its success as a sustainable biofuel source, it is essential to capitalize on the ability of Populus sp. to associate with beneficial plant-associated microbes (e.g., mycorrhizal fungi) and engineer Populus sp. to associate with non-native symbionts (e.g., rhizobia). Here, we review recent research into the molecular mechanisms that control ectomycorrhizal associations in Populus sp. with particular emphasis on the discovery that ectomycorrhizal fungi produce lipochitooligosaccharides capable of activating the common symbiosis pathway. We also present new evidence that lipo-chitooligosaccharides produced by both ectomycorrhizal fungi and various species of rhizobia that do not associate with Populus sp. can induce nuclear calcium spiking in the roots of Populus sp. Thus, we argue Populus sp. already possesses the molecular machinery necessary for perceiving rhizobia, and the next step in engineering symbiosis with rhizobia should be focused on inducing bacterial accommodation and nodule organogenesis. The gene Nodule INception is central to these processes, and several putative orthologs are present in Populus sp. Manipulating the promoters of these genes to match that of plants in the nitrogen-fixing clade may be sufficient to introduce nodulation in Populus sp.

Published
2021
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11. Harnessing Soil Microbes to Improve Plant Phosphate Efficiency in Cropping Systems

Author

Jaya Krishna Yakha, Heike Bücking, Rachel Raths, Kevin R. Cope, Senthil Subramanian, Arjun Kafle, and Kevin Garcia

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Agroecosystem, arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Agriculture, Crop, phosphate efficiency, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ecosystem, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Phosphorus, fungi, lcsh:S, food and beverages, ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, Phosphate, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, chemistry, Agronomy, Agriculture, Environmental science, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Cropping, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient required for plant growth and development. It is central to many biological processes, including nucleic acid synthesis, respiration, and enzymatic activity. However, the strong adsorption of phosphorus by minerals in the soil decreases its availability to plants, thus reducing the productivity of agricultural and forestry ecosystems. This has resulted in a complete dependence on non-renewable chemical fertilizers that are environmentally damaging. Alternative strategies must be identified and implemented to help crops acquire phosphorus more sustainably. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding and utilization of soil microbes to both solubilize inorganic phosphate from insoluble forms and allocate it directly to crop plants. Specifically, we focus on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Each of these play a major role in natural and agroecosystems, and their use as bioinoculants is an increasing trend in agricultural practices.

Published
2019
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12. Vegetative propagation of Juniperus osteosperma (Utah Juniper) by cuttings

Author

Kevin R. Cope and Larry Rupp

Subjects
biology, Cupressaceae, Vegetative reproduction, Drought tolerance, biology.organism_classification, Indole-3-butyric acid, Cutting, chemistry.chemical_compound, Horticulture, chemistry, Botany, Juniperus osteosperma, Perlite, Juniper
Abstract

Utah juniper ( Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little [Cupressaceae]) was vegetatively propagated using tip cuttings from juvenile plants. Rooting was most successful (69%) when cuttings were treated with indole butyric acid (IBA) in talc (0.8% ai), struck in 2:1 perlite:peat (v:v) rooting substrate, provided bottom heat, and kept on a mist bench covered by a white polyethylene tent in a greenhouse environment with supplemental lighting. Utah juniper is highly drought tolerant, and superior accessions may have potential for increased use in water-conserving landscapes. The ability to propagate it by vegetative means should facilitate the selection and development of superior plants for use in the landscape industry.

Published
2013
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13. Spectral Effects of Three Types of White Light-emitting Diodes on Plant Growth and Development: Absolute versus Relative Amounts of Blue Light

Author

Bruce Bugbee and Kevin R. Cope

Subjects
Three Types, Phytochrome, fungi, food and beverages, White Light-Emitting Diodes, Far-red, Tiller (botany), Horticulture, Biology, Spectral Effects, Light quality, law.invention, Dry weight, Plant morphology, law, Botany, Shoot, Plant Growth, Relative Amounts, Blue Light, Light-emitting diode
Abstract

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a rapidly developing technology for plant growth lighting and have become a powerful tool for understanding the spectral effects of light on plants. Several studies have shown that some blue light is necessary for normal growth and development, but the effects of blue light appear to be species-dependent and may interact with other wavelengths of light as well as photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). We report the photobiological effects of three types of white LEDs (warm, neutral, and cool, with 11%, 19%, and 28% blue light, respectively) on the growth and development of radish, soybean, and wheat. All species were grown at two PPFs (200 and 500 μmol·m−2·s−1) under each LED type, which facilitated testing the effect of absolute (μmol photons per m−2·s−1) and relative (percent of total PPF) blue light on plant development. Root and shoot environmental conditions other than light quality were uniformly maintained among six chambers (three lamp types × two PPFs). All LEDs had similar phytochrome photoequilibria and red:far red ratios. Blue light did not affect total dry weight (DW) in any species but significantly altered plant development. Overall, the low blue light from warm white LEDs increased stem elongation and leaf expansion, whereas the high blue light from cool white LEDs resulted in more compact plants. For radish and soybean, absolute blue light was a better predictor of stem elongation than relative blue light, but relative blue light better predicted leaf area. Absolute blue light better predicted the percent leaf DW in radish and soybean and percent tiller DW in wheat. The largest percentage differences among light sources occurred in low light (200 μmol·m−2·s−1). These results confirm and extend the results of other studies indicating that light quantity and quality interact to determine plant morphology. The optimal amount of blue light likely changes with plant age because plant communities balance the need for rapid leaf expansion, which is necessary to maximize radiation capture, with prevention of excessive stem elongation. A thorough understanding of this interaction is essential to the development of light sources for optimal plant growth and development.

Published
2013
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14. Mediation of plant-mycorrhizal interaction by a lectin receptor-like kinase

Author

Kaijie Zheng, Joel Martin, Jeremy Schmutz, Lee E. Gunter, Zhihao Zhang, Anthony C. Bryan, Juan Wang, Daniel Jacobson, Lucas Gontijo Silva Maia, Meng Xie, Xiaoping Wang, Ritesh Mewalal, Jessy Labbé, Xiaohan Yang, Olaf Czarnecki, Wendy Schackwitz, Priya Ranjan, Kerrie Barry, Gerald A. Tuskan, Peter Meidl, Sara S. Jawdy, Erika Lindquist, Jin Zhang, Ting Li, Kevin R. Cope, Jin-Gui Chen, Timothy J. Tschaplinski, Hemeng Wang, Wellington Muchero, Jennifer L. Morrell-Falvey, Yongil Yang, Jean-Michel Ané, Dongfang Wang, François Le Tacon, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, DOE Joint Genome Inst, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), LabEx ARBRE : Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems ([LabEx ARBRE]), and Office National des Forêts (ONF)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Propriété Forestière-CRITT Bois-European Forest Institute = Institut Européen de la Forêt = Euroopan metsäinstituutti (EFI)-Université de Lorraine (UL)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plant Science, Fungus, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Plant Roots, Laccaria, 03 medical and health sciences, Symbiosis, Gene mapping, Laccaria bicolor, Mycorrhizae, Receptor like kinase, Plant Proteins, Genetics, Kinase, fungi, Lectin, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Populus, biology.protein, Molecular targets, Protein Kinases, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; The molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal symbioses, the most ubiquitous and impactful mutualistic plant-microbial interaction in nature, are largely unknown. Through genetic mapping, resequencing and molecular validation, we demonstrate that a G-type lectin receptor-like kinase (lecRLK) mediates the symbiotic interaction between Populus and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. This finding uncovers an important molecular step in the establishment of symbiotic plant-fungal associations and provides a molecular target for engineering beneficial mycorrhizal relationships.

Published
2016
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15. Sensitivity of Seven Diverse Species to Blue and Green Light: Interactions With Photon Flux

Author

Chase Snowden, Kevin R. Cope, Bruce Bugbee, and PLOS

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Chlorophyll, Pigments, Leaves, Chloroplasts, Light, Daily light integral, lcsh:Medicine, Plant Science, Photosynthetic efficiency, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Solanum lycopersicum, Vegetables, Photosynthesis, lcsh:Science, Flowering Plants, green light, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Plant Stems, Plant Biochemistry, Plant Anatomy, Physics, Electromagnetic Radiation, food and beverages, Agriculture, Plants, Lettuce, Horticulture, Physical Sciences, Wheat, Other Plant Sciences, Cellular Structures and Organelles, Cellular Types, Capsicum, Research Article, Ecological Metrics, Plant Cell Biology, Materials Science, Soil Science, Crops, Brassica, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Shade avoidance, Dry weight, Plant Cells, Pepper, Botany, Grasses, Materials by Attribute, Sunlight, Photons, Organic Pigments, lcsh:R, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Plant Sciences, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Cell Biology, sensitivity, blue light, photon flux, Photosynthetic Efficiency, Plant Leaves, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Radish, lcsh:Q, Cucumis sativus, 010606 plant biology & botany, Crop Science, Cereal Crops
Abstract

Despite decades of research, the effects of spectral quality on plant growth, and development are not well understood. Much of our current understanding comes from studies with daily integrated light levels that are less than 10% of summer sunlight thus making it difficult to characterize interactions between light quality and quantity. Several studies have reported that growth is increased under fluorescent lamps compared to mixtures of wavelengths from LEDs. Conclusions regarding the effect of green light fraction range from detrimental to beneficial. Here we report the effects of eight blue and green light fractions at two photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPF; 200 and 500 μmol m-2 s-1; with a daily light integral of 11.5 and 29 mol m-2 d-1) on growth (dry mass), leaf expansion, stem and petiole elongation, and whole-plant net assimilation of seven diverse plant species. The treatments included cool, neutral, and warm white LEDs, and combinations of blue, green and/or red LEDs. At the higher PPF (500), increasing blue light in increments from 11 to 28% reduced growth in tomato, cucumber, and pepper by 22, 26, and 14% respectively, but there was no statistically significant effect on radish, soybean, lettuce or wheat. At the lower PPF (200), increasing blue light reduced growth only in tomato (41%). The effects of blue light on growth were mediated by changes in leaf area and radiation capture, with minimal effects on whole-plant net-assimilation. In contrast to the significant effects of blue light, increasing green light in increments from 0 to 30% had a relatively small effect on growth, leaf area and net assimilation at either low or high PPF. Surprisingly, growth of three of the seven species was not reduced by a treatment with 93% green light compared to the broad spectrum treatments. Collectively, these results are consistent with a shade avoidance response associated with either low blue or high green light fractions.

Published
2016

16. Molecular signals required for the establishment and maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbioses

Author

Kevin Garcia, Pierre-Marc Delaux, Jean-Michel Ané, and Kevin R. Cope

Subjects
Physiology, Nitrogen, Plant Science, Forests, Genes, Plant, Ectosymbiosis, Trees, Soil, Symbiosis, Mycorrhizae, Forest ecology, Soil Microbiology, biology, Host (biology), Ecology, Effector, fungi, Fungi, Fabaceae, biology.organism_classification, Carbon, Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Ectomycorrhiza, Woody plant, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Summary Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses are among the most widespread associations between roots of woody plants and soil fungi in forest ecosystems. These associations contribute significantly to the sustainability and sustainagility of these ecosystems through nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms controlling the mutual recognition between both partners are still poorly understood. Elegant work has demonstrated that effector proteins from ECM and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi regulate host defenses by manipulating plant hormonal pathways. In parallel, genetic and evolutionary studies in legumes showed that a ‘common symbiosis pathway’ is required for the establishment of the ancient AM symbiosis and has been recruited for the rhizobia–legume association. Given that genes of this pathway are present in many angiosperm trees that develop ectomycorrhizas, we propose their potential involvement in some but not all ECM associations. The maintenance of a successful long-term relationship seems strongly regulated by resource allocation between symbiotic partners, suggesting that nutrients themselves may serve as signals. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the early and late signal exchanges between woody plants and ECM fungi, and we suggest future directions for decoding the molecular basis of the underground dance between trees and their favorite fungal partners.

Published
2015

18. Photobiological interactions of blue light and photosynthetic photon flux: effects of monochromatic and broad-spectrum light sources

Author

Chase Snowden, Kevin R. Cope, and Bruce Bugbee

Subjects
photoperiodism, Light, Photoperiod, General Medicine, Biology, Photosynthesis, Biochemistry, Petiole (botany), Plant Leaves, Light intensity, Photosynthetically active radiation, Pepper, Botany, Vegetables, Morphogenesis, Photomorphogenesis, Monochromatic color, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Abstract

Photosynthesis (Pn) and photomorphogenesis (Pm) are affected by light quality, light intensity and photoperiod. Although blue light (BL) is necessary for normal development, it is less efficient in driving Pn than other wavelengths of photosynthetically active radiation. The effects of BL on Pm are highly species dependent. Here we report the interacting effects of BL and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) on growth and development of lettuce, radish and pepper. We used light-emitting diode (LED) arrays to provide BL fractions from 11% to 28% under broad-spectrum white LEDs, and from 0.3% to 92% under monochromatic LEDs. All treatments were replicated three times at each of two PPFs (200 and 500 μmol m(-2) s(-1)). Other than light quality, environmental conditions were uniformly maintained across chambers. Regardless of PPF, BL was necessary to prevent shade-avoidance responses in radish and lettuce. For lettuce and radish, increasing BL reduced stem length, and for both species, there were significant interactions of BL with PPF for leaf expansion. Increasing BL reduced petiole length in radish and flower number in pepper. BL minimally affected pepper growth and other developmental parameters. Pepper seedlings were more photobiologically sensitive than older plants. Surprisingly, there were few interactions between monochromatic and broad-spectrum light sources.

Published
2013

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