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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often described as a model for modern civilization diseases in which environmental factors trigger disease manifestation in genetically compromised individuals. Little is known about the evolutionary history of variants associated with IBD in modern Europeans. Here, we analysed 610 IBD-variants in 2445 ancient datasets from human remains spanning the last 12,000 years, including genotypes generated from 172 newly collected individuals from the European Neolithic. We found statistically significant differences in the frequencies of 97 IBD variants between Neolithic and modern populations that can be explained by the adoption of an agricultural lifestyle and behaviour and concomitant possible microbiome changes in the earliest farmers. Later admixture events and selection against pathogens largely influenced the genetic risk architecture of IBD in contemporary Europeans. A better understanding of the evolutionary history of disease variants is an important first step in translating genetic findings into preventive health care.

Recent archaeological investigations concerning the megaliths of Westphalia (Germany) will serve as a base for touristic implementation into the European Route of Megalithic Culture (See also Hauf, this volume). Two case studies show chances but also challenges in (re-)placing the Westphalian megaliths into the common cultural memory. The yearly European Day of Megalithic Culture plays an important role: as for the communication of new research results and the feedback from the public, which helps creating a modern but also consistent presentation of the megaliths.

In European Neolithic populations, the arrival of farmers prompted admixture with local hunter-gatherers over many centuries, resulting in distinct signatures in each region due to a complex series of interactions. David Reich and colleagues analyse genome-wide data from 180 individuals from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary, Germany and Spain to study the population dynamics of Neolithization in European prehistory. They examine how gene flow reshaped European populations during the Neolithic period, including pervasive admixture—the interbreeding between previously isolated populations—between groups with different ancestry profiles. In each region, they find that the arrival of farmers prompted admixture with local hunter-gatherers, over the course of 3,000 years. Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers3,4,5,9. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000–2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500–3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500–2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.