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This study aimed to analyze the value chain of wheat in Dembecha district of West Gojjam zone. A total of 130 farm households, 30 traders, 2 bakers, 1 processor, 4 cooperatives and 10 consumers were used to collect the data. Functional and institutional approach of value chain analysis showed input providers, producers, cooperatives, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, and processors were found to be important wheat value chain actors. Four firms concentration ratio (CR4) was found to be 39.78% and there were information asymmetry and observed barriers to enter into wheat market. Buying, selling and pricing strategies showed deviation of wheat market from competitive market norms. Analysis of marketing margins revealed that processors received the highest (39.72%) marketing margin and retailers received the least marketing margins (4.85%) from consumers’ price. Even if wheat in the study area deviate from competitive market norms as a result of oligopolistic market structure and conduct, profitability analysis of wheat market showed all market actors operated at profitable level. Supporting farmers and increase productivity through practical research, develop pie-growing mechanisms among actors, founding agro-processing firm, providing infrastructural facilities, designing advance way of disseminating market information, determining appropriate pricing strategies should be done to strength value chain development.&nbsp

Research background: Participatory Forest Management program (PFMP) is initiated to manage forest resources and promote household participation to enhance their livelihood. In contrast, the long-term evaluation of many programs' timing remains low attention. Thus, it is vital to measure livelihood impacts on membership duration associated with the PFM program in Ethiopian farm households Purpose of the article: To evaluate the impact of membership duration in participatory forest management on livelihoods of program participating households in south-western Ethiopia. The results of the program's periodic assessment data were analysed on the long-term effect of the activities of forest management members. Methods: The study applied the generalized propensity score method. The research depends on cross-sectional survey data collected in mid-2018 from 267 farm households from Sheka and Kafa zones of south-western Ethiopia. The procedure matched families with similar covariates with different years of membership duration in the participatory forest management program. The technique was used members' annual per capita expenditure as an indicator outcome variable for measuring rural livelihood. Findings, value-added & novelty: Impacts studies of PFMP on heterogeneous effects across different groups of membership duration are scarce, and there is a research gap on how membership duration affects outcomes. Our study addresses this gap by measuring the long-term evaluation of program outcomes and their impacts on the participatory member households. Furthermore, the result revealed that the program's effects were initially low but positively affected when approaching an optimum year of membership dose. The program's optimal duration of the membership dose was 11-12 years, and 4263.75 birrs were the optimal level of yearly household per capita consumption spending. Recommendation: The results recommend more work on the participating household members by encouraging new forest-related income sources and integrating the socio-economic network more closely with the forest's ecosystem services. Although the relationship among participating members of households' longevity and income is substantial, the program has been focused on the medium and longer duration of the forest program participating., doi: 10.15414/raae.2022.25.01.13-29 ; https://roaae.org/issue/review-of-agricultural-and-applied-economics-raae-vol-25-no-1-2022/?article=evaluating-membership-duration-in-the-participatory-forest-management-on-livelihood-in-ethiopia-a-generalized-propensity-score-approach

Background: Ethiopia has comparative advantages in the production of exportable spices due to existing rich genetic resources, diverse agro-ecological condition and abundant arable land and labour. However, despite their high potential and opportunities for export, most spices including turmeric and korarima are not fully utilized. Objective: This study was intended to analyze the determinants of export performance of major spices (turmeric and Korarima) in Ethiopia. Material and Methods: The random effect GLS gravity model was selected as an analytical tool to estimate the determinant of major spices export performance between Ethiopia and nine sampled spices trade partners using annual panel data collected for a period of 2005 to 2015/2016. Results: The results indicated that Ethiopia's population, foreign direct investment, real exchange rate and institutional quality, the importers' GDP, GDP per capita and population, geographical distance and the dummy variables (COMESA membership and sharing common borders) had significantly affected turmeric and Korarima export performances, at different level of significance level, with their expected sign or effect. However, the variables intuitional quality and being COMESA membership were found to have unexpected negative influences on the export performance of major spices (turmeric and Korarima). Conclusion: The finding of the study implied that there is a need to formulate policies and strategies that would promote institutional quality, improve supply capacity, attracting foreign direct investment, strengthen trade liberalization, deepening economic integration and targeting export destination that could reduce transportation costs in order to improve the export performance of those spices., East African Journal of Sciences, Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): East African Journal of Sciences

Increasing demand for Moringa stenopetala suggests that great opportunities exist for a supply-side response amongst rural smallholder farmers, especially in Southern Ethiopia. It needs evidence to understand whether or not smallholders farmers participate or if they benefit from participation in these new market opportunities. This study analyzes the welfare impact of smallholder farmers‟ participation in Moringa market (measured in terms of crop income, per-capita annual consumption expenditure and per capita daily calorie intake) in Segen area people zone of Southern Ethiopia. Cross-sectional data from 385 randomly selected smallholder farmers were used in the analysis. Endogenous Switching Regression(ESR) model that accounts for selection bias was used in impact assessment. This was further expanded with the generalized propensity score (GPS) approach to evaluate the effects of level of market participation on the response of the outcome variables. Results from ESR shows that demographic, institutional, socio-economic, and market factors affect participation decision and welfare of the farm households. Overall, Moringa market participation have a positive and significant impact on rural farmers welfare, with substantial differencial impacts between groups. Results from GPS, also shows the same as the welfare of the households has increased with the level of Moringa market participation. Policies aimed at reducing the transaction costs of accessing markets, promoting the tree via different medias, working on rural institution capacity building, encouraging and assisting Moringa associations, designing appropriate support from different stakeholders, encouraging market linkages among diverse market players, and providing farmers with the chance of attending basic education are critical to the improvement of household welfare.

Small ruminants are mainly kept for immediate cash sources and they are also sources of foreign currency. Nonetheless, there is a lack of well-functioning marketing systems. In addition, the different live animals supplied to the market by pastoralists and farmers do not meet the quality attributes required by diverse markets. Randomly 1120 farmers were selected and using double hurdle model, the article identified determinants of participation decision and level of participation in small ruminants market in 7 districts of five regional states of Ethiopia. Out of the total interviewed households, 77.3% and 22.7% were participated and not-participated to the small ruminants market, respectively. The first-hurdle model estimation results for participation decision indicate that Region, access to credit, distance to the market, distance to veterinary service, extension contact and access to market information were found that significantly influenced small ruminants’ market participation The results also show that most of the factors determining decision of participation also determined the level of small ruminants market participation. Therefore, government or any other bodies who are concerned on small ruminants product should help producers on Improving the accessibility of market places; need to facilitate a long term relationship with different actors in order to get reasonable price for the producers.

The study was conducted in Digelu-Tijo and Meiso districts representing the mixed crop-livestock and agro-pastoral production systems, respectively with an objective of characterizing sheep production practices. A total of 150 households from six rural kebeles (75 households from each production system) were selected randomly based on sheep population and accessibility. Data were collected through structured questionnaire, focus group discussion and field observation. The average number of sheep per household in mixed crop-livestock (12.5±0.99) was higher (p, East African Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2019): East African Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences