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High dietary phosphate intake may lead to adverse outcomes including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Urinary phosphate excretion, a marker of intestinal phosphate absorption, may be a more reliable marker of phosphate homeostasis in steady state than serum phosphate. Studies report good agreement between urine phosphate-to-creatinine ratio (uPiCr) and 24-hour urinary phosphate; however, whether uPiCr is associated with increased risk of CVD or mortality remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the relationship between uPiCr and all-cause and CVD mortality.This is an observational longitudinal cohort study using data from the population-based national Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study (n = 10,014 participants). Non-linear association between uPiCr and all-cause and CVD mortality was assessed using fractional polynomial transformations. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause and CVD mortality.Median age [interquartile range] was 50 [41-62] years, and 46% were male. Median uPiCr was 1.38 [1.02-1.79] mmol/mmol. Median follow-up time was 16.9 years with 1,735 deaths. uPiCr was associated with all-cause and CVD mortality in univariate models and when adjusted for age and gender. However, associations were not significant in multivariate models. Sensitivity analyses excluding participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) revealed a significant J-shaped association between uPiCr and all-cause mortality. Urine phosphate alone showed an association with increased all-cause mortality in a similar J-shape relationship.Although no association between uPiCr and all-cause and CVD mortality was observed in multivariate analyses in the whole cohort, a significant relationship between uPiCr and mortality in those without CKD suggests that uPiCr may have predictive validity for future adverse outcomes in people with no CKD.

Aims The 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention categorizes moderate and severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) as high and very-high CVD risk status regardless of other factors like age and does not include estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria in its algorithms, systemic coronary risk estimation 2 (SCORE2) and systemic coronary risk estimation 2 in older persons (SCORE2-OP), to predict CVD risk. We developed and validated an ‘Add-on’ to incorporate CKD measures into these algorithms, using a validated approach. Methods In 3,054 840 participants from 34 datasets, we developed three Add-ons [eGFR only, eGFR + urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) (the primary Add-on), and eGFR + dipstick proteinuria] for SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP. We validated C-statistics and net reclassification improvement (NRI), accounting for competing risk of non-CVD death, in 5,997 719 participants from 34 different datasets. Results In the target population of SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP without diabetes, the CKD Add-on (eGFR only) and CKD Add-on (eGFR + ACR) improved C-statistic by 0.006 (95%CI 0.004–0.008) and 0.016 (0.010–0.023), respectively, for SCORE2 and 0.012 (0.009–0.015) and 0.024 (0.014–0.035), respectively, for SCORE2-OP. Similar results were seen when we included individuals with diabetes and tested the CKD Add-on (eGFR + dipstick). In 57 485 European participants with CKD, SCORE2 or SCORE2-OP with a CKD Add-on showed a significant NRI [e.g. 0.100 (0.062–0.138) for SCORE2] compared to the qualitative approach in the ESC guideline. Conclusion Our Add-ons with CKD measures improved CVD risk prediction beyond SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP. This approach will help clinicians and patients with CKD refine risk prediction and further personalize preventive therapies for CVD.

Increased recipient and donor age are associated with worse solid organ pancreas transplant outcomes. However, donor and recipient age criteria vary between jurisdictions. We systematically reviewed studies reporting the association between transplanting older recipients and donors beyond current Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) limits with solid pancreas transplant outcomes.To review current outcomes of solid pancreas transplantation in recipients and donors over the TSANZ reference ages.Studies comparing transplant outcomes between a reference-age and an older-age donor (45 years) or recipient (≥50 years) cohort for solid pancreas transplantation were included. Primary outcomes were pancreas/kidney graft and patient survival at 1 and 5 years. Secondary outcomes were post-transplant complications (graft thrombosis, acute rejection and relaparotomy rates).Eleven studies were included (two studies assessing solid pancreas outcomes between older vs reference-aged donors and nine studies assessing outcomes between older vs reference-aged recipients). Seven of 11 studies were judged to be at high risk of bias. Primary and secondary outcomes were not significantly different between recipient age groups in nine studies. A sensitivity analysis of older versus reference-aged studies excluding studies at high risk of bias also showed non-inferior primary and secondary outcomes at 1 year. Two studies comparing outcomes by donor age showed worse graft survival but non-inferior patient survival with older donors.Increased donor or recipient age alone should not absolutely contraindicate solid pancreas transplantation, especially if other risk predictors are minimised.

BACKGROUND: CKD is a risk factor for cognitive impairment (CI), but reports of individual associations of eGFR and albuminuria with CI and incident dementia in healthier, older, longitudinal populations are lacking. Our goal was to estimate these associations in a large cohort of older healthy persons. METHODS: In a longitudinal cohort study of older persons without prior cardiovascular disease, we estimated the associations between baseline eGFR (in ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) and albuminuria, measured as urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR; in mg/mmol) and cognitive test scores, declines in cognitive test scores, and incident dementia using adjusted linear and linear mixed models. Cox proportional hazards regression models assessed the association between baseline kidney function and incident CI no dementia (CIND) or dementia at a median of 4.7 years. RESULTS: At baseline, among 18,131 participants, median age was 74 years, eGFR was 74 (IQR, 63–84) ml/min per 1.73 m(2), UACR was 0.8 (IQR, 0.5–1.5) mg/mmol (7.1 [4.4–13.3] mg/g), and 56% were female. Baseline eGFR was not associated with performance on any cognitive tests in cross-sectional analysis, nor was incident CIND or dementia over a median follow-up of 4.7 years. However, baseline UACR ≥3 mg/mmol (≥26.6 mg/g) was significantly associated with lower baseline scores and larger declines on the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam, verbal memory and processing speed tests, and with incident CIND (hazard ratio [HR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.33) and dementia (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.66). CONCLUSION: Mild albuminuria was associated with worse baseline cognitive function, cognitive decline, and increased risk for incident CIND and dementia. Screening global cognitive tests for older persons with UACR ≥3 mg/mmol could identify those at elevated risk of cognitive decline and dementia.

Dietary management plays an important role in patients with kidney failure. Current dietary habits of Australians and New Zealanders (ANZ) and Malaysians with chronic kidney disease (CKD Stage 4-5) have not been adequately investigated. We report the dietary habits of people with advanced CKD and their adherence to country-specific dietary guidelines.Participants with CKD Stage 4-5, enrolled in the Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish oils) and Aspirin in Vascular access Outcomes in Renal Disease (FAVOURED) trial, completed a lifestyle questionnaire at baseline on their dietary intake.Of 567 participants, 538 (ANZ, n = 386; Malaysian, n = 152; mean ± SD age 54.8 ± 14.3 years, 64% male) completed the questionnaire. Dietary fruit and vegetable intakes were higher in ANZ participants; 49% (n = 189) consumed ≥2 serves daySignificant regional variation in dietary intake for fruit, vegetables and animal protein is described that likely reflects cultural and economic differences. Barriers to meeting recommended dietary intakes require further investigation.

Previous studies report an association between longer haemodialysis treatment sessions and improved survival. Worldwide, there is a trend to increasing age among prevalent patients receiving haemodialysis. This analysis aimed to determine whether the mortality benefit of longer haemodialysis treatment sessions diminishes with increasing age.This was a retrospective cohort study of people who first commenced thrice-weekly haemodialysis aged ≥65 years, reported to the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) Registry from 2005 to 2015, included from 90 days after dialysis start. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Cox regression analysis was performed with haemodialysis session duration the exposure of interest.Of 8224 people who commenced haemodialysis as their first treatment for kidney failure aged ≥65 years during this period, 4727 patients died. Longer dialysis hours per session was associated with a decreased risk of death in unadjusted analyses [hazard ratio, HR, for ≥5 h versus 4 to4.5 h: 0.81 (0.75-0.88, p .001)]. Patients having longer dialysis sessions were younger but had greater co-morbidity. In an adjusted model including age and other variables, the survival benefit of longer hours was only partially attenuated [HR for previous comparison: 0.75 (0.69-0.82, p .001)], and no interaction between age and hours was demonstrated (p = .89).The apparent survival benefit associated with longer haemodialysis session length appears to be preserved in patients 65 years or older. In practice, the benefit of longer dialysis hours should be carefully weighed against other factors in this patient group.

Background Whether long-term blood pressure variability (BPV) predicts kidney function decline in generally healthy older adults is unknown. We investigated this association in ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial participants. Methods Between 2010 and 2014, Australian and US individuals aged ≥70 years (≥65 if US minority) were recruited and followed with annual study visits for a median of 4.7 years. Time-to-event analyses and linear mixed effects models were used to examine associations between incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), and trajectories of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and log albumin–creatinine ratio (log ACR) with systolic BPV as a continuous measure, and, by tertile of SD of systolic blood pressure (BP). BPV was estimated using systolic BP measures from baseline through the second annual visit, and kidney outcomes were assessed following this period. Results Incident CKD occurred in 1,829 of 6,759 participants (27.2%), and more commonly in BPV tertiles 2 (27.4%) and 3 (28.3%) than tertile 1 (25.5%); however, the risk was not significantly increased after covariate adjustment (tertile 3 hazard ratio = 1.02; 95% confidence interval: 0.91–1.14). Analysis of eGFR (n = 16,193) and log ACR trajectories (n = 15,213) showed individuals in the highest BPV tertile having the lowest eGFR and highest log ACR, cross-sectionally. However, the trajectories of eGFR and log ACR did not differ across BPV tertiles. Conclusions CKD and markers of reduced kidney function occur more commonly in individuals with higher BPV; however, BPV does not influence trajectory of decline in kidney function over time in older adults who are in generally good health. Clinical trials registration Trial Number NCT01038583 and ISRCTN83772183.

Background Donor characteristics help guide donor pancreas acceptance for solid pancreas-kidney transplantation; however, these criteria vary worldwide. Such variation could result in nonuse of potentially transplantable organs. Using a registry cohort, we identified donor characteristics associated with donor pancreas retrieval and subsequent solid pancreas transplantation in Australia and New Zealand. Methods Australia and New Zealand Organ Donor registry donor data from 2007 to 2016 were used to define cohort 1 (all donors authorized for pancreas retrieval) and cohort 2 (all retrieved donor pancreata considered for solid pancreas transplantation). Donor factors significantly associated with donor pancreas retrieval (cohort 1) and solid pancreas transplantation of retrieved donor pancreata (cohort 2) were determined via multivariable logistic regression. Results Nonretrieval and nonuse of solid organ donor pancreas increased throughout the study period, and nonauthorization for pancreas donation remained stable. Donor body mass index, sex, and viral serology were associated with donor pancreas retrieval but not transplantation. Donor age, cause of death, donation after brain death status, terminal serum creatinine, and donor region were associated with both donor pancreas retrieval and acceptance for solid pancreas transplantation with donation after brain death status being the strongest predictor for both outcomes. Conclusions Donor age, cause of death, donation after brain death status, terminal serum creatinine, and donor region were associated with both donor pancreas retrieval and subsequent transplantation in Australia and New Zealand. Subsequent correlation of these factors with post-pancreas transplant outcomes would help guide pancreas transplant decisions and minimize nonuse of potentially usable donor pancreata.

Frailty and chronic kidney disease (CKD) both increase with age and are prevalent in older adults. However, studies in older adults examining the relationship between frailty and milder impairments of kidney function are relatively sparse. We examined the cross-sectional association of baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albuminuria and CKD ([eGFR60 ml/min/1.73 m

Whether sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are cost-effective based solely on their cardiovascular and kidney benefits is unknown. We projected the health and economic outcomes due to myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) among people with type 2 diabetes, with and without CVD, under scenarios of widespread use of these drugs.We designed a microsimulation model using real-world data that captured CVD and ESKD morbidity and mortality from 2020 to 2040. The populations and transition probabilities were derived by linking the Australian Diabetes Registry (1.1 million people with type 2 diabetes) to hospital admissions databases, the National Death Index and the ESKD Registry using data from 2010 to 2019. We modelled four interventions: increase in use of SGLT2is or GLP-1 RAs to 75% of the total population with type 2 diabetes, and increase in use of SGLT2is or GLP-1 RAs to 75% of the secondary prevention population (i.e. people with type 2 diabetes and prior CVD). All interventions were compared with current use of SGLT2is (20% of the total population) and GLP-1 RAs (5% of the total population). Outcomes of interest included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), total costs (from the Australian public healthcare perspective) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). We applied 5% annual discounting for health economic outcomes. The willingness-to-pay threshold was set at AU$28,000 per QALY gained.The numbers of QALYs gained from 2020 to 2040 with increased SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA use in the total population (n=1.1 million in 2020; n=1.5 million in 2040) were 176,446 and 200,932, respectively, compared with current use. Net cost differences were AU$4.2 billion for SGLT2is and AU$20.2 billion for GLP-1 RAs, and the ICERs were AU$23,717 and AU$100,705 per QALY gained, respectively. In the secondary prevention population, the ICERs were AU$8878 for SGLT2is and AU$79,742 for GLP-1 RAs.At current prices, use of SGLT2is, but not GLP-1 RAs, would be cost-effective when considering only their cardiovascular and kidney disease benefits for people with type 2 diabetes.

Background End-stage kidney disease secondary to hyperoxaluria presents a major challenge for transplant physicians given concern regarding disease recurrence. Few contemporary studies have reported long-term outcomes following transplantation in this population. Methods This study examined the outcomes of all adult patients with end-stage kidney disease secondary to hyperoxaluria who received a kidney or combined liver-kidney transplant in Australia and New Zealand between 1965 and 2015. Patients with hyperoxaluria were propensity score matched to control patients with reflux nephropathy. The primary outcome was graft survival. Secondary outcomes included graft function, acute rejection, and patient survival. Results Nineteen transplants performed in 16 patients with hyperoxaluria were matched to 57 transplants in patients with reflux nephropathy. Graft survival was inferior in patients with hyperoxaluria receiving a kidney transplant alone (subhazard ratio [SHR] = 3.83, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-12.08, P = .02) but not in those receiving a combined liver-kidney transplant (SHR = 0.63, 95% CI, 0.08-5.21, P = .67). Graft failure risk was particularly high in patients with hyperoxaluria receiving a kidney transplant alone after more than 1 year of renal replacement therapy (SHR = 8.90, 95% CI, 2.35-33.76, P = .001). Posttransplant estimated glomerular filtration rate was lower in patients with hyperoxaluria (10.97 mL/min/1.73 m2, 95% CI, 0.53-21.42, P = .04). There was no difference between groups in the risk of acute rejection or death with a functioning graft. Conclusion Compared to reflux nephropathy, hyperoxaluria was associated with inferior graft survival in patients receiving a kidney transplant alone. Long-term graft function was lower in patients with hyperoxaluria, but the risks of acute rejection and death were not different.

Aim: To describe and compare de novo arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure rates between Australia and New Zealand (ANZ), and Malaysia. Background: AVFs are preferred for haemodialysis access but are limited by high rates of early failure. Methods: A post hoc analysis of 353 participants from ANZ and Malaysia included in the FAVOURED randomised-controlled trial undergoing de novo AVF surgery was performed. Composite AVF failure (thrombosis, abandonment, cannulation failure) and its individual components were compared between ANZ ( n = 209) and Malaysian ( n = 144) participants using logistic regression adjusted for patient- and potentially modifiable clinical factors. Results: Participants’ mean age was 55 ± 14.3 years and 64% were male. Compared with ANZ participants, Malaysian participants were younger with lower body mass index, higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease. AVF failure was less frequent in the Malaysian cohort (38% vs 54%; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31–0.93). This difference was driven by lower odds of cannulation failure (29% vs 47%, OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.25–0.80), while the odds of AVF thrombosis (17% vs 20%, OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.62–2.48) and abandonment (25% vs 23%, OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.62–2.16) were similar. Conclusions: The risk of AVF failure was significantly lower in Malaysia compared to ANZ and driven by a lower risk of cannulation failure. Differences in practice patterns, including patient selection, surgical techniques, anaesthesia or cannulation techniques may account for regional outcome differences and warrant further investigation.

The role of aspirin for primary prevention in older adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear. Therefore, post hoc analysis of the randomized controlled trial ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) was undertaken comparing 100 mg of enteric-coated aspirin daily against matching placebo. Participants were community dwelling adults aged 70 years and older in Australia, 65 years and older in the United States, all free of a history of dementia or cardiovascular disease and of any disease expected to lead to death within five years. CKD was defined as present at baseline if either eGFR under 60mL/min/1.73m(2) or urine albumin to creatinine ratio 3 mg/mmol or more. In 4758 participants with and 13004 without CKD, the rates of a composite endpoint (dementia, persistent physical disability or death), major adverse cardiovascular events and clinically significant bleeding in the CKD participants were almost double those without CKD. Aspirin’s effects as estimated by hazard ratios were generally similar between CKD and non-CKD groups for dementia, persistent physical disability or death, major adverse cardiovascular events and clinically significant bleeding. Thus, in our analysis aspirin did not improve outcomes in older people while increasing the risk of bleeding, with mostly consistent effects in participants with and without CKD.

To compare small, middle and large-middle molecule clearance; and expression of markers of inflammation, between Solacea-190H (asymmetric cellulose triacetate [ATA]) and FX-80 dialysers in long-hour haemodialysis patients.This pilot, randomized cross-over trial recruited 10 home haemodialysis patients. The total study duration was 8 weeks, using each dialyser for 4 weeks. Removal of small (urea, phosphate, creatinine and indoxyl sulfate [IS]), middle and large-middle molecules (beta-2 microglobulin [β2M], albumin), markers of inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6], malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoprotein [MDA-LDL] and alpha-1 microglobulin [α1M]), was evaluated in serum and dialysate samples.Reduction ratios [RR] were calculated for variables at the fourth week of each dialyzer sequence and results expressed as difference in mean RR between dialyzers. There was no difference in clearance of small molecules, with difference in mean RR for urea -2.43 (95% CI -6.44, 1.57; p = .19), creatinine -1.82 (95% CI -5.50, 1.85; p = .28) and phosphate -2.61 (95% CI -12.45, 7.23; p = .55); clearance of middle and large-middle molecules with difference in mean RR (range) for β2M 2.2 (95% CI -3.2, 7.7; p = .35), IS 1.8 (95% CI -9.5, 13; p = .72) and albumin -0.6 (95% CI -5.5, 4.2; p = .77). There was lack of induction of markers of inflammation, including IL-6 15.2 (95% CI -31.9, 62.2; p = .47), MDA-LDL -8.1 (95% CI -22.1, 5.8; p = .21) and α1M -3.50 (95% CI -29.2, 22.2; p = .76). Dialysate removal results were concurrent.This study showed no difference in clearance of small, middle and large-middle molecules, nor expression of markers of inflammation between dialysers.

Background Hyperphosphatemia is associated with increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), arterial calcification, and cardiovascular mortality. Effects of phosphate-lowering medication on vascular calcification and arterial stiffness in CKD remain uncertain.Methods To assess the effects of non-calcium-based phosphate binders on intermediate cardiovascular markers, we conducted a multicenter, double-blind trial, randomizing 278 participants with stage 3b or 4 CKD and serum phosphate >1.00 mmol/L (3.10 mg/dl) to 500 mg lanthanum carbonate or matched placebo thrice daily for 96 weeks. We analyzed the primary outcome, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, using a linear mixed effects model for repeated measures. Secondary outcomes included abdominal aortic calcification and serum and urine markers of mineral metabolism.Results A total of 138 participants received lanthanum and 140 received placebo (mean age 63.1 years; 69% male, 64% White). Mean eGFR was 26.6 ml/min per 1.73m(2); 45% of participants had diabetes and 32% had cardiovascular disease. Mean serum phosphate was 1.25 mmol/L (3.87 mg/dl), mean pulse wave velocity was 10.8 m/s, and 81.3% had abdominal aortic calcification at baseline. At 96 weeks, pulse wave velocity did not differ significantly between groups, nor did abdominal aortic calcification, serum phosphate, parathyroid hormone, FGF23, and 24-hour urinary phosphate. Serious adverse events occurred in 63 (46%) participants prescribed lanthanum and 66 (47%) prescribed placebo. Although recruitment to target was not achieved, additional analysis suggested this was unlikely to have significantly affected the principle findings.Conclusions In patients with stage 3b/4 CKD, treatment with lanthanum over 96 weeks did not affect arterial stiffness or aortic calcification compared with placebo. These findings do not support the role of intestinal phosphate binders to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD who have normophosphatemia.

Purpose of review Accumulating evidence supports the important contribution of volume-related metrics to morbidity and mortality in patients receiving chronic haemodialysis. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the understanding and management of volume status in this high-risk group. Recent findings Delivery of optimal volume management involves three key components: accurate estimation of volume status, correction of extracellular fluid overload and prevention of intradialytic instability. The lack of a gold standard for assessing volume status makes accurate estimation difficult to achieve; clinical examination has insufficient sensitivity and specificity, while tools to assist in the objective measurement of extracellular fluid volume require further validation. Hypervolemia is common in patients on chronic haemodialysis and substantially increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Rapid correction of hypervolemia should be avoided due to the risk of precipitating intradialytic hypotension and hypoperfusion of vital end-organs, including the heart, brain, liver, gut and kidneys. Evidence-based interventions to aid in normalizing extracellular fluid volume are urgently needed; several targeted strategies are currently being evaluated. Many centres have successfully implemented local protocols and programmes to enhance volume management. Summary Achieving normal volume status is a fundamental goal of haemodialysis. Novel methods of assessing and restoring extracellular fluid volume while maintaining intradialytic stability are currently undergoing evaluation. Implementation of volume-related strategies into clinical practice is feasible and may improve patient outcome.

Background Quality-of-life is an essential outcome for clinical care. Both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes have been associated with poorer quality-of-life. The combined impact of having both diseases is less well understood. As diabetes is the most common cause of CKD, it is imperative that we deepen our understanding of their joint impact. Methods This was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of community-based Australians aged ≥25 years who participated in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study. Quality-of-life was measured by physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary sub-scores of the Short Form (36) Health Survey. Univariate and multivariate linear mixed effect regressions were performed. Results Of the 11 081 participants with quality-of-life measurements at baseline, 1112 had CKD, 1001 had diabetes and of these 271 had both. Of the 1112 with CKD 421 had Stage 1, 314 had Stage 2, 346 had Stage 3 and 31 had Stages 4/5. Adjusted linear mixed effect models showed baseline PCS was lower for those with both CKD and diabetes compared with either disease alone (P Conclusions The combination of CKD and diabetes has a powerful adverse impact on quality-of-life, and participants with both diseases had significantly poorer quality-of-life than those with one condition.

International audience; Blood pressure (BP) and volume control are critical components of dialysis care and have substantial impacts on patient symptoms, quality of life, and cardiovascular complications. Yet, developing consensus best practices for BP and volume control have been challenging, given the absence of objective measures of extracellular volume status and the lack of high-quality evidence for many therapeutic interventions. In February of 2019, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) held a Controversies Conference titled Blood Pressure and Volume Management in Dialysis to assess the current state of knowledge related to BP and volume management and identify opportunities to improve clinical and patient-reported outcomes among individuals receiving maintenance dialysis. Four major topics were addressed: BP measurement, BP targets, and pharmacologic management of suboptimal BP; dialysis prescriptions as they relate to BP and volume; extracellular volume assessment and management with a focus on technology-based solutions; and volume-related patient symptoms and experiences. The overarching theme resulting from presentations and discussions was that managing BP and volume in dialysis involves weighing multiple clinical factors and risk considerations as well as patient lifestyle and preferences, all within a narrow therapeutic window for avoiding acute or chronic volume-related complications. Striking this challenging balance requires individualizing the dialysis prescription by incorporating comorbid health conditions, treatment hemodynamic patterns, clinical judgment, and patient preferences into decision-making, all within local resource constraints.

Background Fatigue is one of the most important symptoms among patients receiving dialysis and is nominated as a core outcome to be reported in all clinical trials in this setting. However, few trials of interventions targeting fatigue have been conducted. Patients historically have rarely been involved in the design of interventions, which can limit acceptability and uptake. When asked, they have indicated a preference for lifestyle interventions, such as exercise, to improve fatigue. While some research has focussed on intradialytic exercise for patients receiving haemodialysis, patients have also indicated a preference for a convenient method of exercising with guidance, but on their own time outside of dialysis hours. In response to this, a mobile phone application was proposed as the method of delivery for a home-based exercise intervention targeting fatigue. Methods We convened a workshop with five breakout group sessions in Australia, with 24 patients on dialysis (16 haemodialysis and 8 peritoneal dialysis) and 8 caregivers to identify, prioritize and discuss exercise interventions for fatigue in patients receiving dialysis and the delivery of this through a mobile application. Results Of the 21 types of exercise identified, the top-ranked were walking outdoors, walking on a treadmill and cardio and resistance training. Six themes were identified: (i) ‘an expectation of tangible gains from exercise’, including strengthening and protecting against bodily deterioration related to dialysis; (ii) ‘overcoming physical limitations’, meaning that comorbidities, baseline fatigue and fluctuating health needed to be addressed to engage in exercise; (iii) ‘fear of risks’, which reinforced the importance of safety and compatibility of exercise with dialysis; (iv) ‘realistic and achievable’ exercise, which would ensure initial readiness for uptake; (v) ‘enhancing motivation and interest’ , which expected to support sustained use of the exercise intervention and (vi) ‘ensuring usability of the mobile application’ , which would require simplicity, convenience and comprehensibility. Conclusion Exercise interventions that are expected by patients to improve health outcomes and that are safe, realistic and easy to adopt may be more acceptable to patients on dialysis.

Hemodialysis (HD) was first introduced to Australia in the late 1950s to support patients with AKI, with subsequent establishment of maintenance HD by 1962 (1). Since then, like many other developed countries, Australia has seen an exponential rise in the incidence and prevalence of dialysis-treated ESKD (2). Below we provide a snapshot of the current state of the delivery of dialysis in Australia. An accurate record of the incidence, outcomes, and practice patterns of all patients treated with KRT in Australia has been available since the early days of dialysis through the establishment of the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) registry (3). The core functions of the registry are funded by the Australian and New Zealand Governments and Kidney Health Australia, a nongovernment organization. This funding covers the costs of the registry infrastructure, personnel and production of registry reports. Data collection is not funded and provided to the registry with “in kind” support of all contributing renal units. Operations are overseen by an Executive Group and a Steering Committee, which reports to the funding bodies, and the Australia and New Zealand Society of Nephrology. Registry data is collected in real time for key events (such as dialysis initiation, kidney transplantation or death) and a more comprehensive cross-sectional survey is conducted yearly on December 31. Areas covered include demographic details, primary renal disease, type of KRT, process measures, and a variety of outcomes. For patients on dialysis, this includes type and location dialysis, dialysis prescription, dry weight, type of dialysis access, and basic biochemistry (hemoglobin, calcium, and phosphate). The registry does not routinely collect data on hospitalizations, although linkage to state-based hospitalizations data has been performed as part of separate research projects. As of December 31, 2018, there were 13,399 people with ESKD on dialysis treatment in Australia, …

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) survivors are at increased risk of major adverse kidney events (MAKEs), including chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and death. High-risk AKI patients may benefit from specialist follow-up, but factors associated with increased risk have not been reported. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of AKI patients admitted to a single centre between 2012 and 2016 who had a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and were alive and independent of renal replacement therapy (RRT) at 30 days following discharge. AKI was identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes and staged according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Patients were excluded if they were kidney transplant recipients or if AKI was attributed to intrinsic kidney disease. We performed Cox regression models to examine MAKEs in the first year, defined as the composite of CKD (sustained 25% drop in eGFR), ESKD (requirement for chronic RRT or sustained eGFR Results We studied 2101 patients (mean ± SD age 69 ± 15 years, baseline eGFR 72 ± 23 mL/min/1.73 m2). Of these, 767 patients (37%) developed at least one MAKE (429 patients developed CKD, 21 patients developed ESKD, 375 patients died). MAKEs occurred more frequently with older age [hazard ratio (HR) 1.16 per decade, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–1.24], greater severity of AKI (Stage 2 HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.16–1.64; Stage 3 HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.31–2.01), higher serum creatinine at discharge (HR 1.04 per 10 µmol/L, 95% CI 1.03–1.06), chronic heart failure (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.19–1.67), liver disease (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.39–2.03) and malignancy (non-metastatic HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.14–1.82; metastatic HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.80–2.83). Traditional risk factors (e.g. diabetes and cardiovascular disease) had limited predictive value. Conclusions More than a third of AKI patients develop MAKEs within the first year. Clinical variables available at the time of discharge can help identify patients at increased risk of such events.

Objective To identify barriers and enablers to COVID‐19 vaccination in renal transplant recipients who are undecided about vaccination. Methods An online survey was distributed to 876 adult kidney transplant recipients at a tertiary referral service, who had not been vaccinated against COVID‐19. The survey assessed willingness to be vaccinated, attitudes toward COVID‐19 vaccines, and barriers and enablers to proceeding with vaccination. Results The survey response rate was 54% (473/876). Three hundred and forty‐six (73.1%) participants planned to receive vaccination (yes group), 105 (22.2%) were undecided, and 22 (4.7%) refused vaccination. The undecided group were younger but were not different in other demographic characteristics to the yes group. The undecided group were less positive toward (34.29% vs. 91.3%, p, 22.2% of transplant recipients were undecided about having the COVID‐19 vaccine. This group were less positive and more concerned about the vaccine. Concerns about vaccine safety, insufficient vaccine information and concerns about vaccine efficacy were barriers to vaccine uptake whereas information and recommendation to have the vaccine by their transplant specialist/team and transplant clinic consultation were enablers of vaccine uptake. The majority (95.1%) would proceed with vaccination with the right supports.

We evaluated the associations of age and duration of type 2 diabetes with major diabetes-related complications.We included 1.1 million people with type 2 diabetes from the Australian diabetes registry, followed from 2010 to 2019. We estimated the incidence of hospitalization or death from myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and heart failure (HF), and hospitalisation for lower extremity amputation (LEA); end-stage kidney disease (ESKD; kidney replacement therapy or death from ESKD); and all-cause mortality. Poisson regression was used to model incidence by attained age, age at diabetes diagnosis, and duration of diabetes.Risk for complications increased exponentially with diabetes duration. Effects of attained age differed for each complication: age was a strong risk factor for MI, stroke, HF, and mortality, while diabetes duration, not age, was the predominant determinant of LEA and ESKD. At a given age, a 10-year longer diabetes duration was associated with a 1.1-1.5-fold increased risk of stroke and mortality, a 1.5-2.0-fold increased risk of MI and HF, and a 2-4-fold increased risk of LEA and ESKD.Duration of diabetes is a stronger risk factor for ESKD and LEA than it is for cardiovascular disease or mortality.

Social disparity is a major impediment to optimal health outcomes after kidney transplantation. In this study, we aimed to define the association between socio-economic status (SES) disparities and patient-relevant outcomes after kidney allograft failure. Using data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant registry, we included patients with failed first-kidney allografts in Australia between 2005 and 2017. The association between residential postcode-derived SES in quintiles (quintile 1-most disadvantaged areas, quintile 5-most advantaged areas) with uptake of home dialysis (peritoneal or home haemodialysis) within the first 12-months post-allograft failure, repeat transplantation and death on dialysis were examined using competing-risk analysis. Of 2175 patients who had experienced first allograft failure, 417(19%) and 505(23%) patients were of SES quintiles 1 and 5, respectively. Compared to patients of quintile 5, quintile 1 patients were less likely to receive repeat transplants (adjusted subdistributional hazard ratio [SHR] 0.70,95%CI 0.55–0.89) and were more likely to die on dialysis (1.37 [1.04–1.81]), but there was no association with the uptake of home dialysis (1.02 [0.77–1.35]). Low SES may have a negative effect on outcomes post-allograft failure and further research is required into how best to mitigate this. However, small-scale variation within SES cannot be accounted for in this study.

Background Current healthcare models are ill-equipped for managing people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated the impact of a new diabetes and kidney disease service (DKS) on hospitalization, mortality, clinical and patient-relevant outcomes. Methods Longitudinal analyses of adult patients with diabetes and CKD (Stages 3a–5) were performed using outpatient and hospitalization data from January 2015 to October 2018. Data were handled according to whether patients received the DKS intervention (n = 196) or standard care (n = 7511). The DKS provided patient-centred, coordinated multidisciplinary assessment and management of patients. Primary analyses examined hospitalization and mortality rates between the two groups. Secondary analyses evaluated the impact of the DKS on clinical target attainment, changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), self-care and patient activation at 12 months. Results Patients who received the intervention had a higher hospitalization rate {incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.30]; P Conclusions A co-designed, person-centred integrated model of care improved all-cause mortality, kidney function, glycaemic control and self-care for patients with diabetes and CKD.

Background: The role of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a risk factor for cognitive impairment independent of their shared antecedents remains controversial. Objective: To determine whether kidney damage (indicated by albuminuria) or kidney dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 0.10). Conclusions: Albuminuria predicted worse memory function at 12 years follow-up, whereas its effect on processing speed was driven largely by differences in cardiovascular risk. Kidney dysfunction based on eGFR predicted neither cognitive domain.