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In this paper we describe the system design and capabilities of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope at the conclusion of its construction project and commencement of science operations. ASKAP is one of the first radio telescopes to deploy phased array feed (PAF) technology on a large scale, giving it an instantaneous field of view that covers 31 square degrees at 800 MHz. As a two-dimensional array of 36x12m antennas, with baselines ranging from 22m to 6km, ASKAP also has excellent snapshot imaging capability and 10 arcsecond resolution. This, combined with 288 MHz of instantaneous bandwidth and a unique third axis of rotation on each antenna, gives ASKAP the capability to create high dynamic range images of large sky areas very quickly. It is an excellent telescope for surveys between 700 MHz and 1800 MHz and is expected to facilitate great advances in our understanding of galaxy formation, cosmology and radio transients while opening new parameter space for discovery of the unknown., Comment: 38 pages, 24 figures, accepted for publication in PASA

We describe an ultra-wide-bandwidth, low-frequency receiver ("UWL") recently installed on the Parkes radio telescope. The receiver system provides continuous frequency coverage from 704 to 4032 MHz. For much of the band (~60%) the system temperature is approximately 22K and the receiver system remains in a linear regime even in the presence of strong mobile phone transmissions. We discuss the scientific and technical aspects of the new receiver including its astronomical objectives, as well as the feed, receiver, digitiser and signal-processor design. We describe the pipeline routines that form the archive-ready data products and how those data files can be accessed from the archives. The system performance is quantified including the system noise and linearity, beam shape, antenna efficiency, polarisation calibration and timing stability., Comment: submitted to PASA

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are brief radio emissions from distant astronomical sources. Some are known to repeat, but most are single bursts. Non-repeating FRB observations have had insufficient positional accuracy to localize them to an individual host galaxy. We report the interferometric localization of the single pulse FRB 180924 to a position 4 kpc from the center of a luminous galaxy at redshift 0.3214. The burst has not been observed to repeat. The properties of the burst and its host are markedly different from the only other accurately localized FRB source. The integrated electron column density along the line of sight closely matches models of the intergalactic medium, indicating that some FRBs are clean probes of the baryonic component of the cosmic web., Comment: Published online in Science 27 June 2019

We present the S-Band Polarization All Sky Survey (S-PASS), a survey of polarized radio emission over the southern sky at Dec~$< -1^\circ$ taken with the Parkes radio telescope at 2.3~GHz. The main aim was to observe at a frequency high enough to avoid strong depolarization at intermediate Galactic latitudes (still present at 1.4 GHz) to study Galactic magnetism, but low enough to retain ample Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N) at high latitudes for extragalactic and cosmological science. We developed a new scanning strategy based on long azimuth scans, and a corresponding map-making procedure to make recovery of the overall mean signal of Stokes $Q$ and $U$ possible, a long-standing problem with polarization observations. We describe the scanning strategy, map-making procedure, and validation tests. The overall mean signal is recovered with a precision better than 0.5\%. The maps have a mean sensitivity of 0.81 mK on beam--size scales and show clear polarized signals, typically to within a few degrees of the Galactic plane, with ample S/N everywhere (the typical signal in low emission regions is 13 mK, and 98.6\% of the pixels have S/N $> 3$). The largest depolarization areas are in the inner Galaxy, associated with the Sagittarius Arm. We have also computed a Rotation Measure map combining S-PASS with archival data from the WMAP and Planck experiments. A Stokes $I$ map has been generated, with a sensitivity limited to the confusion level of 9 mK., Comment: Accepted for publication on MNRAS. Maps are available for download at the website indicated in the manuscript

We identify a counterpart to a Galactic supershell in diffuse radio polarisation, and use this to determine the magnetic fields associated with this object. GSH 006$-$15$+$7 has perturbed the polarised emission at 2.3$\,$GHz, as observed in the S-band Polarisation All Sky Survey (S-PASS), acting as a Faraday screen. We model the Faraday rotation over the shell, and produce a map of Faraday depth over the area across it. Such models require information about the polarised emission behind the screen, which we obtain from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), scaled from 23$\,$GHz to 2.3$\,$GHz, to estimate the synchrotron background behind GSH 006$-$15$+$7. Using the modelled Faraday thickness we determine the magnitude and the plane-of-the-sky structure of the line-of-sight magnetic field in the shell. We find a peak line-of-sight field strength of $|B_\parallel|_\text{peak} = 2.0\substack{+0.01 \\ -0.7}\,\mu$G. Our measurement probes weak magnetic fields in a low-density regime (number densities of $\sim0.4\,$cm$^{-3}$) of the ISM, thus providing crucial information about the magnetic fields in the partially-ionised phase., Comment: Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 19 pages, 19 figures

We report the detection of a new Galactic bubble at the interface between the halo and the Galactic disc. We suggest that the nearby Lupus complex and parts of the Ophiuchus complex constitute the denser parts of the structure. This young bubble, < 3 Myr old, could be the remnant of a supernova and expands inside a larger HI loop that has been created by the outflows of the Upper Scorpius OB association. An HI cavity filled with hot X-ray gas is associated with the structure, which is consistent with the Galactic chimney scenario. The X-ray emission extends beyond the west and north-west edges of the bubble, suggesting that hot gas outflows are breaching the cavity, possibly through the fragmented Lupus complex. Analyses of the polarised radio synchrotron and of the polarised dust emission of the region suggest the connection of the Galactic centre spur with the young Galactic bubble. A distribution of HI clumps that spatially corresponds well to the cavity boundaries was found at V_LSR ~ -100 km/s. Some of these HI clumps are forming jets, which may arise from the fragmented part of the bubble. We suggest that these clumps might be `dripping' cold clouds from the shell walls inside the cavity that is filled with hot ionised gas. It is possible that some of these clumps are magnetised and were then accelerated by the compressed magnetic field at the edge of the cavity. Such a mechanism would challenge the Galactic accretion and fountain model, where high-velocity clouds are considered to be formed at high Galactic latitude from hot gas flows from the Galactic plane., Comment: 16 pages, 16 figures

Diagnostics of polarized emission provide us with valuable information on the Galactic magnetic field and the state of turbulence in the interstellar medium, which cannot be obtained from synchrotron intensity alone. In Paper I (Herron et al. 2017b), we derived polarization diagnostics that are rotationally and translationally invariant in the $Q$-$U$ plane, similar to the polarization gradient. In this paper, we apply these diagnostics to simulations of ideal magnetohydrodynamic turbulence that have a range of sonic and Alfv\'enic Mach numbers. We generate synthetic images of Stokes $Q$ and $U$ for these simulations, for the cases where the turbulence is illuminated from behind by uniform polarized emission, and where the polarized emission originates from within the turbulent volume. From these simulated images we calculate the polarization diagnostics derived in Paper I, for different lines of sight relative to the mean magnetic field, and for a range of frequencies. For all of our simulations, we find that the polarization gradient is very similar to the generalized polarization gradient, and that both trace spatial variations in the magnetoionic medium for the case where emission originates within the turbulent volume, provided that the medium is not supersonic. We propose a method for distinguishing the cases of emission coming from behind or within a turbulent, Faraday rotating medium, and a method to partly map the rotation measure of the observed region. We also speculate on statistics of these diagnostics that may allow us to constrain the physical properties of an observed turbulent region., Comment: 34 pages, 25 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We analyze the Southern Sky emission in linear polarization at 2.3 GHz as observed by the S-band Polarization All Sky Survey S-PASS. Our purpose is to study the properties of the diffuse Galactic polarized synchrotron as a contaminant to CMB B-mode observations. We study the angular distribution of the S-PASS signal at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes by means of angular power spectra. Power spectra, show a decay of the spectral amplitude as a function of multipole for \ell<200, typical of the diffuse emission. Spectra can be approximated by a power law C_{\ell}\propto\ell^{alpha}, with alpha~-3, and characterized by a B-to-E ratio of ~0.5. We study the synchrotron SED in polarization by computing power spectra of the low frequency WMAP and Planck maps. Results show that the SED, in the frequency range 2.3-33 GHz, is compatible with a power law with beta_s=-3.22\pm0.08. Combining S-PASS polarization maps with those coming from WMAP and Planck we derived a map of the synchrotron spectral index at angular resolution of 2{\deg} on about 30% of the sky. The recovered distribution peaks at the value around -3.2. We also measure a significant spatial correlation between synchrotron and thermal dust signals, as traced by the Planck 353 GHz channel. This correlation reaches about 40% on the larger angular scales, decaying considerably at the degree scales. Finally, we use the S-PASS maps to assess the polarized synchrotron contamination to CMB observations of the B-modes. Moreover, by combining S-PASS data with Planck 353 GHz observations, we recover a map of the minimum level of total polarized foreground contamination to B-modes, finding that there is no region of the sky, at any frequency, where this contamination lies below equivalent tenor-to-scalar ratio ~10^-3. This result confirms the importance of observing both high and low frequency foregrounds in CMB B-mode measurements., Comment: accepted for publication on A&A

We present new radio and optical images of the nearest radio galaxy Centaurus A and its host galaxy NGC 5128. We focus our investigation on the northern transition region, where energy is transported from the ~5 kpc (~5 arcmin) scales of the Northern Inner Lobe (NIL) to the ~30 kpc (~30 arcmin) scales of the Northern Middle Lobe (NML). Our Murchison Widefield Array observations at 154 MHz and our Parkes radio telescope observations at 2.3 GHz show diffuse radio emission connecting the NIL to the NML, in agreement with previous Australia Telescope Compact Array observations at 1.4 GHz. Comparison of these radio data with our widefield optical emission line images show the relationship between the NML radio emission and the ionised filaments that extend north from the NIL, and reveal a new ionised filament to the east, possibly associated with a galactic wind. Our deep optical images show clear evidence for a bipolar outflow from the central galaxy extending to intermediate scales, despite the non-detection of a southern radio counterpart to the NML. Thus, our observational overview of Centaurus A reveals a number of features proposed to be associated with AGN feedback mechanisms, often cited as likely to have significant effects in galaxy evolution models. As one of the closest galaxies to us, Centaurus A therefore provides a unique laboratory to examine feedback mechanisms in detail., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, accepted by MNRAS

We set limits on the presence of the synchrotron cosmic web through the cross-correlation of the 2.3 GHz S-PASS survey with a model of the local cosmic web derived from constrained magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. The MHD simulation assumes cosmologically seeded magnetic fields amplified during large-scale structure formation, and a population of relativistic electrons/positrons from proton-proton collisions within the intergalactic medium. We set a model-dependent 3$\sigma$ upper limit on the synchrotron surface brightness of 0.16 mJy arcmin$^{-2}$ at 2.3 GHz in filaments. Extrapolating from magnetic field maps created from the simulation, we infer an upper limit (density-weighted) magnetic field of 0.03 (0.13) $\mu$G in filaments at the current epoch, and a limit on the primordial magnetic field (PMF) of B$_{PMF}$~1.0 nG., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted to MNRAS

We compare two rotationally invariant decomposition techniques on linear polarisation data: the spin-2 spherical harmonic decomposition in two opposite parities, the $E$- and $B$-mode, and the multiscale analysis of the gradient of linear polarisation, $|\nabla \mathbf{P}|$. We demonstrate that both decompositions have similar properties in the image domain and the spatial frequency domain. They can be used as complementary tools for turbulence analysis of interstellar magnetic fields in order to develop a better understanding of the origin of energy sources for the turbulence, the origin of peculiar magnetic field structures and their underlying physics. We also introduce a new quantity $|\nabla EB|$ based on the $E$- and $B$-modes and we show that in the intermediate and small scales limit $|\nabla EB| \simeq |\nabla \mathbf{P}|$. Analysis of the 2.3 GHz S-band Polarization All Sky Survey (S -PASS) shows many extended coherent filament-like features appearing as 'double-jumps' in the $|\nabla \mathbf{P}|$ map that are correlated with negative and positive filaments of $B$-type polarisation. These local asymmetries between the two polarisation types, $E$ and $B$, of the non-thermal Galactic synchrotron emission have an influence on the $E$- and $B$-mode power spectra analyses. The wavelet-based formalism of the polarisation gradient analysis allows us to locate the position of $E$- or $B$-mode features responsible for the local asymmetries between the two polarisation types. In analysed subregions, the perturbations of the magnetic field are trigged by star clusters associated with HII regions, the Orion-Eridanus superbubble and the North Polar Spur at low Galactic latitude., Comment: Accepted for publication on MNRAS (2017 March 10), 20 pages, 14 figures

We report the discovery of a new 21-cm HI absorption system using commissioning data from the Boolardy Engineering Test Array of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). Using the 711.5 - 1015.5 MHz band of ASKAP we were able to conduct a blind search for the 21-cm line in a continuous redshift range between $z = 0.4$ and 1.0, which has, until now, remained largely unexplored. The absorption line is detected at $z = 0.44$ towards the GHz-peaked spectrum radio source PKS B1740$-$517 and demonstrates ASKAP's excellent capability for performing a future wide-field survey for HI absorption at these redshifts. Optical spectroscopy and imaging using the Gemini-South telescope indicates that the HI gas is intrinsic to the host galaxy of the radio source. The narrow OIII emission lines show clear double-peaked structure, indicating either large-scale outflow or rotation of the ionized gas. Archival data from the \emph{XMM-Newton} satellite exhibit an absorbed X-ray spectrum that is consistent with a high column density obscuring medium around the active galactic nucleus. The HI absorption profile is complex, with four distinct components ranging in width from 5 to 300 km s$^{-1}$ and fractional depths from 0.2 to 20 per cent. In addition to systemic HI gas, in a circumnuclear disc or ring structure aligned with the radio jet, we find evidence for a possible broad outflow of neutral gas moving at a radial velocity of $v \sim 300$ km s$^{-1}$. We infer that the expanding young radio source ($t_{\rm age} \approx 2500$ yr) is cocooned within a dense medium and may be driving circumnuclear neutral gas in an outflow of $\sim$ 1 $\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The Gum Nebula is 36 degree wide shell-like emission nebula at a distance of only 450 pc. It has been hypothesised to be an old supernova remnant, fossil HII region, wind-blown bubble, or combination of multiple objects. Here we investigate the magneto-ionic properties of the nebula using data from recent surveys: radio-continuum data from the NRAO VLA and S-band Parkes All Sky Surveys, and H-alpha data from the Southern H-Alpha Sky Survey Atlas. We model the upper part of the nebula as a spherical shell of ionised gas expanding into the ambient medium. We perform a maximum-likelihood Markov chain Monte-Carlo fit to the NVSS rotation measure data, using the H-halpha data to constrain average electron density in the shell $n_e$. Assuming a latitudinal background gradient in RM we find $n_e=1.3^{+0.4}_{-0.4} {\rm cm}^{-3}$, angular radius $\phi_{\rm outer}=22.7^{+0.1}_{-0.1} {\rm deg}$, shell thickness $dr=18.5^{+1.5}_{-1.4} {\rm pc}$, ambient magnetic field strength $B_0=3.9^{+4.9}_{-2.2} \mu{\rm G}$ and warm gas filling factor $f=0.3^{+0.3}_{-0.1}$. We constrain the local, small-scale (~260 pc) pitch-angle of the ordered Galactic magnetic field to $+7^{\circ}\lesssim\wp\lesssim+44^{\circ}$, which represents a significant deviation from the median field orientation on kiloparsec scales (~-7.2$^{\circ}$). The moderate compression factor $X=6.0\,^{+5.1}_{-2.5}$ at the edge of the H-alpha shell implies that the 'old supernova remnant' origin is unlikely. Our results support a model of the nebula as a HII region around a wind-blown bubble. Analysis of depolarisation in 2.3 GHz S-PASS data is consistent with this hypothesis and our best-fitting values agree well with previous studies of interstellar bubbles., Comment: 33 pages, 16 figures. Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal

This paper describes the system architecture of a newly constructed radio telescope - the Boolardy Engineering Test Array, which is a prototype of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder telescope. Phased array feed technology is used to form multiple simultaneous beams per antenna, providing astronomers with unprecedented survey speed. The test array described here is a 6-antenna interferometer, fitted with prototype signal processing hardware capable of forming at least 9 dual-polarisation beams simultaneously, allowing several square degrees to be imaged in a single pointed observation. The main purpose of the test array is to develop beamforming and wide-field calibration methods for use with the full telescope, but it will also be capable of limited early science demonstrations., Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in PASA

Radio synchrotron polarization maps of the Galaxy can be used to infer the properties of interstellar turbulence in the diffuse warm ionized medium (WIM). In this paper, we investigate the spatial gradient of linearly polarized synchrotron emission ($|\nabla\textbf{P}|/|\textbf{P}|$) as a tracer of turbulence, the relationship of the gradient to the sonic Mach number of the WIM, and changes in morphology of the gradient as a function of Galactic position in the southern sky. We use data from the S-band Polarization All Sky Survey (S-PASS) to image the spatial gradient of the linearly polarized synchrotron emission ($|\nabla \textbf{P}|/|\textbf{P}|$) of the entire southern sky at $2.3$~GHz. The spatial gradient of linear polarization reveals rapid changes of the density and magnetic fluctuations in the WIM due to magnetic turbulence as a function of Galactic position; we make comparisons of these data to ideal MHD numerical simulations. In order to constrain the sonic Mach number ($M_{s}$), we apply a high order moments analysis to the observations and to the simulated diffuse, isothermal ISM with ideal magneto-hydrodynamic turbulence. We find that polarization gradient maps reveal elongated structures, which we associate with turbulence in the ISM. Our analysis corroborates the view of a turbulent WIM in a transonic regime $M_{s}\lesssim 2$. Filamentary structures with typical widths down to the angular resolution are seen and the observed morphologies match closely with numerical simulations and in some cases H$\alpha$ contours. The $|\nabla \textbf{P}|/|\textbf{P}|$ intensity is found to be approximately log-normal distributed. No systematic variations of the sonic Mach number are observed as a function of Galactic coordinates, which is consistent with turbulence in the WIM inferred by the analysis of H$\alpha$ data., Comment: accepted for publication on A&A 13 pages, 10 figures

The Parkes-Tidbinbilla took advantage of a real-time radio-link connecting the Parkes and Tidbinbilla antennas to form the world's longest real-time interferometer. Built on a minuscule budget, it was an extraordinarily successful instrument, generating some 24 journal papers including 3 Nature papers, as well as facilitating the early development of the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Here we describe its origins, construction, successes, and life cycle, and discuss the future use of single-baseline interferometers in the era of SKA and its pathfinders., Comment: Accepted by Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1210.0988

The nucleus of the Milky Way is known to harbour regions of intense star formation activity as well as a super-massive black hole. Recent Fermi space telescope observations have revealed regions of \gamma-ray emission reaching far above and below the Galactic Centre, the so-called Fermi bubbles. It is uncertain whether these were generated by nuclear star formation or by quasar-like outbursts of the central black hole and no information on the structures' magnetic field has been reported. Here we report on the detection of two giant, linearly-polarized radio Lobes, containing three ridge-like sub-structures, emanating from the Galactic Centre. The Lobes each extend ~60 deg, bear a close correspondence to the Fermi bubbles, are located in the Galactic bulge, and are permeated by strong magnetic fields of up to 15 \mu G. Our data signal that the radio Lobes originate in a bi-conical, star-formation (rather than black hole) driven outflow from the Galaxy's central 200 pc that transports a massive magnetic energy of ~10^55 erg into the Galactic halo. The ridges wind around this outflow and, we suggest, constitute a `phonographic' record of nuclear star formation activity over at least 10 Myr., Comment: Published in Nature, main article. 20 pages, 4 figures

A "pulsar timing array" (PTA), in which observations of a large sample of pulsars spread across the celestial sphere are combined, allows investigation of "global" phenomena such as a background of gravitational waves or instabilities in atomic timescales that produce correlated timing residuals in the pulsars of the array. The Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) is an implementation of the PTA concept based on observations with the Parkes 64-m radio telescope. A sample of 20 millisecond pulsars is being observed at three radio-frequency bands, 50cm (~700 MHz), 20cm (~1400 MHz) and 10cm (~3100 MHz), with observations at intervals of 2 - 3 weeks. Regular observations commenced in early 2005. This paper describes the systems used for the PPTA observations and data processing, including calibration and timing analysis. The strategy behind the choice of pulsars, observing parameters and analysis methods is discussed. Results are presented for PPTA data in the three bands taken between 2005 March and 2011 March. For ten of the 20 pulsars, rms timing residuals are less than 1 microsec for the best band after fitting for pulse frequency and its first time derivative. Significant "red" timing noise is detected in about half of the sample. We discuss the implications of these results on future projects including the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA) and a PTA based on the Square Kilometre Array. We also present an "extended PPTA" data set that combines PPTA data with earlier Parkes timing data for these pulsars., Comment: 36 pages, 13 figures, accepted by Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia (PASA)

The Parkes-Tidbinbilla took advantage of a real-time radio-link connecting the Parkes and Tidbinbilla antennas to form the world's longest real-time interferometer, perhaps the earliest example of eVLBI. Built on a minuscule budget, it was an extraordinarily successful instrument, generating some 24 journal papers including 3 Nature papers, as well as facilitating the early development of the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Here we describe its origins, construction, successes, and life cycle, and discuss the future use of single-baseline interferometers in the era of SKA and its pathfinders., Comment: Published electronically in Proceedings "Science with Parkes @ 50 Years Young", 2012, Ed. Robert Braun. Conference link is, http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/conferences/Parkes50th/ProcPapers/norris.pdf

We have detected a radio bridge of unpolarized synchrotron emission connecting the NW relic of the galaxy cluster Abell 3667 to its central regions. We used data at 2.3 GHz from the S-band Polarization All Sky Survey (S-PASS) and at 3.3 GHz from a follow up observation, both conducted with the Parkes Radio Telescope. This emission is further aligned with a diffuse X-ray tail, and represents the most compelling evidence for an association between intracluster medium turbulence and diffuse synchrotron emission. This is the first clear detection of a bridge associated both with an outlying cluster relic and X-ray diffuse emission. All the indicators point toward the synchrotron bridge being related to the post-shock turbulent wake trailing the shock front generated by a major merger in a massive cluster. Although predicted by simulations, this is the first time such emission is detected with high significance and clearly associated with the path of a confirmed shock. Although the origin of the relativistic electrons is still unknown, the turbulent re-acceleration model provides a natural explanation for the large-scale emission. The equipartition magnetic field intensity of the bridge is B_eq = 2.2 +/- 0.3 \mu G. We further detect diffuse emission coincident with the central regions of the cluster for the first time., Comment: 10 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication on MNRAS. Replaced with the version accepted for publication: also the 3.3 GHz image cleaned from compact sources; 8 more figures; details on data reduction and compact source cleaning added; new estimate of the magnetic field. Some figures at resolution lower than the original ones

We have studied the archetypal Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum radio galaxy, PKS 1934-638, using the Australian Long Baseline Array, augmented with two new telescopes that greatly improve the angular resolution of the array. These VLBI observations represent the first scientific results from a new antenna in NZ and the first antenna of the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP). A compact double radio source, PKS 1934-638, has been monitored over a period of 40 years, and the observation described here provides the latest datum, eight years after the previous observation, to aid in the study of the long-term evolution of the source structure. We take advantage of these new long baselines to probe PKS 1934-638 at the relatively low frequency of 1.4 GHz, in order to examine the effects of optical depth on the structure of the radio source. Optical depth effects, resulting in the observation of frequency dependent structure, may have previously been interpreted in terms of an expansion of the source as a function of time. Expansion and frequency dependent effects are important to disentangle in order to estimate the age of PKS 1934-638. We show that frequency dependent structure effects are likely to be important in PKS 1934-638 and present a simple two-dimensional synchrotron source model in which opacity effects due to synchrotron self-absorption are taken into account. Evidence for expansion of the radio source over 40 years is therefore weak, with consequences for the estimated age of the radio source., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in AJ

We present extensive observations of the radio emission from the remnant of SN 1987A made with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), since the first detection of the remnant in 1990. The radio emission has evolved in time providing unique information on the interaction of the supernova shock with the circumstellar medium. We particularly focus on the monitoring observations at 1.4, 2.4, 4.8 and 8.6 GHz, which have been made at intervals of 4-6 weeks. The flux density data show that the remnant brightness is now increasing exponentially, while the radio spectrum is flattening. The current spectral index value of -0.68 represents an 18+/-3% increase over the last 8 years. The exponential trend in the flux is also found in the ATCA imaging observations at 9 GHz, which have been made since 1992, approximately twice a year, as well as in the 843 MHz data set from the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope from 1987 to March 2007. Comparisons with data at different wavelengths (X-ray, H\alpha) are made. The rich data set that has been assembled in the last 22 years forms a basis for a better understanding of the evolution of the supernova remnant., Comment: 37 pages, 11 figures, accepted by ApJ

The aftermath of supernova (SN) 1987A continues to provide spectacular insights into the interaction between a SN blastwave and its circumstellar en- vironment. We here present 36 GHz observations from the Australia Telescope Compact Array of the radio remnant of SN 1987A. These new images, taken in 2008 Apr and 2008 Oct, substantially extend the frequency range of an ongo- ing monitoring and imaging program conducted between 1.4 and 20 GHz. Our 36.2 GHz images have a diffraction-limited angular resolution of 0.3-0.4 arcseconds, which covers the gap between high resolution, low dynamic range VLBI images of the remnant and low resolution, high dynamic range images at frequencies between 1 and 20 GHz. The radio morphology of the remnant at 36 GHz is an elliptical ring with enhanced emission on the eastern and western sides, similar to that seen previously at lower frequencies. Model fits to the data in the Fourier domain show that the emitting region is consistent with a thick inclined torus of mean radius 0.85 arcsec, and a 2008 Oct flux density of 27 +/- 6 mJy at 36.2 GHz. The spectral index for the remnant at this epoch, determined between 1.4 GHz and 36.2 GHz, is -0.83. There is tentative evidence for an unresolved central source with flatter spectral index., Comment: 34 pages, 9 figures in single column manuscript form

We present observations, analysis and results for the first-year operation of AMiBA, an interferometric experiment designed to study cosmology via the measurement of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). AMiBA is the first CMB interferometer operating at 3 mm to have reported successful results, currently with seven close-packed antennas of 60-cm diameter giving a synthesized resolution of around 6'. During 2007 AMiBA detected the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects (SZE) of six galaxy clusters at redshift 0.091 <= z <= 0.322. An observing strategy with on-off-source switching is used to minimize the effects from electronic offset and ground pickup. Planets were used to test the observational capability of AMiBA and to calibrate the conversion from correlator time-lag data to visibilities. The detailed formalism for data analysis is given. We summarize our early tests including observations of planets and quasars, and present images, visibility profiles, the estimated central coordinates, sizes, and SZE amplitudes of the galaxy clusters. Science results are summarized. We also discuss possible systematic effects in the results., Comment: Accepted by ApJ (Dec.23, 2008); 11 pages, 9 figures, 6 tables

We present detailed Fourier modeling of the radio remnant of Supernova 1987A, using high-resolution 9 GHz and 18 GHz data taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array over the period 1992 to 2008. We develop a parameterized three-dimensional torus model for the expanding radio shell, in which the emission is confined to an inclined equatorial belt; our model also incorporates both a correction for light travel-time effects and an overall east-west gradient in the radio emissivity. By deriving an analytic expression for the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the projected three-dimensional brightness distribution, we can fit our spatial model directly to the interferometric visibility data. This provides robust estimates to the radio morphology at each epoch. The best-fit results suggest a constant remnant expansion at 4000 +/- 400 km/s over the 16-year period covered by the observations. The model fits also indicate substantial mid-latitude emission, extending to 40 degree on either side of the equatorial plane. This likely corresponds to the extra-planar structure seen in H$\alpha$ and Ly$\alpha$ emission from the supernova reverse shock, and broadly supports hydrodynamic models in which the complex circumstellar environment was produced by a progression of interacting winds from the progenitor. Our model quantifies the clear asymmetry seen in the radio images: we find that the eastern half of the radio remnant is consistently ~40 brighter than the western half at all epochs, which may result from an asymmetry in the ejecta distribution between these two hemispheres., Comment: accepted by ApJ, 11 figures, some have been scaled down in resolution

A 21 cm neutral hydrogen interferometric survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) combined with the Parkes multi-beam HI single-dish survey clearly shows that the HI gas is distributed in the form of clumps or clouds. The HI clouds and clumps have been identified using a thresholding method with three separate brightness temperature thresholds ($T_b$). Each catalog of HI cloud candidates shows a power law relationship between the sizes and the velocity dispersions of the clouds roughly following the Larson Law scaling $\sigma_v \propto R^{0.5}$, with steeper indices associated with dynamically hot regions. The clouds in each catalog have roughly constant virial parameters as a function mass suggesting that that the clouds are all in roughly the same dynamical state, but the values of the virial parameter are significantly larger than unity showing that turbulent motions dominate gravity in these clouds. The mass distribution of the clouds is a power law with differential indices between -1.6 and -2.0 for the three catalogs. In contrast, the distribution of mean surface densities is a log-normal distribution., Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures, ApJS, in press

Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud provides a spectacularly detailed view of the aftermath of a core-collapse explosion. The supernova ejecta initially coasted outward at more than 10% of the speed of light, but in 1990 were observed to decelerate rapidly as they began to encounter dense circumstellar material expelled by the progenitor star. The resulting shock has subsequently produced steadily brightening radio synchrotron emission, which is resolved by the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) into an expanding limb-brightened shell. Here we present 15 years of ATCA imaging of Supernova 1987A, at an effective angular resolution of 0.4 arcsec. We find that the radio remnant has accelerated in its expansion over this period, from approx 3600 km/s in 1992 to approx 5200 km/s at the end of 2006. The published diameters of the evolving X-ray shell have been ~15% smaller than the corresponding radio values, but a simultaneous Fourier analysis of both radio and X-ray data eliminates this discrepancy, and yields a current diameter for the shell in both wave-bands of approx 1.7 arcsec. An asymmetric brightness distribution is seen in radio images at all ATCA epochs: the eastern and western rims have higher fluxes than the northern and southern regions, indicating that most of the radio emission comes from the equatorial plane of the system, where the progenitor star's circumstellar wind is thought to be densest. The eastern lobe is brighter than and further from the supernova site than the western lobe, suggesting an additional asymmetry in the initial distribution of supernova ejecta., Comment: 10 pages, including 7 b/w + 1 color embedded EPS figures; uses aipproc.cls . To appear in "Supernova 1987A: Twenty Years After: Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters", edited by S. Immler, K. W. Weiler and R. McCray, American Institute of Physics, New York, 2007, in press. Updated figure 2

The Northern HIPASS catalogue (NHICAT) is the northern extension of the HIPASS catalogue, HICAT (Meyer et al. 2004). This extension adds the sky area between the declination range of +2 deg < dec. < +25.5 deg to HICAT's declination range of -90 deg < dec. < +2 deg. HIPASS is a blind HI survey using the Parkes Radio Telescope covering 71% of the sky (including this northern extension) and a heliocentric velocity range of -1,280 km/s to 12,700 km/s . The entire Virgo Cluster region has been observed in the Northern HIPASS. The galaxy catalogue, NHICAT, contains 1002 sources with v_hel > 300 km/s . Sources with -300 km/s < v_hel < 300 km/s were excluded to avoid contamination by Galactic emission. In total, the entire HIPASS survey has found 5317 galaxies identified purely by their HI content. The full galaxy catalogue is publicly-available at ., Comment: 12 pages, accepted for publication by MNRAS

Observations of the radio remnant of Supernova 1987A using the Australia Telescope Compact Array in the 12-mm band on 2003 July 31 (day 6002.7 after the explosion) give the first fully resolved radio image of the supernova remnant. The diffraction-limited image has a resolution of about 0.45 arcsec, a factor of two better than that of the 3-cm images previously obtained. There is excellent agreement between the 12-mm image and a contemporaneous super-resolved 3-cm image. Super-resolution of the 12-mm image gives a further factor of two improvement in resolution, to 0.25 arcsec, albeit with limited dynamic range. While the spatial distributions of the radio and X-ray emission are broadly similar, there are significant differences in detail with no correspondence in the regions of brightest emission. The 12-mm image is well modelled by a thick equatorial ring inclined at 43 deg to the line of sight. This, together with the common east-west asymmetry and the relatively steady increase in the radio flux density, suggests that the reverse shock is the main site for generation of the radio emission., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figs, in press, ApJ Lett

We present the largest catalogue to date of optical counterparts for HI radio-selected galaxies, Hopcat. Of the 4315 HI radio-detected sources from the HI Parkes All Sky Survey (Hipass) catalogue, we find optical counterparts for 3618 (84%) galaxies. Of these, 1798 (42%) have confirmed optical velocities and 848 (20%) are single matches without confirmed velocities. Some galaxy matches are members of galaxy groups. From these multiple galaxy matches, 714 (16%) have confirmed optical velocities and a further 258 (6%) galaxies are without confirmed velocities. For 481 (11%), multiple galaxies are present but no single optical counterpart can be chosen and 216 (5%) have no obvious optical galaxy present. Most of these 'blank fields' are in crowded fields along the Galactic plane or have high extinctions. Isolated 'Dark galaxy' candidates are investigated using an extinction cut of ABj < 1 mag and the blank fields category. Of the 3692 galaxies with an ABj extinction < 1 mag, only 13 are also blank fields. Of these, 12 are eliminated either with follow-up Parkes observations or are in crowded fields. The remaining one has a low surface brightness optical counterpart. Hence, no isolated optically dark galaxies have been found within the limits of the Hipass survey., Comment: 10 pages, 15 figures, MNRAS (in press)

Pulsar detection and timing experiments are applications where adaptive filters seem eminently suitable tools for radio-frequency-interference (RFI) mitigation. We describe a novel variant which works well in field trials of pulsar observations centred on an observing frequency of 675 MHz, a bandwidth of 64 MHz and with 2-bit sampling. Adaptive filters have generally received bad press for RFI mitigation in radio astronomical observations with their most serious drawback being a spectral echo of the RFI embedded in the filtered signals. Pulsar observations are intrinsically less sensitive to this as they operate in the (pulsar period) time domain. The field trials have allowed us to identify those issues which limit the effectiveness of the adaptive filter. We conclude that adaptive filters can significantly improve pulsar observations in the presence of RFI., Comment: Accepted for publication in Radio Science

As a pilot study for the first all-sky radio survey at short wavelengths, we have observed 1216 sq. deg. of the southern sky at 18GHz (16mm) using a novel wide-band (3.4GHz bandwidth) analogue correlator on one baseline of the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). We scanned a region of sky between declination -71 and -59 degrees with an rms noise level of 15mJy. Follow-up radio imaging of candidate sources above a 4 sigma detection limit of 60mJy resulted in 221 confirmed detections, for which we have measured accurate positions and flux densities. For extragalactic sources, the survey is roughly 70% complete at a flux density of 126mJy and 95% complete above 300mJy. Almost half the detected sources lie within a few degrees of the Galactic plane, but there are 123 sources with |b|>5 degrees which can be assumed to be extragalactic. The differential source counts for extragalactic sources in the range 0.1Jy < S_{18GHz} < 3Jy are well fitted by a relation of the form n(S)=57(S/{Jy})^{-2.2\pm0.2} [Jy^-1 sr^-1], in good agreement with the 15GHz counts published by Taylor et al. (2001) and Waldram et al. (2003). Over 70% of the extragalactic sources have a flat radio spectrum (\alpha_{0.843}^{18}> -0.5, S_{\nu}\propto\nu^{\alpha}), and 29% have inverted radio spectra (\alpha_{0.843}^{18}> 0). The optical identification rate is high: 51% of the extragalactic sources are identified with stellar objects (candidate QSOs), 22% with galaxies and only 27% with faint optical objects or blank fields., Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, 5 tables, accepted by MNRAS, external tables and radio-optical overlays in appendix A can be found at http:/www.sissa.it/~ricci/overlays/

We present the first observation of the diffuse polarized synchrotron radiation of a patch ($\sim 3^\circ \times 3^\circ$) in the BOOMERanG field, one of the areas with the lowest CMB foreground emission. The work has been carried out with the Australia Telescope Compact Array at 1.4 GHz with 3.4 arcmin resolution and sensitivity of $\sim 0.18$ mJy beam$^{-1}$. The mean polarized signal has been found to be $P_{rms} = \sqrt{(Q_{rms}^2 + U_{rms}^2)} = 11.6 \pm 0.6$ mK, nearly one order of magnitude below than in the Galactic Plane. Extrapolations to frequencies of interest for cosmological investigations suggest that polarized synchrotron foreground noise should allow the detection of the CMB Polarization $E$--mode already at 32 GHz and make us confident that, at 90 GHz, it is accessible with no relevant foreground contamination. Last but not least, even the $B$--mode detection for $T/S > 0.01$ is not ruled out in such a low emission patch., Comment: Uses emulateapj.sty, onecolfloat.sty, 5 pages 4 fig., accepted for publication in ApJL

We present a new accurate measurement of the HI mass function of galaxies from the HIPASS Bright Galaxy Catalog, a sample of 1000 galaxies with the highest HI peak flux densities in the southern hemisphere (Koribalski et al. 2003). This sample spans nearly four orders of magnitude in HI mass (from log M_HI/M_sun=6.8 to 10.6, H0=75) and is the largest sample of HI selected galaxies to date. We develop a bivariate maximum likelihood technique to measure the space density of galaxies, and show that this is a robust method, insensitive to the effects of large scale structure. The resulting HI mass function can be fitted satisfactorily with a Schechter function with faint-end slope alpha=-1.30. This slope is found to be dependent on morphological type, with later type galaxies giving steeper slopes. We extensively test various effects that potentially bias the determination of the HI mass function, including peculiar motions of galaxies, large scale structure, selection bias, and inclination effects, and quantify these biases. The large sample of galaxies enables an accurate measurement of the cosmological mass density of neutral gas: Omega_HI=(3.8 +/- 0.6) x 10^{-4}. Low surface brightness galaxies contribute only 15% to this value, consistent with previous findings., Comment: accepted for publication in Astronomical Journal, 16 pages, including 17 figures. Corrected typos and references

We present a Parkes multibeam \HI survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This survey, which is sensitive to spatial structure in the range 200 pc to 10 kpc, complements the Australia Telescope Compact survey, which is sensitive to structure in the range 15 pc to 500 pc. With an rms column density sensitivity of 8 x 10^16/cm^2 for narrow lines and 4 x 10^17/cm^2 for typical linewidths of 40 km/s, emission is found to be extensive well beyond the main body of the LMC. Arm-like features extend from the LMC to join the Magellanic Bridge and the Leading Arm, a forward counterpart to the Magellanic Stream. These features, whilst not as dramatic as those in the SMC, appear to have a common origin in the Galactic tidal field, in agreement with recent 2MASS and DENIS results for the stellar population. The diffuse gas which surrounds the LMC, particularly at pa's 90 to 330 deg, appears to be loosely associated with tidal features, but loosening by the ram pressure of tenuous Galactic halo gas against the outer parts of the LMC cannot be discounted. High-velocity clouds, which lie between the Galaxy and the LMC in velocity and which appear in the UV spectra of some LMC stars, are found to be associated with the LMC if their heliocentric velocity exceeds about +100 km/s. They are possibly the product of energetic outflows from the LMC disk. The HI mass of the LMC is found to be (4.8+/-0.2) x 10^8 Msun (for an assumed distance of 50 kpc), substantially more than previous recent measurements., Comment: Accepted by MNRAS, 19 pages, 13 figurs, 21 eps files, full resolution paper (1.4 M) available at http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~lstavele/papers/lmc_mb_paper.ps.gz

The growing level of radio frequency interference (RFI) is a recognized problem for research in radio astronomy. This paper describes an intuitive but powerful RFI cancellation technique that is suitable for radio spectroscopy where time-averages are recorded. An RFI ``reference signal,'' is constructed from the cross power spectrum of the signals from the two polarizations of a reference horn pointed at the source of the RFI signal. The RFI signal paths obey simple phase and amplitude closure relations, which allows computation of the RFI contamination in the astronomical data and the corrections to be applied to the astronomical spectra. Since the method is immune to the effects of multipath scattering in both the astronomy and reference signal channels, ``clean copies'' of the RFI signal are not required. The method could be generalized (1) to interferometer arrays, (2) to correct for scattered solar radiation that causes spectral ``standing waves'' in single-dish spectroscopy, and (3) to pulsar survey and timing applications where a digital correlator plays an important role in broadband pulse dedispersion. Future large radio telescopes, such as the proposed LOFAR and SKA arrays, will require a high degree of RFI suppression and could implement the technique proposed here with the benefit of faster electronics, greater digital precision and higher data rates., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, accepted at AJ

A blind survey for HI bright galaxies in the southern Zone of Avoidance, (212 deg < l < 36 deg; |b| < 5 deg), has been made with the 21 cm multibeam receiver on the Parkes 64 m radiotelescope. The survey, sensitive to normal spiral galaxies to a distance of about 40 Mpc and more nearby dwarfs, detected 110 galaxies. Of these, 67 have no counterparts in the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. In general, the uncataloged galaxies lie behind thicker obscuration than do the cataloged objects. All of the newly-discovered galaxies have HI flux integrals more than an order of magnitude lower than the Circinus galaxy. The survey recovers the Puppis cluster and foreground group (Kraan-Korteweg & Huchtmeier 1992), and the Local Void remains empty. The HI mass function derived for the sample is satisfactorily fit by a Schechter function with parameters alpha = 1.51 +- 0.12, Phi* = 0.006 +- 0.003, and log M* = 9.7 +- 0.10., Comment: To appear in The Astronomical Journal

We have surveyed six distinct `empty fields' using the Australia Telescope Compact Array in an ultra-compact configuration with the aim of imaging, with a high brightness sensitivity, any arcmin-scale brightness-temperature anisotropies in the background radio sky. The six well-separated regions were observed at a frequency of 8.7 GHz and the survey regions were limited by the ATCA primary beams which have a full width at half maximum of 6 arcmin at this frequency; all fields were observed with a resolution of 2 arcmin and an rms thermal noise of 24 microJy/beam. After subtracting foreground confusion detected in higher resolution images of the fields, residual fluctuations in Stokes I images are consistent with the expectations from thermal noise and weaker (unidentified) foreground sources; the Stokes Q and U images are consistent with expectations from thermal noise. Within the sensitivity of our observations, we have no reason to believe that there are any Sunyaev-Zeldovich holes in the microwave sky surveyed. Assuming Gaussian-form CMB anisotropy with a `flat' spectrum, we derive 95 per cent confidence upper limits of Q_flat < 10--11 microK in polarized intensity and Q_flat < 25 microK in total intensity. The ATCA filter function peaks at l=4700 and has half maximum values at l=3350 and 6050., Comment: 17 pages, includes 8 figures and 6 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The interaction between the ejecta from Supernova 1987A and surrounding material is producing steadily brightening radio and X-ray emission. The new-born supernova remnant has been significantly decelerated by this interaction, while its morphology reflects the axisymmetric nature of the progenitor wind., Comment: 4 pages, 2 embedded EPS figures, uses newpasp.sty. To appear in ``Asymmetrical Planetary Nebulae II: from Origins to Microstructures,'' ASP Conference Series, J.H. Kastner, N. Soker, & S.A. Rappaport, eds

We present the first results of a blind HI survey for galaxies in the southern Zone of Avoidance with a multibeam receiver on the Parkes telescope. This survey is eventually expected to catalog several thousand galaxies within Galactic latitude |b|<5 degrees, mostly unrecognised before due to Galactic extinction and confusion. We present here results of the first three detections to have been imaged with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). The galaxies all lie near Galactic longitude 325 degrees and were selected because of their large angular sizes, up to 1.3 degrees. Linear sizes range from 53 to 108 kpc. The first galaxy is a massive 5.7x10^11 solar mass disk galaxy with a faint optical counterpart, SGC 1511.1--5249. The second is probably an interacting group of galaxies straddling the Galactic equator. No optical identification is possible. The third object appears to be an interacting pair of low column density galaxies, possibly belonging to an extended Circinus or Centaurus A galaxy group. No optical counterpart has been seen despite the predicted extinction (A(B) = 2.7 - 4.4 mag) not being excessive. We discuss the implications of the results, in particular the low HI column densities (~10^19 atoms/sq.cm) found for two of the three galaxies., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures (Fig.1 in three parts, Fig.5 in two parts). To appear in Astronomical Journal (Dec 1998). See http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/multibeam

We show that in many methanol maser sources the masers are located in lines, with a velocity gradient along them which suggests that the masers are situated in edge-on circumstellar, or protoplanetary, disks. We present VLBI observations of the methanol maser source G309.92+0.48, in the 12.2 GHz transition, which confirm previous observations that the masers in this source lie along a line. We show that such sources are not only linear in space but, in many cases, also have a linear velocity gradient. We then model these and other data in both the 6.7 GHz and the 12.2 GHz transition from a number of star formation regions, and show that the observed spatial and velocity distribution of methanol masers, and the derived Keplerian masses, are consistent with a circumstellar disk rotating around an OB star. We consider this and other hypotheses, and conclude that about half of these methanol masers are probably located in edge-on circumstellar disks around young stars. This is of particular significance for studies of circumstellar disks because of the detailed velocity information available from the masers., Comment: 38 pages, 13 figures accepted by ApJ

We present seven years of radio observations of SN 1987A made with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. At 1.4, 2.4, 4.8 and 8.6 GHz, the flux density of the radio remnant has increased monotonically since emission was redetected 1200 days after the explosion. On day 3200, the remnant was expanding at 2800 +/- 400 km/s, which we interpret as indicating significant deceleration of the fastest moving ejecta. Since day 1787 the spectral index has remained constant at alpha = -0.95 +/- 0.04. These observations are all consistent with the shock having encountered a denser, shocked, component of the progenitor's stellar wind. At the current rate of expansion, the shock is expected to encounter the inner optical ring in the year 2006 +/- 3. Using super-resolution, we have also obtained 9 GHz images of the remnant (resolution approx 0".5) at four epochs. The emission is distributed around the rim of a near-circular shell, but has become increasingly asymmetric with time. There are two "hotspots" to the east and west, aligned along the major axis of the optical ring. This morphology is most likely indicative of an axisymmetric circumstellar medium into which the shock is expanding, consistent with present understanding of the progenitor star and its environment., Comment: 45 pages, LaTeX, including 15 PostScript figures. To appear in "The Astrophysical Journal", volume 479 (20 Apr 1997)

We have observed a sample of 157 Seyfert galaxies with a 275 km baseline radio interferometer to search for compact, high brightness temperature radio emission from the active nucleus. We obtain the surprising result that compact radio cores are much more common in Seyfert 2 than in Seyfert 1 galaxies, which at first seems to be inconsistent with orientation unification schemes. We propose a model, involving optical depth effects in the narrow-line region, which can reconcile our result with the standard unified scheme. (Accepted for publication in ApJ 1994 Sep 10), Comment: 21 pages and 7 figures, uuencoded tar-compressed postscript files, ATP189